1
Ge
n
e
ti
ca
l
E
ngin
ee
ring
C
ompos
ed b
y
B
r
ad
for
d H
.
S
up
e
rvisor
:
P
rof
.
A
l
e
x
a
n
de
r
G
il
be
rt
,
M
.
Sc
.
S
tu
d
y progr
a
m
B
iology
P
ostgr
ad
u
a
t
e
A
rizon
a S
t
a
t
e U
niv
e
rsity
2
P
r
e
limin
a
ry
T
h
e de
v
e
lopm
e
nt of g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
a
s
a
s
c
i
e
n
ce be
g
a
n in th
e
l
a
t
e
19
th
ce
ntury
b
y
G
r
e
gor
J
oh
a
nn
Me
n
de
l
,
a A
ustri
a
n monk
.
Me
n
de
l m
a
n
a
g
ed
to
a
n
a
lyz
e a
n
d
int
e
rpr
e
t th
e
r
e
sults of th
e c
rossing of
c
ross
e
s on th
e
pl
a
nt of th
e Bea
ns of
ERCIS
(
PISUM Sa
tivum
).
A
lthough not th
e
first to
d
o this
e
xp
e
rim
e
nt
,
Me
n
de
l is
d
iff
e
r
e
nt from its pr
edece
ssor
beca
us
e
of fo
c
using on th
e
inh
e
rit
a
n
ce
of in
d
ivi
d
u
a
l prop
e
rti
e
s
.
I
ts
ded
u
c
tions
r
e
g
a
r
d
ing th
e
p
a
tt
e
rn of inh
e
rit
a
n
ce
of th
e
prop
e
rti
e
s
bec
om
e
s th
e
m
a
in
ba
sis of g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
,
m
a
king it
a
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
.
Me
n
de
l
'
s work on th
e
p
a
tt
e
rn of inh
e
rit
a
n
ce
prop
e
rti
e
s pu
b
lish
ed
in
1866
,
b
ut w
a
s ignor
ed
for mor
e
th
a
n
30
y
ea
rs
.
O
nly in
1900
,
H
ugo
de V
ri
e
s
,
Ca
rl
C
orr
e
ns
,
a
n
d E
ri
c V
on
T
s
c
h
e
rm
a
k
-
Se
ys
e
n
e
gg s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
ly
d
is
c
ov
e
r
ed
th
e
truth of
Me
n
de
l
'
s prin
c
ipl
e
s
.
S
in
ce
th
e
n
,
g
e
n
e
ti
c
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h is
d
omin
a
t
ed b
y
e
xp
e
rim
e
nts
ba
s
ed
on th
e
prin
c
ipl
e
s of
Me
n
de
l to th
e
mi
d
-
20
th
ce
ntury
,
known
a
s th
e c
l
a
ssi
ca
l g
e
n
e
ti
c e
r
a
.
A
t
th
e be
ginning of th
e
20
th
ce
ntury
,
th
e de
v
e
lopm
e
nt of
b
io
c
h
e
mistry
r
a
is
e
s int
e
r
e
st in un
de
rst
a
n
d
ing
dee
p
e
r g
e
n
e
ti
c
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
,
e
sp
ec
i
a
lly th
e
n
a
tur
e
of
b
io
c
ymy
e
s
.
I
n th
e
1920
s
a
n
d
1940
s
,
it w
a
s r
e
v
ea
l
ed
th
a
t
DNA
w
a
s
a
g
e
n
e
ti
c
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
c
h
e
mi
ca
l
c
ompoun
d
.
D
is
c
ov
e
ry of th
e DNA
mol
ec
ul
a
r stru
c
tur
e
mo
de
l
b
y
J
.
D
.
Wa
tson
a
n
d
f
.
h
c
.
C
ri
c
k in
1953
m
a
rk
ed
th
e
st
a
rt of th
e
mol
ec
ul
a
r g
e
n
e
ti
c e
r
a
.
M
ol
ec
ul
a
r g
e
n
e
ti
c
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
de
v
e
lops v
e
ry f
a
st
.
I
f s
c
i
e
n
ce
is
g
e
n
e
r
a
lly
de
v
e
loping twi
ce
in
a decade
,
mol
ec
ul
a
r g
e
n
e
ti
c
s only n
eed
two y
ea
rs
.
Re
volution
a
ry
de
v
e
lopm
e
nts h
a
v
e
o
cc
urr
ed
sin
ce
th
e
1970
s
3
with th
e e
m
e
rg
e
n
ce
of r
ec
om
b
in
a
nt
DNA
t
ec
hnology or g
e
n
e
ti
c
e
ngin
ee
ring
.
A
t pr
e
s
e
nt
,
a
nim
a
l
c
loning is lik
e
sh
ee
p
,
pigs
a
n
d a
p
e
s
h
a
v
e bec
om
e c
ommonpl
ace
.
I
n hum
a
ns
,
th
e
m
a
pping of th
e e
ntir
e
g
e
nom
e
h
a
s
bee
n
ca
rri
ed
out through th
e
hum
a
n g
e
nom
e
proj
ec
t
whi
c
h
be
g
a
n in
1990
a
n
d
finish
ed
two y
ea
rs f
a
st
e
r th
a
n th
e
2005
s
c
h
ed
ul
e
.
4
D
is
c
ussion
A
.
De
finition of g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring
Ge
n
e
ti
c
s
,
t
a
k
e
n from
D
ut
c
h
"
Ge
n
e
ti
ca
"
a
n
d E
nglish
"
Ge
n
e
ti
c
s
,"
c
om
e
s from th
e
wor
d G
r
ee
k
"
Ge
nno
"
whi
c
h m
ea
ns
"
giving
b
irth
."
Ge
n
e
ti
c
s is
a b
r
a
n
c
h of
b
iology th
a
t stu
d
i
e
s th
e
inh
e
rit
a
n
ce
of th
e
prop
e
rti
e
s of org
a
nisms
a
n
d
su
b
org
a
nisms su
c
h
a
s virus
e
s
a
n
d
prions
,
so th
e
y
ca
n
be ca
ll
ed
s
c
i
e
n
ce ab
out g
e
n
e
s
a
n
d a
ll
a
sp
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
e
ti
c
fi
e
l
d
in
c
lu
de
s stu
d
i
e
s of th
e
mol
ec
ul
a
r l
e
v
e
l to
popul
a
tion
,
a
n
d
fo
c
us
e
s on
:
-
Ge
n
e
ti
c
inform
a
tion
ca
rri
e
rs
,
-
E
xpr
e
ssions of g
e
n
e
ti
c
inform
a
tion
,
-
Ge
n
e
ti
c
inform
a
tion inh
e
rit
a
n
ce be
tw
ee
n in
d
ivi
d
u
a
ls
.
E
ngin
ee
ring or t
ec
hniqu
e
is th
e a
ppli
ca
tion of s
c
i
e
n
ce a
n
d
t
ec
hnology to r
e
solv
e
hum
a
n pro
b
l
e
ms
,
through th
e
knowl
ed
g
e
or
e
xp
e
ri
e
n
ce
of tri
a
ls
a
n
d e
rrors
,
de
v
e
loping su
c
h
a
s th
e
r
e
l
a
y r
ace
th
a
t
c
ontinu
e
s th
e
pr
e
vious g
e
n
e
r
a
tion t
ec
hnology
.
T
h
e
n
,
g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring in
a b
ro
ad
s
e
ns
e
is t
ec
hnology in th
e
a
ppli
ca
tion of g
e
n
e
ti
c
s to h
e
lp
a
ny pro
b
l
e
ms
a
n
d
int
e
r
e
sts fromhum
a
ns
.
W
ith
a
ll th
e
knowl
ed
g
e a
n
d e
xp
e
ri
e
n
ce
of th
e
s
e
tri
a
ls
a
n
d e
rrors
,
hum
a
ns
ca
n
de
v
e
lop pro
d
u
c
ts th
a
t
a
r
e be
n
e
fi
c
i
a
l to hum
a
ns
th
e
ms
e
lv
e
s
.
Ge
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring t
ec
hnology is th
e c
or
e
of
b
iot
ec
hnology
5
de
fin
ed a
s
a
nu
c
l
e
i
c ac
i
d
i
c ac
i
d
t
ec
hniqu
e
,
in
c
lu
d
ing r
ec
om
b
in
a
nt
DNA
a
n
d d
ir
ec
t inj
ec
tion
DNA
into
ce
lls or org
a
n
e
ll
e
s
;
or
ce
ll fusion outsi
de
th
e
t
a
xonomy f
a
mily
;
whi
c
h
ca
n p
e
n
e
tr
a
t
e
n
a
tur
a
l r
e
pro
d
u
c
tiv
e a
n
d
r
ec
om
b
in
a
tion o
b
st
ac
l
e
s
,
a
n
d
not th
e
t
ec
hniqu
e
us
ed
in tr
ad
ition
a
l
b
r
eed
ing
a
n
d
s
e
l
ec
tion
.
T
h
e ba
si
c
prin
c
ipl
e
of g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring t
ec
hnology is
m
a
nipul
a
ting or m
a
king
c
h
a
ng
e
s in nu
c
l
e
i
c ac
i
d a
rr
a
ng
e
m
e
nts from
DNA
(
g
e
n
e
s
)
or tu
c
king n
e
w g
e
n
e
s into th
e DNA
stru
c
tur
e
of th
e
r
ec
ipi
e
nt
'
s org
a
nism
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
e
tu
c
k
ed a
n
d
th
e
r
ec
ipi
e
nt org
a
nism
ca
n
c
om
e
from
a
ny org
a
nism
.
F
or
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
g
e
n
e
s of
bac
t
e
ri
a ca
n
be
tu
c
k
ed
in pl
a
nt
c
hromosom
e
s
,
c
onv
e
rs
e
ly pl
a
nt g
e
n
e
s
ca
n
be
tu
c
k
ed
on
bac
t
e
ri
a
l
c
hromosom
e
s
.
I
ns
ec
t g
e
n
e
s
ca
n
be
tout
ed
on pl
a
nts or
g
e
n
e
s from pigs
ca
n
be
tu
c
k
ed
in
bac
t
e
ri
a
,
or
e
v
e
n g
e
n
e
s from hum
a
ns
ca
n
be
tu
c
k
ed
on
bac
t
e
ri
a
l
c
hromosom
e
s
.
I
nsulin pro
d
u
c
tion for
d
i
abe
t
e
s tr
ea
tm
e
nt
,
for
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
is
pro
d
u
ced
in
E
s
c
h
e
ri
c
i
a C
oli
bac
t
e
ri
a
l
ce
lls
(
E
.
c
oli
)
wh
e
r
e
insulin
-
pro
d
u
c
ing g
e
n
e
s
a
r
e
isol
a
t
ed
from hum
a
n p
a
n
c
r
ea
ti
c ce
lls whi
c
h
a
r
e
th
e
n
c
lon
ed a
n
d
put into
ce
ll
E
.
c
oli
.
T
hus insulin pro
d
u
c
tion
ca
n
be
d
on
e
qui
c
kly
,
b
ulk
,
a
n
d c
h
ea
p
.
Ge
n
e
ti
ca
l
e
ngin
ee
ring t
ec
hnology
a
lso
a
llows hum
a
ns to m
a
k
e
v
acc
in
e
s in pl
a
nts
,
pro
d
u
ce
tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts
with typi
ca
l n
e
w prop
e
rti
e
s
.
Ge
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring is wi
de
ly th
e
a
ppli
ca
tion of g
e
n
e
ti
c
t
ec
hnology to h
e
lp v
a
rious hum
a
n n
eed
s
.
T
hrough knowl
ed
g
e a
n
d e
xp
e
ri
e
n
ce
,
hum
a
ns
ca
n
de
v
e
lop us
e
ful
pro
d
u
c
ts
.
T
his t
ec
hnology is th
e c
or
e
of
b
iot
ec
hnology
,
involving
6
nu
c
l
e
i
c ac
i
d
i
c ac
i
d
t
ec
hniqu
e
s su
c
h
a
s r
ec
om
b
in
a
nt
DNA a
n
d d
ir
ec
t
inj
ec
tion of
DNA
to
ce
lls or org
a
n
e
ll
e
s
,
a
n
d ce
ll fusion outsi
de
th
e
f
a
mily of t
a
xonomi
c
.
T
his t
ec
hniqu
e
go
e
s
be
yon
d
tr
ad
ition
a
l
b
r
eed
ing
a
n
d
s
e
l
ec
tion m
e
tho
d
s
.
T
h
e ba
si
c
prin
c
ipl
e
of g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring is to m
a
nipul
a
t
e
or
c
h
a
ng
e
th
e a
rr
a
ng
e
m
e
nt of nu
c
l
e
i
c ac
i
d DNA
(
g
e
n
e
s
)
or tu
c
k n
e
w
g
e
n
e
s into th
e DNA
of th
e
r
ec
ipi
e
nt
'
s org
a
nism
.
Rec
ipi
e
nt g
e
n
e
s
a
n
d
org
a
nisms
ca
n
c
om
e
from
a
nywh
e
r
e
,
for
e
x
a
mpl
e
th
e bac
t
e
ri
a
l g
e
n
e
ca
n
be
tu
c
k
ed
into pl
a
nts
,
or vi
ce
v
e
rs
a
.
I
nsulin pro
d
u
c
tion for th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
nt of
d
i
abe
t
e
s
,
for
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
is
ca
rri
ed
out in th
e ce
lls of
E
s
c
h
e
ri
c
hi
a C
oli
(
E
.
c
oli
)
bac
t
e
ri
a
,
with insulin g
e
n
e
s isol
a
t
ed
from
hum
a
n p
a
n
c
r
ea
ti
c ce
lls
a
n
d
put into
E
.
c
oli
.
T
his t
ec
hnology
a
llows f
a
st
,
b
ulk
a
n
d
in
e
xp
e
nsiv
e
insulin pro
d
u
c
tion
.
I
n
add
ition
,
g
e
n
e
ti
c
e
ngin
ee
ring
a
llows m
a
king v
acc
in
e
s in pl
a
nts
a
n
d
pro
d
u
c
ing tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts with typi
ca
l n
e
w prop
e
rti
e
s
.
B
.
Ge
n
e
ti
c
s
C
h
a
rl
e
s
Da
rwin first
d
is
c
uss
ed
g
e
n
e
ti
c
v
a
ri
a
tions in his
b
ook
T
h
e
O
rigin of
S
p
ec
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
t
e
rm
"
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
"
w
a
s l
a
t
e
r intro
d
u
ced b
y
W
illi
a
m
Ba
t
e
son in
a
p
e
rson
a
l l
e
tt
e
r to
Ada
m
C
h
ad
wi
c
k
a
n
d a
t th
e I
nt
e
rn
a
tion
a
l
C
onf
e
r
e
n
ce
on
Ge
n
e
ti
c
s
3
r
d
of
1906
.
Ge
n
e
ti
c
s
c
ontinu
e
s to grow
,
b
oth
in pur
e a
n
d a
ppli
ed
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
.
G
r
e
gor
Me
n
de
l
be
g
a
n this
de
v
e
lopm
e
nt
b
y
c
rossing pl
a
nts in
1865
,
whi
c
h pro
d
u
ced
"
Me
n
de
l
'
s inh
e
rit
a
n
ce
l
a
w
".
7
T
his l
a
w intro
d
u
ce
s th
e c
on
ce
pt of g
e
n
e a
s
a
tr
a
it
ca
rri
e
r
,
with
eac
h
g
e
n
e
h
a
ving
a
ll
e
l
e
s
a
s
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
tiv
e e
xpr
e
ssion
.
D
isomi
c
in
d
ivi
d
u
a
ls
h
a
v
e a
p
a
ir of
a
ll
e
l
e
s for
eac
h tr
a
it
,
ca
ll
ed
g
e
notyp
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e a
ll
e
l
e
g
e
notyp
e
is
ca
ll
ed
homozygous
,
whil
e d
iff
e
r
e
nt is
ca
ll
ed
h
e
t
e
rozygot
.
Ge
notyp
e
s
a
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
ed
to o
b
s
e
rv
ed
prop
e
rti
e
s
,
or ph
e
notyp
e
s
.
A
ft
e
r th
e
d
is
c
ov
e
ry of
Me
n
de
l
,
th
e
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
de
v
e
lop
ed
r
a
pi
d
ly
,
oft
e
n us
ed a
s
a
n
e
x
a
mpl
e
of s
c
i
e
ntifi
c
m
e
tho
d
s in s
c
i
e
n
ce
.
C
.
Ge
n
e
ti
c E
ngin
ee
ring
De
stin
a
tion
Ge
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring in pl
a
nts
a
ims to in
c
r
ea
s
e
pro
d
u
c
tion
,
pro
d
u
c
t qu
a
lity to
be
mor
e d
ur
ab
l
e
,
nutrition
a
l
c
ont
e
nt
,
r
e
sist
a
n
ce
to
p
e
sts
,
d
is
ea
s
e
s
,
h
e
r
b
i
c
i
de
s
,
a
n
d
f
ea
tur
e
s su
c
h
a
s tol
e
r
a
n
ce
to
c
ooling
,
de
l
a
y in fruit m
a
turity
,
a
n
d
pigm
e
nt
a
tion
c
h
a
ng
e
s
.
Mea
nwhil
e
,
g
e
n
e
ti
c
e
ngin
ee
ring on mi
c
ro
be
s is int
e
n
ded
to improv
e
th
e e
ff
ec
tiv
e
n
e
ss of
mi
c
ro
be
s in f
e
rm
e
nt
a
tion
,
nitrog
e
n
b
in
d
ing
,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
soil f
e
rtility
,
c
ompost
a
n
d a
nim
a
l f
eed
,
a
n
d
pro
d
u
ce d
rugs
a
n
d c
osm
e
ti
c
s
.
I
n
de
v
e
lop
ed c
ountri
e
s su
c
h
a
s
A
m
e
ri
ca
,
E
urop
e
,
A
ustr
a
li
a a
n
d
Ja
p
a
n
,
g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring org
a
nisms
(
mi
c
roorg
a
nisms
,
ins
ec
ts
,
pl
a
nts
,
a
nim
a
ls
,
a
n
d
fish
)
a
r
e
wi
de
ly us
ed a
n
d e
xport
ed
to oth
e
r
c
ountri
e
s su
c
h
a
s
I
n
d
on
e
si
a
.
I
n th
e US
,
g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring pro
d
u
c
ts
a
r
e
sol
d
fr
ee
ly
,
whil
e
in
E
urop
e a
n
d Ja
p
a
n th
e
s
e
pro
d
u
c
ts must
be
l
abe
l
ed
.
C
hin
a
h
a
s
a
lso
de
v
e
lop
ed
r
a
pi
d
ly in g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring
b
iot
ec
hnology
.
8
D
.
E
ngin
ee
ring
de
v
e
lopm
e
nt
Ge
n
e
ti
c
s
P
rogr
e
ss of
b
iot
ec
hnology
,
e
sp
ec
i
a
lly g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring
,
oft
e
n
trigg
e
rs
c
ontrov
e
rsy
.
B
iot
ec
hnology h
a
s
ac
tu
a
lly
bee
n
a
roun
d
thous
a
n
d
s of y
ea
rs
a
go
.
B
iot
ec
hnology tim
e
lin
e
:
1
.
8000
BC
:
s
eed c
oll
ec
tion
a
n
d a
rtifi
c
i
a
l s
e
l
ec
tion
b
y th
e Bab
yloni
a
n
,
E
gypt
a
n
d R
om
a
n n
a
tions to improv
e
th
e
qu
a
lity of liv
e
sto
c
k
.
2
.
6000
BC
:
b
r
e
wing
,
f
e
rm
e
nt
a
tion of win
e
,
b
r
ead
,
a
n
d
t
e
mp
e
h with
th
e
h
e
lp of y
ea
st
.
3
.
4000
BC
:
C
hin
e
s
e
n
a
tion m
a
k
e
s yogurt
a
n
d c
h
ee
s
e
with l
ac
ti
c ac
i
d
bac
t
e
ri
a
.
4
.
1500
:
P
l
a
nt
c
oll
ec
tion from
a
ll ov
e
r th
e
worl
d
.
5
.
1665
:
R
o
be
rt
H
ook
e
foun
d ce
lls through
a
mi
c
ros
c
op
e
.
6
.
1800
:
N
ikol
a
i
I
.
Va
vilov
de
v
e
lop
ed a c
ompr
e
h
e
nsiv
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h on th
e
b
r
eed
ing of
a
nim
a
ls
.
7
.
1880
:
D
is
c
ov
e
ry of mi
c
roorg
a
nisms
.
8
.
1856
:
G
r
e
gor
Me
n
de
l st
a
rt
ed
th
e
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s of r
ec
om
b
in
a
nt pl
a
nts
.
9
.
1865
:
G
r
e
gor
Me
n
de
l foun
d
th
e
l
a
ws of h
e
r
ed
ity
.
10
.
1919
:
Ka
rl
E
r
e
ky first us
e
s th
e
t
e
rm
"
b
iot
ec
hnology
."
11
.
1970
:
Re
s
ea
r
c
h
e
rs in th
e US
foun
d
limiting
e
nzym
e
s to
c
ut g
e
n
e
s
.
12
.
1975
:
K
ohl
e
r
a
n
d M
ilst
e
in
de
v
e
lop
ed a
mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
y
pro
d
u
c
tion m
e
tho
d
.
13
.
1978
:
Re
s
ea
r
c
h
e
rs in th
e US
pro
d
u
ce
insulin using l
a
rg
e
int
e
stin
a
l
9
bac
t
e
ri
a
.
14
.
1980
:
M
o
de
rn
b
iot
ec
hnology with r
ec
om
b
in
a
nt
DNA
t
ec
hnology
,
using
E
.
c
oli to pro
d
u
ce
hum
a
n insulin
.
15
.
1992
:
FDA a
pprov
ed
th
e
first
GM
foo
d
,
tom
a
to
"
fl
a
vor s
a
v
e
r
"
from
Ca
lg
e
n
e
.
16
.
2000
:
T
h
e d
is
c
ov
e
ry of
e
n
d
onu
c
l
ea
s
e
r
e
stri
c
tion
e
nzym
e
s
,
DNA
e
xpr
e
ssions
,
lig
a
s
e e
nzym
e
s
,
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
s of g
e
n
e
s into mi
c
roorg
a
nism
ce
lls
.
E
.
Ge
n
e
ti
c E
ngin
ee
ring
Re
sults
I
.
T
r
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts
GMO
s
c
om
e
s from th
e
wor
d
"
tr
a
ns
" (
mov
ed
)
a
n
d
"
g
e
n
e
" (
n
a
tur
e
ca
rri
e
r
),
whi
c
h m
ea
ns th
e
tr
a
nsf
e
r of g
e
n
e
s of on
e
living
c
r
ea
tur
e
to
oth
e
r living things
.
T
his involv
e
s m
a
nipul
a
tion of g
e
n
e
s to
c
h
a
ng
e ce
ll
c
r
ea
tur
e
s p
e
rm
a
n
e
ntly
.
GMO
pl
a
nts w
e
r
e
first
de
v
e
lop
ed
in
1973
b
y
He
r
be
rt
B
oy
e
r
a
n
d S
t
a
nl
e
y
C
oh
e
n
.
S
in
ce
th
e
n
,
th
e
num
be
r of
tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts in
c
r
ea
s
ed
from
23
in
1988
to mor
e
th
a
n
40
in
1990
.
T
h
e
pro
ce
ss of m
a
king tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts involv
e
s th
e
tr
a
nsf
e
r of
ce
rt
a
in g
e
n
e
s to pl
a
nts using v
ec
tors su
c
h
a
s
a
gro
bac
t
e
rium
tum
e
f
ac
i
e
ns
bac
t
e
ri
a
or g
e
n
e
p
a
rti
c
l
e
s
.
T
h
e
purpos
e
of
de
v
e
loping
tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts in
c
lu
de
s inhi
b
ition of fruit soft
e
ning
,
r
e
sist
a
n
ce
to
ins
ec
ti
c
i
de
s
a
n
d
virus
e
s
,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
nutrition
a
l v
a
lu
e
,
a
n
d
th
e ab
ility to
surviv
e
on
e
xtr
e
m
e
l
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
s
e b
iot
ec
hnology
a
r
e c
onsi
de
r
ed
to h
a
v
e
gr
ea
t pot
e
nti
a
l to ov
e
r
c
om
e
foo
d
pro
b
l
e
ms
,
e
sp
ec
i
a
lly in
de
v
e
loping
10
c
ountri
e
s
.
Be
tw
ee
n
1996
a
n
d
2001
,
th
e ad
option of
GMO
pl
a
nts in
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
a
pi
d
ly from
1
.
7
million h
a
to
52
.
6
million h
a
.
T
his in
c
r
ea
s
e
shows th
e
m
a
ny f
a
rm
e
rs who us
e
this pl
a
nt in
de
v
e
lop
ed a
n
d de
v
e
loping
c
ountri
e
s
,
with most of
GMO
pl
a
nts pl
a
nt
ed
in
de
v
e
lop
ed c
ountri
e
s
.
T
h
e US
is th
e
l
a
rg
e
st pro
d
u
ce
r
,
pl
a
nting
68
%
of th
e
tot
a
l
GMO
pl
a
nting
a
r
ea
in
2001
.
S
oy
bea
ns
a
r
e
th
e
m
a
in
GMO
pro
d
u
c
ts
,
o
cc
upying
33
.
3
million h
a
or
63
%
of
a
ll
GMO
pl
a
nts
,
follow
ed b
y
c
orn
(
9
.
8
million h
a
)
a
n
d c
otton
(
6
.
8
million h
a
).
GMO
pl
a
nts g
e
n
e
r
a
lly h
a
v
e
r
e
sist
a
n
ce
to
h
e
r
b
i
c
i
de
s
,
p
e
sti
c
i
de
s
,
p
e
sts
,
a
n
d d
is
ea
s
e
s
,
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
nutrition
a
l
v
a
lu
e
.
He
r
e a
r
e
short p
a
r
a
phr
a
s
e
s for
eac
h s
ec
tion
:
a
.
D
rought
-
r
e
sist
a
nt tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts
D
rought
-
r
e
sist
a
nt tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts h
a
v
e
roots th
a
t
ca
n
p
e
n
e
tr
a
t
e d
ry soil
,
thi
c
k
c
uti
c
l
e
s to r
ed
u
ce
w
a
t
e
r loss
,
a
n
d
th
e ab
ility
to
ada
pt to s
a
lt in
ce
lls
.
Ge
n of
K
or
a
ng whi
c
h pro
d
u
ce
s tr
e
h
a
los
e
e
nzym
e
s h
a
s
bee
n tr
a
nsf
e
rr
ed
to pl
a
nts
,
su
c
h
a
s to
bacc
o
,
to in
c
r
ea
s
e
tol
e
r
a
n
ce
to
d
rought
.
b
r
ea
kf
a
st
.
Re
sist
a
nt p
e
st
-
tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts
Bac
illus
T
huringi
e
nsis pro
d
u
ce
s toxin prot
e
in whi
c
h
ca
us
e
s th
e
dea
th of ins
ec
t l
a
rv
ae
through
d
ig
e
stion
.
B
y
e
xtr
ac
ting
a
n
d
purifying
th
e
s
e
toxins
,
c
ryst
a
l
b
iop
e
sti
c
i
de
pro
d
u
ced
.
Ge
n
e
ngin
ee
ring from
11
Bac
illus
T
huringi
e
nsis in pl
a
nts su
c
h
a
s to
bacc
o
a
n
d c
orn pro
d
u
ce
r
e
sist
a
n
ce
to p
e
sts
,
h
e
r
b
i
c
i
de
s
,
a
n
d
ins
ec
ti
c
i
de
s
.
T
h
e BT
toxin g
e
n
e
is
a
lso
a
ppli
ed
to
c
otton pl
a
nts
a
n
d bec
om
e
s
d
is
ab
l
ed
if
e
xpos
ed
to
ultr
a
viol
e
t light
.
C
..
Re
sist
a
nt
d
is
ea
s
e
tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts
Ge
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring
e
fforts h
a
v
e c
r
ea
t
ed
pl
a
nts th
a
t
a
r
e
r
e
sist
a
nt to virus
e
s
.
B
y
e
nt
e
ring th
e
prot
e
in
c
o
a
t g
e
n
e
s from
J
ohnson
G
r
a
ss
M
os
a
i
c P
oty
V
irus
(
JGMV
)
to pl
a
nts
,
it is
e
xp
ec
t
ed
th
a
t pl
a
nts
will
be
r
e
sist
a
nt to th
e
vir
a
l inf
ec
tion
.
F
or
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
th
e
int
e
gr
a
tion of
this g
e
n
e
in
c
orn
a
ims to fight h
a
rmful virus
a
tt
ac
ks
,
su
c
h
a
s mos
a
i
c
s
a
n
d
n
ec
rosis on th
e
l
ea
v
e
s
.
E
x
a
mpl
e
s of pl
a
nts th
a
t h
a
v
e
us
ed
g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring t
ec
hnology
T
h
e
following is pr
e
s
e
nt
ed b
y v
a
rious g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring pl
a
nts
a
n
d
its sup
e
riority
c
omp
a
r
ed
to simil
a
r or
d
in
a
ry pl
a
nts
a
.
M
igr
a
nt soy
bea
ns
S
oy
bea
n is th
e
l
a
rg
e
st
GMO
pro
d
u
c
t
,
c
ov
e
ring
a
roun
d
33
.
3
million h
a
or
63
%
of th
e
tot
a
l
GMO
.
W
ith g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring
,
tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
soy
bea
ns th
a
t r
e
sist
a
nt p
e
sts
,
h
e
r
b
i
c
i
de
s
,
a
n
d
high qu
a
lity
h
a
v
e bee
n
de
v
e
lop
ed
.
A
t pr
e
s
e
nt
,
th
e
r
e a
r
e
two typ
e
s of tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
soy
bea
ns th
a
t
a
r
e c
omm
e
r
c
i
a
liz
ed
glo
ba
lly
:
soy
bea
ns r
e
sist
a
nt
h
e
r
b
i
c
i
de
s
a
n
d
soy
bea
ns with high f
a
tty
ac
i
d c
ont
e
nt
.
12
I
n th
e U
nit
ed S
t
a
t
e
s
,
c
orn h
a
s
bee
n g
e
n
e
ti
ca
lly
e
ngin
ee
r
ed
using
RDNA
t
ec
hnology
b
y in
c
orpor
a
ting g
e
n
e
s from
Bac
illus
T
huringi
e
nsis
(
BT
)
bac
t
e
ri
a
to fight
C
orn
B
or
e
r p
e
sts
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e c
rop
.
T
his g
e
n
e
pro
d
u
ce
s p
e
sti
c
i
de
s th
a
t kills
C
orn
B
or
e
r l
a
rv
ae
.
T
h
e Ca
r
e
-
LPPM IPB
stu
d
y shows th
a
t n
a
tion
a
l tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c c
orn profits th
e ec
onomy
a
roun
d
R
p
.
6
.
8
trillion
,
from in
c
r
ea
s
ed
pro
d
u
c
tion
,
c
ost s
a
vings
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
c
tion
of imports
de
p
e
n
de
n
ce
.
I
n th
e
short t
e
rm
,
tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c c
orn will in
c
r
ea
s
e
f
eed
pro
d
u
c
tion of
145
,
170
tons
a
n
d d
ir
ec
t
c
onsumption of
225
,
550
tons
.
I
n th
e
long t
e
rm
,
th
e dec
lin
e
in
c
orn pri
ce
s will in
c
r
ea
s
e de
m
a
n
d
,
r
ed
u
ce
imports
,
a
n
d
improv
e c
ommunity w
e
lf
a
r
e
.
I
n
2006
,
c
orn
imports r
eac
h
ed
1
.
76
million tons
.
C
.
T
r
a
nsg
e
ni
c c
otton
Ge
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
r
ed c
otton w
a
s intro
d
u
ced
in th
e U
nit
ed S
t
a
t
e
s
in
1996
,
a
im
ed a
t r
ed
u
c
ing th
e
us
e
of ins
ec
ti
c
i
de
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
in g
e
n
e
s
us
ed
in
c
lu
de C
ry g
e
n
e
s from
Bac
illus
T
huringi
e
nsis
,
g
e
n
e
tol
e
r
a
n
ce
h
e
r
b
i
c
i
de
s from
bac
t
e
ri
a
,
a
n
d
fruit
de
l
a
y g
e
n
e
.
GMO c
otton r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
eed
for p
e
sti
c
i
de
s
a
n
d a
llows th
e
us
e
of h
e
r
b
i
c
i
de
s without
da
m
a
ging pl
a
nts
.
I
ns
ec
t
a
tt
ac
ks
ca
n r
ed
u
ce
pro
d
u
c
tion
a
n
d c
otton
qu
a
lity
.
A
t pr
e
s
e
nt
,
mor
e
th
a
n
50
%
of
c
otton l
a
n
d
in th
e U
nit
ed S
t
a
t
e
s
is pl
a
nt
ed
with
GMO c
otton
,
a
n
d
simil
a
r tr
e
n
d
s
a
lso o
cc
ur in
C
hin
a a
n
d
I
n
d
i
a
,
th
e
l
a
rg
e
st
c
otton pro
d
u
ce
r
a
ft
e
r
A
m
e
ri
ca
.
d
.
T
r
a
nsg
e
ni
c
tom
a
to
e
s
O
n
c
onv
e
ntion
a
l f
a
rming
,
tom
a
to
e
s must
be
h
a
rv
e
st
ed
wh
e
n
th
e
y
a
r
e
still gr
ee
n
beca
us
e
it is soft
a
ft
e
r
be
ing
c
ook
ed
,
so th
a
t it h
a
s
13
a
short
a
n
d ea
sy
-
to
-
rott
e
n sh
e
lf lif
e
.
T
his is
ca
us
ed b
y g
e
n
e
s th
a
t m
a
k
e
tom
a
to
e
s qui
c
kly soft
,
d
u
e
to th
e e
nzym
e
polyg
a
l
aca
pon
a
g
e
whi
c
h
acce
l
e
r
a
t
e
s p
ec
tin
de
gr
ada
tion
.
GMO
tom
a
to
e
s
,
with
a
ntis
e
n
e
s
ce
ns
g
e
n
e
s
,
slows th
e
m
a
tur
a
tion
b
y r
ed
u
c
ing th
e
pro
d
u
c
tion of th
e e
nzym
e
,
so th
a
t tom
a
to
e
s r
e
m
a
in h
a
r
d
long
e
r
.
T
his n
e
w v
a
ri
e
ty is mor
e
r
e
sist
a
nt
d
uring h
a
n
d
ling
a
n
d
tr
a
nsport
a
tion
a
n
d
l
e
ss
da
m
a
g
ed
th
a
n th
e
pr
e
vious g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
.
GMO P
ot
a
to
e
s
S
t
a
rting
Ma
y
15
,
1995
,
th
e U
nit
ed S
t
a
t
e
s gov
e
rnm
e
nt
a
pprov
ed
th
e c
omm
e
r
c
i
a
liz
a
tion of
GMO
pot
a
to
e
s from
M
ons
a
nto known
a
s
"
Ne
w
Lea
f
".
T
h
e
s
e
pot
a
to
e
s
a
r
e de
sign
ed
to fight th
e C
olor
ad
o
P
ot
a
to
Bee
tl
e a
tt
ac
k
,
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
eed
for
c
h
e
mi
ca
l p
e
sti
c
i
de
s
.
I
n
add
ition
,
th
e
s
e
pot
a
to
e
s
a
lso h
a
v
e a
nutrition
a
l
c
ont
e
nt th
a
t is
be
tt
e
r th
a
n
or
d
in
a
ry pot
a
to
e
s
.
K
nown
a
s
BT
pot
a
to
e
s
,
th
e
prot
ec
tion is from
Bac
illus
T
huringi
e
nsis
bac
t
e
ri
a
,
a
n
d
is
e
xp
ec
t
ed
to
e
nsur
e
h
ea
lthy
a
n
d
a
ffor
dab
l
e
pot
a
to suppli
e
s
.
Ad
v
a
nt
a
g
e
s of pl
a
nt g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring
(
Ge
n
e
ti
ca
lly mo
d
ifi
ed
O
rg
a
nism
)
WHO
pr
ed
i
c
ts th
e
worl
d
popul
a
tion will r
eac
h mor
e
th
a
n
10
b
illion
b
y
2020
,
so th
a
t foo
d
pro
d
u
c
tion must in
c
r
ea
s
e
to m
a
int
a
in th
e
a
v
a
il
ab
ility of foo
d
.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
limit
ed a
gri
c
ultur
a
l l
a
n
d
is
a
n o
b
st
ac
l
e
.
RDNA
or
GMO
t
ec
hnology is
a
n import
a
nt solution to in
c
r
ea
s
e
foo
d
pro
d
u
c
tion with
be
n
e
fits su
c
h
a
s r
ed
u
c
ing post
-
h
a
rv
e
st loss
e
s
,
th
e
risk
of
c
rop f
a
ilur
e
,
a
n
d
th
e
n
eed
s of p
e
sti
c
i
de
s
a
n
d
f
e
rtiliz
e
rs
.
T
his
14
t
ec
hnology
ca
n
a
lso in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
yi
e
l
d
,
nutrition
a
l v
a
lu
e
,
a
n
d
r
e
sist
a
n
ce
to
d
is
ea
s
e a
n
d
p
e
sts
.
T
h
e
pro
ce
ss of m
a
king tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
pl
a
nts involv
e
s s
e
v
e
r
a
l st
e
ps
:
1
.
Ge
n
e
i
de
ntifi
ca
tion
:
c
hoos
e
th
e de
sir
ed
g
e
n
e
from v
a
rious sour
ce
s
.
2
.
Ge
n
e c
loning
:
multiplying g
e
n
e
s
b
y putting it into
c
loning v
ec
tors
,
su
c
h
a
s pl
a
smi
d
s
,
a
n
d
multiply th
e
m in
bac
t
e
ri
a
.
3
.
T
r
a
nsf
e
r g
e
n
e
s
:
mov
e
g
e
n
e
s into pl
a
nt
ce
lls using m
e
tho
d
s su
c
h
a
s
:
-
Ge
n
e
w
ea
pons m
e
tho
d
:
firing mi
c
ro
-
proj
ec
til
e
s
c
ont
a
ining
DNA
to
pl
a
nt
ce
lls
.
-
A
gro
bac
t
e
rium tum
e
f
ac
i
e
ns tr
a
nsform
a
tion m
e
tho
d
:
us
e bac
t
e
ri
a
to
tr
a
nsf
e
r g
e
n
e
s to pl
a
nts
.
-
E
l
ec
tropor
a
tion m
e
tho
d
:
us
e e
l
ec
tri
c
sho
c
k to in
c
lu
de DNA
into pl
a
nt
ce
lls th
a
t h
a
v
e
lost
ce
ll w
a
lls
.
A
ft
e
r th
e
tr
a
nsf
e
r of g
e
n
e
s
,
ce
lls th
a
t h
a
v
e bee
n su
cce
ssfully ins
e
rt
ed
b
y th
e
n
e
w g
e
n
e a
r
e
s
e
l
ec
t
ed
,
grown into
ca
llus
,
a
n
d
th
e
n tr
a
nsf
e
rr
ed
to th
e
groun
d
for o
b
s
e
rving n
e
w tr
a
its
.
P
ositiv
e
imp
ac
t of
T
r
a
nsg
e
ni
c
1
.
T
r
a E
ngin
ee
ring
NGGENIK ca
n pro
d
u
ce
pro
d
uk mor
e
th
a
n th
e
sour
ce
th
e
mor
ea
littl
e
.
2
.
E
ngin
ee
ring pl
a
nts
ca
n liv
e
in
e
xtr
e
m
e e
nvironm
e
nt
a
l
c
on
d
itionsso
th
a
t will
be e
xp
a
n
da
r
ea
of
a
gri
c
ultur
e a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e da
ng
e
rs
15
ofhung
e
r
.
3
.
F
oo
d ca
n
be e
ngin
ee
r
ed
to
be
mor
e de
li
c
ious
a
n
d
h
ea
lthy
.
Ne
g
a
tiv
e
imp
ac
t of
T
r
a
nsg
e
ni
c
T
h
e
n
e
g
a
tiv
e e
ff
ec
ts of
GMO e
ngin
ee
ring in
c
lu
de
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
USPe
kth
a
t is
:
A
.
a
sp
ec
ts ofso
c
i
a
l
,
in
c
lu
d
ing
:
1
.
a
sp
ec
ts of
ec
onomi
c
T
h
e a
gri
c
ultur
a
l
c
ommo
d
ity of g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring r
e
sults h
a
s
c
r
ea
t
ed
int
e
ns
e c
omp
e
tition with
c
onv
e
ntion
a
l pro
d
u
c
ts
.
GMO
sug
a
r
ca
n
e
,
for
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
pro
d
u
ce
s sug
a
r with sw
ee
tn
e
ss whi
c
h is mu
c
h high
e
r th
a
n
or
d
in
a
ry sug
a
r
ca
n
e
or
b
its
.
B
.
Hea
lth
a
sp
ec
ts
1
.
P
ot
e
nti
a
l
F
oo
d
stuffs
:
Ge
n
e
ti
c T
r
a
nsf
e
rs in
GMO
org
a
nisms
ca
n
pro
d
u
ce
n
e
wly toxi
c
pot
e
nti
a
l
c
h
e
mi
ca
ls
,
su
c
h
a
s wh
e
n th
e
fish g
e
n
e
is
ins
e
rt
ed
into tom
a
to
e
s
,
whi
c
h
ca
n
e
n
da
ng
e
r h
ea
lth
.
2
.
P
ot
e
nti
a
l
ca
using h
ea
lth
d
is
ea
s
e
/
d
isor
de
r
:
Acc
or
d
ing to
WHO
1996
,
n
e
w
c
h
e
mi
ca
ls of
GMO
org
a
nisms
ca
n
ca
us
e
n
e
w
d
is
ea
s
e
s or trigg
e
r
oth
e
r
d
is
ea
s
e
s
,
su
c
h
a
s
Ge
n
AAD
in
G
onorrhright
G
onorrh
ea c
otton
th
a
t
ca
n mov
e
to th
e bac
t
e
ri
a
.
16
C
.
e
nvironm
e
nt
a
sp
ec
t
1
.
P
ot
e
nti
a
l for pl
a
sm
a
nutf
a
h
e
rosion
T
h
e
us
e
of tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
to
bacc
o thr
ea
t
e
ns th
e e
xist
e
n
ce
of
e
xisting
T
o
bacc
o
De
li sin
ce
1864
,
a
s w
e
ll
a
s pl
ace
s of
a
nim
a
l nutrition
.
F
or
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
BT c
orn whi
c
h turns off th
e
king
'
s
b
utt
e
rfly l
a
rv
ae
(
PLEXIPPUS
fun
d
s
)
ca
n
d
isrupt th
e ec
osyst
e
m
ba
l
a
n
ce
.
2
.
Ge
n
e
shift pot
e
nti
a
l
GMO
l
ea
v
e
s r
e
sist
a
nt to
Le
pi
d
opt
e
r
a a
ft
e
r
10
y
ea
rs
ca
n h
a
v
e
roots th
a
t
turn off soil mi
c
roorg
a
nisms
,
in
c
lu
d
ing
ea
rthworms
.
3
.
Ec
ologi
ca
l shift pot
e
nti
a
l
GMO
org
a
nisms
ca
n
e
xp
e
ri
e
n
ce ec
ologi
ca
l shifts
b
y
be
ing r
e
sist
a
nt to
high t
e
mp
e
r
a
tur
e
s
,
ac
i
d
s
,
s
a
lt
,
or
be
ing
ab
l
e
to
b
r
ea
k
d
own
ce
llulos
e
a
n
d
lignin
a
ft
e
r g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring
.
II
.
C
loning
T
h
e
wor
d
"
c
loning
"
c
om
e
s from
E
nglish
C
lon
e a
n
d
is first
propos
ed b
y
He
r
be
rt
Webbe
r in
1903
to
de
s
c
ri
be
th
e
org
a
nisms
pro
d
u
ced
through th
e a
s
e
xu
a
l r
e
pro
d
u
c
tion of on
e
p
a
r
e
nt
a
n
d
simil
a
r
ph
e
notyp
e
s
.
C
loning in
a
nim
a
ls st
a
rts with
a
mphi
b
i
a
ns
,
n
a
m
e
ly
b
y
tr
a
nsf
e
rs th
e
nu
c
l
e
us into th
e
frog
e
ggs th
a
t h
a
v
e bee
n
e
mpti
ed
.
S
om
a
ti
c ce
ll nu
c
l
e
us of v
a
rious st
a
g
e
s of
de
v
e
lopm
e
nt
ca
n pro
d
u
ce
norm
a
l
e
m
b
ryos
,
in
c
lu
d
ing tir
ed
int
e
stin
a
l
e
pith
e
li
a
l
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
su
cce
ss
17
of
W
ilmut in m
a
king sh
ee
p
c
lon
e
s from
ad
ult sh
ee
p milk gl
a
n
d ce
lls
shows th
a
t
c
loning
ca
n
a
lso
be d
on
e
in m
a
mm
a
ls
,
so
e
xp
e
rts
a
rgu
e
th
a
t hum
a
n
c
loning m
a
y
a
lso
be
t
ec
hni
ca
lly
ca
n
be d
on
e
.
C
loning t
ec
hniqu
e
N
u
c
l
e
us
T
r
a
nsf
e
r
N
u
c
l
e
us tr
a
nsf
e
rs involv
e
two
ce
lls
:
d
onor
ce
lls
a
n
d
oo
c
yt
e
s
.
T
h
e
c
ook
ed
oo
c
yt
e
s will
be
r
e
mov
ed b
y nu
c
l
e
us in
a
pro
ce
ss
ca
ll
ed
e
nu
c
l
ea
tion to r
e
mov
e
its g
e
n
e
ti
c
inform
a
tion
.
T
h
e
nu
c
l
e
us of
d
onor
som
a
ti
c ce
lls is th
e
n put into th
e
o
c
it
e
th
a
t h
a
s
bee
n
d
i
e
nu
c
l
ea
t
ed
.
E
gg
ce
lls fun
c
tion optim
a
lly if not f
e
rtiliz
ed
,
f
ac
ilit
a
t
e
th
e
r
ece
ipt of
d
onor
nu
c
l
e
us
.
N
u
c
l
e
us
d
onors fun
c
tion
a
s zigot
ce
ll nu
c
l
e
us
,
split
,
a
n
d
de
v
e
lop into
a b
l
a
sto
c
yt
e
whi
c
h is th
e
n tr
a
nsf
e
rr
ed
to th
e
su
b
stitut
e
p
a
r
e
nt ut
e
rus
.
I
f th
e
pro
ce
ss runs smoothly
,
a
r
e
pli
ca
will
be b
orn from
th
e d
onor
.
A
ft
e
r th
e b
l
a
sto
c
yt
e
s form
ed
in vitro
,
th
e
n
e
xt st
e
p is simil
a
r
to th
e
t
ec
hnology of th
e bab
y tu
be
th
a
t h
a
s
bee
n m
a
st
e
r
ed
.
a
.
D
olly
S
h
ee
p
C
loning
D
olly
'
s sh
ee
p
c
loning is
a
n import
a
nt mom
e
nt in
c
loning history
th
a
t
a
rous
e
s int
e
r
e
st in
c
loning
a
n
d
prov
e
s th
a
t
c
loning from
ad
ult
a
nim
a
ls
ca
n
be d
on
e
.
P
r
e
viously
,
it w
a
s not known th
a
t
ad
ult nu
c
l
e
us
c
oul
d
form
a c
ompl
e
t
e a
nim
a
l
.
Ge
n
e
ti
c da
m
a
g
e
or simpl
e
g
e
n
e
deac
tiv
a
tion
ca
n
be
s
e
ttl
ed
.
T
h
e
fin
d
ings of
Ia
n
W
ilmut
a
n
d Ke
ith
Ca
mp
be
ll show th
a
t th
e
18
syn
c
hroniz
a
tion of
d
onor
ce
ll
c
y
c
l
e
s
a
n
d e
gg
ce
lls is import
a
nt for th
e
su
cce
ss of
c
loning
.
W
ithout syn
c
hroniz
a
tion
,
th
e d
onor
ce
ll
c
or
e ca
nnot
be acce
pt
ed b
y th
e e
m
b
ryo
.
D
onor
ce
lls must
be a
t th
e GO ce
ll st
a
g
e
or
d
orm
a
nt for
c
loning
.
I
n this pro
ce
ss
,
d
onor
ce
lls
a
r
e
t
a
k
e
n from th
e
m
a
mm
a
gl
a
n
d
of
th
e La
m
b F
inn
D
ors
e
t
a
n
d a
r
e d
ivi
ded
into th
e
s
a
m
e c
or
e d
upli
ca
t
e
.
T
his
ce
ll is put into
a
mixtur
e
of nutri
e
nts to
e
nt
e
r th
e GO
st
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
e
ggs from
B
l
ac
kf
ace
sh
ee
p
a
r
e
th
e
n i
de
nto
ca
t
ed a
n
d c
om
b
in
ed
with
d
onor
ce
lls using
e
l
ec
tri
c
sho
c
ks to st
a
rt th
e e
m
b
ryo
de
v
e
lopm
e
nt
.
T
h
e e
m
b
ryo th
a
t m
a
n
a
g
ed
to grow for six
da
ys in
O
vi
d
uk
La
m
b
is
be
tt
e
r to surviv
e c
omp
a
r
ed
to
be
ing in
c
u
ba
t
ed
in th
e
l
ab
or
a
tory
.
T
his
e
m
b
ryo is th
e
n tr
a
nsf
e
rr
ed
to th
e
r
ece
iv
e
r
'
s f
e
m
a
l
e
ut
e
rus to
be
r
ead
y
to
be b
orn
.
T
h
e c
lon
ed
sh
ee
p will
be
simil
a
r to
d
onor sh
ee
p
a
n
d d
o
e
s
not show signifi
ca
nt si
de e
ff
ec
ts su
c
h
a
s
ca
n
ce
r or g
e
n
e
ti
c d
is
ea
s
e
s
r
e
l
a
t
ed
to
DNA da
m
a
g
e
in
d
olly
ca
s
e
s or oth
e
r
c
loning
a
nim
a
ls
.
b
.
C
loning mi
ce
I
n
J
uly
1998
,
th
e
t
ea
m of s
c
i
e
ntists from
Ha
w
a
ii
U
niv
e
rsity
,
l
ed b
y
Te
ruhiko
Wa
k
a
y
a
m
a a
n
d R
yuzo
Ya
n
a
gim
ac
hi
,
a
nnoun
ced
th
e
su
cce
ss
of thr
ee
g
e
n
e
r
a
tions of i
de
nti
ca
l g
e
n
e
ti
ca
lly i
de
nti
ca
l mi
ce
.
T
his
t
ec
hniqu
e
is su
cce
ssful
e
v
e
n though mi
ce a
r
e
known to
be d
iffi
c
ult to
c
lon
ed beca
us
e
th
e
ir
e
gg
ce
lls qui
c
kly
d
ivi
de a
ft
e
r f
e
rtiliz
a
tion
.
U
nlik
e
Ia
n
W
ilmut who us
e
s
ce
lls from th
e
m
a
mm
a
gl
a
n
d
,
Wa
k
a
y
a
m
a
tri
e
s
19
thr
ee d
iff
e
r
e
nt
ce
lls
(
ce
lls of s
e
r
a
rtoli
,
b
r
a
in
ce
lls
,
a
n
d c
umulus
ce
lls
)
whi
c
h
a
r
e
n
a
tur
a
lly in th
e G
0
or
G
1
st
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
non
-
f
e
rtiliz
ed
mous
e
e
gg is us
ed a
s
a d
onor
c
or
e
r
ec
ipi
e
nt
,
a
n
d
th
e c
loning pro
ce
ss is
ca
rri
ed
out without in vitro
.
T
h
e e
gg is pro
ce
ss
ed
with
C
yto
c
h
a
l
a
sin
B
to pr
e
v
e
nt th
e
form
a
tion of pol
a
r
b
o
d
y
,
th
e
n th
e ce
ll is
c
ultiv
a
t
ed
be
for
e
tr
a
nspl
a
nting to th
e
f
e
m
a
l
e
p
a
r
e
nt
.
T
h
e
fo
c
us of th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h is
c
umulus
ce
ll
,
whi
c
h prov
ed
th
e
most su
cce
ssful
.
A
ft
e
r this t
ec
hniqu
e
prov
e
s th
e
su
cce
ss of living
c
loning
,
Wa
k
a
y
a
m
a a
lso m
a
n
a
g
ed
to
c
r
ea
t
e c
lon
ed
from
c
loning
a
n
d
show
ed
th
e
p
e
rf
ec
t r
e
pro
d
u
c
tiv
e ab
ility
of
c
lon
e
s
,
with
a
tot
a
l of fifty
c
lon
ed
.
T
his t
ec
hniqu
e acce
l
e
r
a
t
e
s
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h on r
e
n
e
wing nu
c
l
e
us progr
a
mming
,
with mi
ce a
s
a
mo
de
l th
a
t
is f
a
st
e
r th
a
n sh
ee
p
.
H
um
a
n
c
loning in
a
n
I
sl
a
mi
c
p
e
rsp
ec
tiv
e
H
um
a
n
c
loning
ca
us
e
s
b
ig pro
b
l
e
ms
e
v
e
n though th
e
r
e a
r
e
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
be
n
e
fits
.
A
s
a b
iologi
ca
l
c
r
ea
tur
e
,
hum
a
ns n
eed a
p
a
rtn
e
r to
b
r
eed
.
I
n
I
sl
a
m
,
l
e
gitim
a
t
e
m
a
rri
a
g
e
is
a b
on
d be
tw
ee
n m
e
n
a
n
d
wom
e
n
acc
or
d
ing to th
e
l
a
w
,
b
oth r
e
ligion
a
n
d c
ustom
a
ry
.
Ma
rri
a
g
e
h
a
s two
a
sp
ec
ts
:
b
iologi
ca
lly for offspring
a
n
d a
ff
ec
tion
a
l for
e
motion
a
l w
e
ll
-
be
ing
.
T
h
e Q
ur
'
a
n
e
xpl
a
ins th
e
import
a
n
ce
of m
a
rri
a
g
e a
n
d
goo
d
offspring
.
H
um
a
n
c
loning
,
how
e
v
e
r
,
ignor
e
s this n
a
tur
a
l r
e
l
a
tionship
,
a
llows som
e
on
e
to h
a
v
e c
hil
d
r
e
n without
a
p
a
rtn
e
r
.
T
his
ca
n
ca
us
e
s
e
rious pro
b
l
e
ms in t
e
rms of m
a
rri
a
g
e
,
n
a
s
ab
,
a
n
d
inh
e
rit
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
tiv
e
imp
ac
t on mor
a
l
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l stru
c
tur
e
.
T
h
e
prin
c
ipl
e
of fiqh
20
t
eac
h
e
s th
a
t pr
e
v
e
nt
da
m
a
g
e
is mor
e
import
a
nt th
a
n pursuing
be
n
e
fits
.
T
h
e Q
ur
'
a
n t
eac
h
e
s th
a
t hum
a
n
c
r
ea
tion is
a
pro
ce
ss th
a
t
G
o
d
shoul
d
only
be d
on
e b
y
G
o
d
,
a
n
d
hum
a
n
ac
tions th
a
t mimi
c
this pro
ce
ss is
c
onsi
de
r
ed a b
oun
da
ry viol
a
tion
.
I
n th
e
f
ace
of
c
loning pro
b
l
e
ms
,
it is
import
a
nt to
c
onsi
de
r n
e
g
a
tiv
e
imp
ac
ts th
a
t might
a
ris
e
.
T
h
e
ology
I
n this
ca
s
e
,
th
e Q
ur
'
a
n in
d
i
ca
t
e
s hum
a
n int
e
rv
e
ntion in th
e c
r
ea
tion
pro
ce
ss
.
A
s st
a
t
ed
in
Q
.
S
.
A
l
-
M
ukminun v
e
rs
e
s
13
-
14
,
wh
e
r
e
it
de
s
c
ri
bed
th
a
t
a
ft
e
r s
e
m
e
n
bec
om
e
s
a
lump of
b
loo
d
,
a
lump of
b
loo
d bec
om
e
s
m
ea
t
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
ea
t
bec
om
e
s
a b
on
e
wr
a
pp
ed
in m
ea
t
,
th
e
n
G
o
d c
r
ea
t
e
s
c
r
ea
tur
e
s in oth
e
r forms
.
T
his v
e
rs
e
shows thr
ee
hum
a
n
e
l
e
m
e
nts
:
b
o
d
i
e
s
,
liv
e
s
a
n
d
spirit
.
T
h
e
r
e
for
e
,
to
a
ss
e
ss th
e
v
a
li
d
ity of
c
loning in
I
sl
a
m
,
must
c
onsi
de
r mor
a
l
a
n
d
l
e
g
a
l
a
sp
ec
ts
.
M
or
a
l
c
onsi
de
r
a
tion
M
or
a
lly
,
a
ll r
e
s
ea
r
c
h must
c
onsi
de
r
G
o
d beca
us
e
without r
e
l
a
tions with
G
o
d
,
risky r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
.
E
v
e
n though hum
a
ns
a
r
e ca
liph
,
c
r
ea
tivity must
r
e
m
a
in
ba
s
ed
on r
e
ligious
c
onsi
de
r
a
tions
.
Le
g
a
l
c
onsi
de
r
a
tion
Le
g
a
l
c
onsi
de
r
a
tions
,
e
sp
ec
i
a
lly from
F
iqh s
c
hol
a
rs
,
firmly r
e
j
ec
t
ed
hum
a
n
c
loning
beca
us
e
of th
e
risk of high g
e
n
e
s
a
n
d e
xp
e
nsiv
e c
osts
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
e
rsp
ec
tiv
e
of
U
shul
F
iqh who
c
onsi
de
r
ed
th
a
t som
e
thing mor
e
r
e
s
c
u
e
th
a
n th
e be
n
e
fits must
be
r
e
j
ec
t
ed
.
S
om
e
ul
a
m
a
opinions r
e
g
a
r
d
ing
hum
a
n
c
loning in
c
lu
de
:
M
uh
a
mm
ad Q
ur
a
ish
S
hih
ab a
rgu
e
s th
a
t
e
v
e
n
though
c
loning
d
o
e
s not viol
a
t
e a
q
eeda
h
,
in t
e
rms of mor
a
l
,
this
t
ec
hnology
ca
n trigg
e
r
d
ivisions
.
M
un
a
w
a
r
A
hm
ad A
n
a
s st
a
t
ed
th
a
t th
e
21
Q
ur
'
a
n r
e
fus
ed
to
c
lon
ed beca
us
e
it w
a
s
c
onsi
de
r
ed
mu
bad
zir
a
n
d
c
ontr
a
ry to th
e c
y
c
l
e
of th
e
lif
e
of th
e D
ivin
e
.
Abd
ul
A
ziz
Sac
h
ed
i
a
a
ss
e
ss
ed
th
a
t
c
loning
c
oul
d
un
de
rmin
e
m
a
rri
a
g
e
institutions
.
C
riti
ca
l
a
n
a
lysis
H
um
a
n
e
v
e
nts without m
a
l
e
sp
e
rm f
e
rtiliz
a
tion
a
r
e
proof of
G
o
d
'
s pow
e
r
.
Sc
i
e
n
ce a
n
d
t
ec
hnology
de
v
e
lop
ed a
s
a c
ons
e
qu
e
n
ce
of th
e c
on
ce
pt of
s
c
i
e
n
ce
in th
e Q
ur
'
a
n whi
c
h st
a
t
ed
th
a
t s
c
i
e
n
ce
w
a
s
a
n
e
w knowl
ed
g
e
th
a
t
c
h
a
ng
ed
ignor
a
n
ce
into knowl
ed
g
e
,
a
s in th
e W
or
d
of
G
o
d
: "
We
h
a
v
e
s
e
nt
th
e A
postl
e
to you to r
ead
our v
e
rs
e
s
,
purify you
,
t
eac
h
a
l
-
b
ooks
a
n
d
W
is
d
om
a
n
d
things you
d
on
'
t know
."
A
ll s
c
i
e
n
ce
s
a
r
e acce
pt
ab
l
e
if us
e
ful
,
su
c
h
a
s
c
loning t
ec
hnology th
a
t
trigg
e
rs
deba
t
e
.
Acc
or
d
ing to th
e Ba
hsul
Tea
m of th
e Ma
s
a
'
il
Na
h
d
h
a
tul
U
l
a
m
a
',
c
loning in pl
a
nts is
a
llow
ed
for th
e be
n
e
fit of hum
a
ns
,
whil
e
c
loning h
a
l
a
l
a
nim
a
ls if th
e
y m
ee
t
ce
rt
a
in
c
on
d
itions
.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
hum
a
n
c
loning is
c
onsi
de
r
ed
ill
e
g
a
l in
e
thi
c
s
a
n
d
r
e
ligious l
a
w
beca
us
e
of th
e
pot
e
nti
a
l of n
e
w pro
b
l
e
ms
a
n
d
its n
e
g
a
tiv
e
imp
ac
ts
,
su
c
h
a
s
c
ontr
a
ry to
th
e S
unn
a
h
A
postl
e
,
viol
a
ting th
e
t
eac
hings of th
e Med
i
c
in
e
of th
e
P
roph
e
t
,
w
ea
k
e
ning org
a
sm
,
in
c
r
ea
sing m
a
stur
ba
tion or
ad
ult
e
ry
t
e
n
de
n
c
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
c
ing s
e
xu
a
l s
a
tisf
ac
tion
.
A
lthough th
e
r
e a
r
e
m
a
ny
e
thi
ca
l
a
n
d
r
e
ligious issu
e
s
,
hum
a
n
c
loning h
a
s
m
ed
i
ca
l
be
n
e
fits su
c
h
a
s
:
1
.
A
llows
a
n ins
e
rtiv
e c
oupl
e
to h
a
v
e c
hil
d
r
e
n
.
2
.
P
ro
d
u
ce a
r
e
pl
ace
m
e
nt org
a
ns from your own
ce
ll to r
ed
u
ce
th
e
risk of
r
e
j
ec
tion
.
22
3
.
C
h
a
ng
e da
m
a
g
ed b
o
d
y tissu
e
,
su
c
h
a
s n
e
rv
e
v
e
ins
a
n
d
mus
c
l
e
s
.
4
.
U
sing t
ec
hnology to
dea
l with
ca
n
ce
r through th
e
liv
e
lihoo
d a
n
d ce
ll
shut
d
own
.
5
.
Te
st
a
n
d c
ur
e
h
e
r
ed
it
a
ry
d
is
ea
s
e
s
.
III
.
M
ono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
M
ono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
y t
ec
hnology utiliz
e
s immun
e ce
lls to pro
d
u
ce
sp
ec
ifi
c a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
immun
e
syst
e
m
c
onsists of v
a
rious
ce
lls with
sp
ec
i
a
l fun
c
tions
,
on
e
of th
e
m
B
lympho
c
yt
e
s
ca
n r
e
spon
d
to for
e
ign
su
b
st
a
n
ce
s sp
ec
ifi
ca
lly
.
Be
n
e
fits of mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
:
-
E
n
ab
l
e
s
e
ff
ec
tiv
e
ly
de
t
ec
tion
,
qu
a
ntifi
ca
tion
,
a
n
d
lo
ca
liz
a
tion of
su
b
st
a
n
ce
.
-
Mea
sur
e
m
e
nts using f
a
st
,
acc
ur
a
t
e a
n
d
s
e
nsitiv
e
mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
beca
us
e
of its sp
ec
ifi
c
ity
.
-
U
s
ed
for pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y
de
t
ec
tion
,
d
i
a
gnosis of inf
ec
tion
,
a
n
d ca
n
ce
r
de
t
ec
tion
.
-
E
n
ab
l
e
s killing
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls without
da
m
a
ging h
ea
lthy
ce
lls
beca
us
e
of its sp
ec
ifi
c
ity
.
-
U
s
e
ful
a
lso in
de
t
ec
ting
d
is
ea
s
e
s in pl
a
nts
,
a
nim
a
ls
,
foo
d
c
ont
a
min
a
tion
,
a
n
d e
nvironm
e
nt
a
l pollut
a
nts
.
W
h
e
n in mi
ce
form
ed a
v
a
ri
e
ty of
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
(
multiklon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
)
with th
e
int
e
nt of th
e
mous
e b
o
d
ymust
be
prot
ec
t
ed
from
v
a
rious p
a
thog
e
ni
c
org
a
nisms
/
for
e
ign
a
ntig
e
ns su
c
h
a
s
(
HCG a
ntig
e
n
),
23
th
e
n mi
ce a
r
e e
xp
ec
t
ed
to
be
fr
ee
of v
a
rious
d
is
ea
s
e d
isor
de
rs
d
u
e
to
th
e
v
a
ri
a
tion of th
e
p
a
thog
e
n
/
a
ntig
e
n
.
H
ow to work mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s in
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
U
nlik
e c
h
e
moth
e
r
a
py
a
n
d
l
e
ss sp
ec
ifi
c
r
ad
ioth
e
r
a
py
,
mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
a
r
e de
sign
ed
to
de
stroy
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
a
ppropri
a
t
e
ly without
a
ff
ec
ting oth
e
r
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
s
e a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s r
ec
ogniz
e ce
rt
a
in
a
ntig
e
ns on
th
e
surf
ace
of
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
a
n
d
ti
e
it
,
whi
c
h th
e
n trigg
e
rs th
e
de
stru
c
tion of th
e ce
ll or
ca
lls th
e
immun
e
syst
e
m to
a
tt
ac
k it
.
F
or
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
rituxim
ab
,
us
ed
for non
-
H
o
d
gkin lymphom
a
,
r
ec
ogniz
e
s th
e
CD
20
a
ntig
e
n in th
e ab
norm
a
l
b ce
ll in th
e
lymphom
a
.
D
os
a
g
e a
n
d ad
ministr
a
tion of
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
D
os
a
g
e a
n
d ad
ministr
a
tion of
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s v
a
ri
e
s
.
R
ituxim
ab
,
for
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
w
a
s inj
ec
t
ed
intr
a
v
e
nously through
a
n infusion in th
e a
rm
.
T
his
d
rug is put into
a
n infusion
ba
g
a
n
d d
ripping slowly into th
e b
loo
d
v
e
ss
e
ls
.
I
f us
ed
with
c
h
e
moth
e
r
a
py
,
th
e
rituxim
ab
is giv
e
n
be
for
e
c
h
e
moth
e
r
a
py in
eac
h
c
y
c
l
e
.
Be
for
e
infusion
,
d
rugs su
c
h
a
s
p
a
r
ace
t
a
mol
a
n
d a
ntihist
a
min
e
s
a
r
e
giv
e
n to pr
e
v
e
nt si
de e
ff
ec
ts
.
S
i
de
e
ff
ec
ts
a
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
lly mil
d a
n
d ca
n
be
ov
e
r
c
om
e b
y r
e
gul
a
ting th
e
infusion r
a
t
e
.
T
h
e
first tr
ea
tm
e
nt r
e
quir
e
s hospit
a
liz
a
tion
,
b
ut furth
e
r
ca
r
e
is oft
e
n
d
on
e
outp
a
ti
e
nt with f
e
w
e
r si
de e
ff
ec
ts
.
24
S
i
de e
ff
ec
ts of mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s
T
h
e
us
e
of mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s for
ca
n
ce
r th
e
r
a
py
ca
n
ca
us
e
si
de
e
ff
ec
ts
,
from mil
d
to
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
y
c
on
d
itions
.
Ge
n
e
r
a
l si
de e
ff
ec
ts
in
c
lu
de a
ll
e
rgi
c
r
eac
tions
,
symptoms lik
e
flu
,
d
i
a
rrh
ea
,
a
n
d d
ry skin
.
S
i
de e
ff
ec
ts
a
r
e
r
a
r
e b
ut
da
ng
e
rous in
c
lu
d
ing s
e
v
e
r
e b
l
eed
ing
,
h
ea
rt
d
isor
de
rs
,
a
n
d a
n
a
phyl
a
xis r
eac
tions
.
H
ow to
a
nti
b
o
dIM
ono
c
lon
a
l work
a
g
a
inst
Ca
n
ce
r
ce
ll
1
.
He
lp th
e
immun
e
syst
e
m r
ec
ogniz
e ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
:
mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
y
d
rugs su
c
h
a
s rituxim
ab
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e ab
ility of th
e
immun
e
syst
e
m to r
ec
ogniz
e a
n
d
fight
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
,
m
a
king it mor
e e
ff
ec
tiv
e
in
dea
ling with
ca
n
ce
r
.
2
.
I
nhi
b
iting
ca
n
ce
r
ce
ll growth f
ac
tors
:
mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s su
c
h
a
s
Ce
tuxim
ab
inhi
b
it th
e b
on
d be
tw
ee
n growth f
ac
tors
a
n
d ca
n
ce
r
ce
ll
r
ece
ptors
,
pr
e
v
e
nt r
a
pi
d
growth of
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
.
3
.
Ta
rg
e
ting r
ad
i
a
tion to
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
:
a c
om
b
in
a
tion of mono
c
lon
a
l
a
nti
b
o
d
i
e
s with r
ad
io
ac
tiv
e
p
a
rti
c
l
e
s
d
ir
ec
t r
ad
i
a
tion
d
ir
ec
tly to
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
,
r
ed
u
ce da
m
a
g
e
to h
ea
lthy
ce
lls
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
r
ad
ioth
e
r
a
py
e
ff
ec
tiv
e
n
e
ss
.
25
Bab
y tu
be
T
h
e bab
y tu
be
progr
a
m its
e
lf is
ca
rri
ed
out in
3
st
a
g
e
s
a
s follows
:
1
.
S
t
a
g
e
of
P
r
e
p
a
r
a
tion of
O
vum
(
pr
e
-
opu
)
2
.
S
t
a
g
e
of
O
vum
L
i
c
king
O
p
e
r
a
tion
(
O
vum
P
i
c
k
U
p
/
O
pu
)
3
.
post opu st
a
g
e
1
.
P
r
e
-
opu st
a
g
e
A
t this st
a
g
e
,
d
own r
e
gul
a
tion
a
n
d
stimul
a
tion th
e
r
a
py w
a
s
ca
rri
ed
out
.
D
own r
e
gul
a
tion stops
b
r
a
in stimul
a
tion to ov
a
ri
e
s using
ce
rt
a
in
d
rugs to
c
r
ea
t
e c
on
d
itions su
c
h
a
s m
e
nop
a
us
e
,
pr
e
p
a
r
e
th
e
ov
a
ry for stimul
a
tion th
e
r
a
py
.
T
his th
e
r
a
py st
a
rts on th
e
21
st
da
y of th
e
c
y
c
l
e
with v
a
ri
ed d
os
e
s
a
n
d
th
e d
ur
a
tion s
e
t
b
y th
e d
o
c
tor
.
Be
for
e
st
a
rting
,
a
n ut
e
rin
e a
n
a
tomy w
a
s
ca
rri
ed
out on th
e
21
st
da
y
.
I
n th
e
ea
rly st
a
g
e
s
,
from
2
n
d
to
5
th
da
y of th
e c
y
c
l
e
,
a
hormon
e e
x
a
min
a
tion
w
a
s
ca
rri
ed
out
,
FSH
,
P
rol
ac
tin
,
a
n
d E
str
ad
iol
.
T
h
e
r
a
py t
a
k
e
s pl
ace
be
tw
ee
n
2
w
ee
ks to
1
month
.
F
or wom
e
n with irr
e
gul
a
r m
e
nstru
a
l
c
y
c
l
e
s
,
P
ill
C
ross
O
v
e
r is us
ed
to f
ac
ilit
a
t
e
th
e
inj
ec
tion of
b
us
e
r
e
lin
ace
t
a
t
e
,
whi
c
h is giv
e
n
a da
y on
ce a
t th
e
s
a
m
e
tim
e
with
a d
os
e
of
0
.
5
mg through su
bc
ut
a
n
e
ous inj
ec
tions un
de
r th
e
n
a
v
e
l
.
S
ymptoms th
a
t
m
a
y
a
pp
ea
r simil
a
r to m
e
nop
a
us
e
,
su
c
h
a
s f
ee
ling hot
,
h
eadac
h
e
s
,
moo
d c
h
a
ng
e
s
,
a
n
d b
r
ea
st sw
e
lling
,
usu
a
lly will
be
lost in th
e
n
e
xt
ph
a
s
e
.
A
ft
e
r inj
ec
tion th
e
r
a
py is
c
ompl
e
t
e
,
a
hormon
e
or ultr
a
soun
d
e
x
a
min
a
tion is
ca
rri
ed
out to
e
nsur
e
th
e
r
ead
in
e
ss to
e
nt
e
r stimul
a
tion
th
e
r
a
py
.
26
S
timul
a
tion th
e
r
a
py
S
timul
a
tion th
e
r
a
py
a
ims to stimul
a
t
e
th
e
growth of folli
c
l
e
s in
th
e
ov
a
ri
e
s so th
a
t th
e
num
be
r is in
c
r
ea
sing
a
n
d
th
e e
gg
ce
lls
a
r
e
c
ook
ed d
uring ovum pi
c
king op
e
r
a
tions
.
T
his th
e
r
a
py st
a
rts
a
ft
e
r
a
n
ultr
a
soun
d e
x
a
min
a
tion
b
y
a
n
e
xp
e
rt
d
o
c
tor who shows th
e ab
s
e
n
ce
of
de
v
e
loping folli
c
l
e
s
.
T
h
e d
rug
d
os
e
is
ad
just
ed
to th
e c
on
d
ition
a
n
d a
g
e
of th
e
p
a
ti
e
nt
.
S
timul
a
tion inj
ec
tion
,
using r
ec
om
b
in
a
nt
/
gon
ad
otrophin fsh
,
su
bc
ut
a
n
e
ously is
ca
rri
ed
out
e
v
e
ry
da
y
,
a
t l
ea
st
8
to
14
tim
e
s
.
C
ontrol ultr
a
soun
d
is
d
on
e a
ft
e
r th
e
6
th inj
ec
tion to
monitor folli
c
l
e
growth
a
n
d a
g
a
in on th
e
8
th
da
y to
e
nsur
e
m
a
tur
e
folli
c
l
e
s
.
I
f th
e
r
e
is no m
a
tur
e
folli
c
l
e
,
th
e
inj
ec
tion is p
a
ss
ed
until
a
t
l
ea
st th
e
r
e a
r
e
3
folli
c
l
e
s with
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r of
18
mm r
ead
y to
be
t
a
k
e
n
.
2
.
U
n
de
rst
a
n
d
ing
O
vum
L
ip
e
rt
O
p
e
r
a
tion
(
O
vum
P
i
c
k
U
p
)
O
vum pi
c
king op
e
r
a
tions
ca
n
be d
on
e
if th
e
r
e a
r
e
3
or mor
e
folli
c
l
e
s with
a d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r of
18
mm
,
a
n
d
th
e
l
e
v
e
l of
E
2
r
eac
h
e
s
200
pg
/
ml p
e
r m
a
tur
e
folli
c
l
e
.
Be
for
e
th
e
op
e
r
a
tion
,
HCG
inj
ec
tion w
a
s
ca
rri
ed
out
36
hours
ea
rli
e
r with
a d
os
e
of
5000
IU
or
10
,
000
IU
.
3
.
S
t
a
p
P
ost
O
pu
T
h
e
fin
a
l st
a
g
e
of th
e bab
y tu
be
progr
a
m is
a
n
e
m
b
ryin tr
a
nsf
e
r
(
E
m
b
ryo tr
a
nsf
e
r
)
follow
ed b
y pr
e
gn
a
n
c
y supporting
d
rug th
e
r
a
py
.
T
his
pro
ce
ss involv
e
s in
c
lu
d
ing
2
or
3
e
m
b
ryos th
a
t h
a
v
e bee
n s
e
l
ec
t
ed
to
27
th
e
ut
e
rus through
a ca
th
e
t
e
r
a
n
d
ultr
a
soun
d
in
a
short tim
e
.
T
h
e
num
be
r of
e
m
b
ryos tr
a
nsf
e
rr
ed
is
de
t
e
rmin
ed b
y th
e a
g
e
of th
e
p
a
ti
e
nt
:
usu
a
lly
2
for p
a
ti
e
nts
a
g
ed
≤
30
y
ea
rs
,
a
n
d
3
for mor
e
th
a
n
30
y
ea
rs
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
a
ining
e
m
b
ryos
ca
n
be
froz
e
n for futur
e
pr
e
gn
a
n
c
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
e
m
b
ryo tr
a
nsf
e
r w
a
s
ca
rri
ed
out
2
or
3
da
ys
a
ft
e
r th
e O
vum r
e
tri
e
v
a
l
a
n
d d
i
d
not r
e
quir
e
sp
ec
i
a
l pr
e
p
a
r
a
tion or
a
n
e
sth
e
si
a
,
simil
a
r to
Pa
p
S
m
ea
r
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
a
ti
e
nt
d
i
d
not f
ee
l signifi
ca
nt p
a
in
.
T
h
e e
m
b
ryo to
be
tr
a
nsf
e
rr
ed
is
d
ispl
a
y
ed
on th
e TV
s
c
r
ee
n
be
for
e
th
e
pro
ce
ss is
d
on
e
.
T
h
e
n
e
xt st
a
g
e
is supporting
d
rug th
e
r
a
py
A
ft
e
r th
e e
m
b
ryo tr
a
nspl
a
nt su
cceeded
,
th
e
p
a
ti
e
nt un
de
rw
e
nt
d
rug
th
e
r
a
py to pr
e
p
a
r
e
th
e
ut
e
rus r
ece
iv
e a
n
d
support th
e de
v
e
lopm
e
nt of
th
e e
m
b
ryo
.
A
t this st
a
g
e
,
th
e
p
a
ti
e
nt w
a
s giv
e
n
a
n inj
ec
tion of
HCG
on
O
pu
Da
y
+
4
a
n
d O
pu
+
7
with
a d
os
e
of
1500
IU
or
5000
IU
,
de
p
e
n
d
ing on th
e
p
a
ti
e
nt
'
s
c
on
d
ition
.
I
n
add
ition to
HCG
,
p
a
ti
e
nts
ca
n
a
lso
be
giv
e
n or
a
l prog
e
st
e
ron
e
for
15
da
ys or night v
a
gin
a
l g
e
l
.
Bab
y tu
be
s
acc
or
d
ing to
I
sl
a
mi
c
l
a
w
T
h
e Fa
tw
a
of th
e I
n
d
on
e
si
a
n
U
l
e
m
a C
oun
c
il of
Bab
y
T
u
be
s
/
A
rtifi
c
i
a
l
I
ns
e
min
a
tion
dec
i
ded a
s follows
:
1
.
Bab
y tu
be
s with sp
e
rm
a
n
d
ovum of l
e
gitim
a
t
e
hus
ba
n
d a
n
d
wif
e a
r
e
a
llow
ed beca
us
e
th
e
y
a
r
e c
onsi
de
r
ed a
n
e
ffort th
a
t is in
acc
or
da
n
ce
with th
e
prin
c
ipl
e
s of r
e
ligion
.
28
2
.
Bab
y tu
be
s with
de
l
e
g
a
t
e
s from oth
e
r wom
e
n
a
r
e
ill
e
gitim
a
t
e
beca
us
e
th
e
y
ca
n
ca
us
e c
ompli
ca
tions r
e
l
a
t
ed
to inh
e
rit
a
n
ce
pro
b
l
e
ms
.
3
.
Bab
y tu
be
s from sp
e
rm hus
ba
n
d
who h
a
v
e d
i
ed a
r
e
ill
e
gitim
a
t
e
beca
us
e
th
e
y
ca
n
ca
us
e
n
a
s
ab a
n
d
inh
e
rit
a
n
ce
r
e
l
a
t
ed
pro
b
l
e
ms
.
4
.
Bab
y tu
be
s with sp
e
rm
a
n
d
ovum of un
a
uthoriz
ed c
oupl
e
s
a
r
e
ill
e
gitim
a
t
e
,
beca
us
e
th
e
ir st
a
tus is
c
onsi
de
r
ed
th
e
s
a
m
e a
s
ad
ult
e
ry
.
T
h
e
un
de
rlying
a
rgum
e
nt of th
e
un
de
rlying th
e be
rku
a
r
da
in
c
lu
de
s
A
l
-
Q
ur
'
a
n
S
ur
a
t
A
l
-
I
sr
a
v
e
rs
e
70
a
n
d A
l
-
T
in p
a
r
a
gr
a
ph
4
l
e
tt
e
r whi
c
h
e
mph
a
siz
e
s th
e
glory
a
n
d
p
e
rf
ec
tion of hum
a
n
c
r
ea
tion
..
KL
oning
acc
or
d
ing to th
e B
i
b
l
e
H
um
a
n
c
loning trigg
e
rs
a
n in
-
de
pth
e
thi
ca
l
,
mor
a
l
,
a
n
d
th
e
ologi
ca
l
deba
t
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
ing hum
a
n r
e
l
a
tions with
G
o
d a
s th
e c
r
ea
tor
.
T
h
e B
i
b
l
e
t
eac
h
e
s th
a
t
hum
a
ns
a
r
e c
r
ea
t
ed
in th
e
im
a
g
e
of
G
o
d
,
d
iff
e
r
e
nt from oth
e
r
c
r
ea
tions
.
H
um
a
n
c
loning
,
whi
c
h s
ee
ks to
c
r
ea
t
e
in
d
ivi
d
u
a
ls is simil
a
r to its
e
lf
,
c
ontr
a
ry
to th
e
t
eac
hings of th
e B
i
b
l
e a
n
d
is
c
onsi
de
r
ed
to viol
a
t
e
th
e
sov
e
r
e
ignty of
G
o
d a
n
d
hum
a
n
da
rk
a
t
.
G
o
d
s
e
ts hum
a
ns
b
r
eed
n
a
tur
a
lly
a
n
d
not to
be
d
upli
ca
t
ed
t
ec
hni
ca
lly
.
A
s
a
th
e
rm
a
l
c
r
ea
tur
e
,
hum
a
ns
a
r
e
giv
e
n
a
m
a
n
da
t
e
to
m
a
n
a
g
e c
r
ea
tion
,
b
ut still
b
oun
d b
y th
e
limits of
G
o
d
'
s sov
e
r
e
ignty
.
E
thi
ca
l
t
e
nsions
a
pp
ea
r in hum
a
n
e
fforts to
e
x
ceed
this limit
.
29
I
mp
ac
t of g
e
n
e
ti
ca
lly
e
ngin
ee
ring
:
1
.
Hea
lth
F
i
e
l
d
:
Ge
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring pro
d
u
c
ts
,
su
c
h
a
s insulin or milk
from
BHG
inj
ec
t
ed a
nim
a
ls
,
ca
n
ca
us
e
n
e
g
a
tiv
e e
ff
ec
ts su
c
h
a
s
poisoning
,
a
ll
e
rgi
e
s
,
a
nti
b
ioti
c
r
e
sist
a
n
ce
,
or nutrition
a
l
c
h
a
ng
e
s
.
2
.
E
nvironm
e
nt
a
l fi
e
l
d
s
:
uninst
ead
l
e
ss tr
a
nsg
e
ni
c
org
a
nisms
ca
n
ca
us
e
b
iologi
ca
l pollution
,
pro
d
u
ce
n
e
w sp
ec
i
e
s th
a
t int
e
rf
e
r
e
with n
a
tur
a
l
ba
l
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
g
e
n
e
ti
c d
iv
e
rsity
a
n
d c
r
ea
t
e
n
e
w
b
iotyp
e
s in p
e
sts
.
3
.
E
thi
c
s
a
n
d
mor
a
l fi
e
l
d
s
:
T
r
a
nsf
e
r of g
e
n
e
s
be
tw
ee
n sp
ec
i
e
s is
c
onsi
de
r
ed
to viol
a
t
e
n
a
tur
a
l
a
n
d
un
e
thi
ca
l l
a
w
.
M
ost p
e
opl
e
r
e
j
ec
t th
e
tr
a
nsf
e
r of hum
a
n g
e
n
e
s to
a
nim
a
ls
a
n
d be
tw
ee
n sp
ec
i
e
s
.
B
io
e
thi
ca
l
a
rr
a
ng
e
m
e
nts
a
r
e
n
eeded
to r
ed
u
ce
n
e
g
a
tiv
e
imp
ac
ts
,
su
c
h
a
s foo
d
s
ec
urity l
a
ws
a
n
d b
io
e
thi
c
s
a
ppli
ed
in
c
ountri
e
s su
c
h
a
s
US
,
A
ustr
a
li
a
a
n
d Ma
l
a
ysi
a
.
I
n
I
n
d
on
e
si
a
,
th
e Ba
y
a
ti
C
ommission
a
n
d F
oo
d Sa
f
e
ty
(
KKHPK
)
ov
e
rs
ee
g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring pro
d
u
c
ts
.
30
C
on
c
lusion
Ge
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring involv
e
s g
e
n
e
tr
a
nspl
a
nts using r
ec
om
b
in
a
nt
DNA
t
ec
hniqu
e
s in mi
c
roorg
a
nisms to m
a
k
e
org
a
nisms th
a
t initi
a
lly
ca
nnot
pro
d
u
ce ce
rt
a
in m
a
t
e
ri
a
ls to
be ab
l
e
to pro
d
u
ce
it
.
C
loning is on
e
of
th
e
most f
a
mous
e
x
a
mpl
e
s of g
e
n
e
ti
c e
ngin
ee
ring
.
A
lthough hum
a
n
c
loning
ca
n off
e
r s
c
i
e
ntifi
c be
n
e
fits
,
this oft
e
n
ca
us
e
s
e
thi
ca
l
,
mor
a
l
,
l
e
g
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
ligious pro
b
l
e
ms
.
I
t is import
a
nt to r
e
m
e
m
be
r th
a
t hum
a
n
c
r
ea
tion is
G
o
d
'
s
a
uthority th
a
t
ca
nnot
be
imit
a
t
ed b
y s
c
i
e
n
ce
,
a
n
d
this
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss is import
a
nt so th
a
t w
e a
r
e
wis
e
r in
e
xploring knowl
ed
g
e
.
