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discussioninstructions.docx

CH11-Cicc4E_IPPT_M4.pdf

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CH09-Cicc4E_IPP_M4.pdf

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discussioninstructions.docx

Each week, each student will post one discussion question to the discussion forum for each chapter (some modules/weeks have 2 chapters). *And, each week, each student will be required to respond to two of the posts in each chapter’s forum.

**Late posts will lose 1 point for every day that it is late for 7 days, after which it will be a zero.**

Grading Rubric: Discussion Forum Questions will be based on these criteria: 1. Questions should require responses that meet the response criteria (3 points) 2. Questions are based on material from the textbook, not just simple opinion questions and shouldn’t require material from outside sources. (2 points) 3. Questions need to be clearly stated, understanding what is being asked by all other students in the class. (3 points) 4. Questions should be written in proper grammar and sentence structure. (1 point) 5. Questions should be original and unique- NOT copied from the chapter titles or subtitles or other students. (1 point)

**Students earn up to 10 points for each Discussion Forum Question.

Grading Rubric: Discussion Forum Responses will be based on these criteria: 1. Responses should be 5-10 sentence paragraphs and 60-100 words. If you read a question that doesn’t require enough material, add material to your response or answer a different question. (3 points) 2. Responses should have accurate information, found in the textbook material— the answer will show that a student has fully read the chapter. (2 points) 3. Responses are meaningful, well thought out and push the discussion forward (see below description of examples of a meaningful post). (3 points) 4. Responses should be written in proper grammar, sentence/paragraph structure. (1 point) 5. Responses should be original and unique, your own thoughts- NOT copied directly from the text or other students. *If you use an outside source (not necessary), please completely site the source. (1 point)

**Students earn up to 10 points for each Discussion Forum Response.

A meaningful post tends to:

· Provide concrete examples, perhaps from your own experience or cited from the reading

· Identify consequences or implications

· Challenge something that has been posted – perhaps by playing devil’s advocate in a professional way

· Pose a related question or issue

· Pull in related information from other sources with proper citation – books, articles, websites, courses, etc.

CH11-Cicc4E_IPPT_M4.pdf

stress and health

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

11.1 How do psychologists define stress?

11.2 What kinds of external events can cause stress?

11.3 What are some psychological factors in stress?

11.4 How does stress affect the physical functioning of the body and its immune system?

11.5 How do cognitive factors and personality differences affect the experience of stress?

11.6 What social factors influence stress reactions?

11.7 What are some ways in which people cope with stress reactions?

11.8 How is coping with stress affected by culture and religion?

11.9 What are some ways to become a more optimistic thinker?

Stress and Stressors

Stresses and Stressors 11.1 How do psychologists define stress?

• Stress: Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events

• Stressor: Cause of stress reaction

• Distress: Effect of undesirable stressors

• Eustress: Effect of positive events

Catastrophes

• Unpredictable, large-scale events

• Create a tremendous need to adapt and adjust

• Create overwhelming feelings of threat

Environmental Stressors 11.2 What kinds of external events can cause stress?

Environmental Stressors

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS): Measures the amount of stress in a person’s life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events

College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS): Measures the amount of stress in a college student’s life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events

STRESS Major Life Changes

Sample Items from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Environmental Stressors

Lazarus and Folkman: Hassles:

Frustrations, delays, irritations, minor

disagreements, etc.

Psychological Stressors

Pressure: The psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations from outside source

Uncontrollability: Degree of control over event or situation

11.3 What are some psychological factors in stress?

Psychological Stressors

Frustration: The psychological experience produced when a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need is blocked • Persistence • Aggression • Displaced aggression • Escape or withdrawal

Psychological Stressors

CONFLICT: Pulled toward two desires/goals, only one of which can be attained

Approach-Approach Conflicts

GOAL #1

GOAL #2

Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

GOAL

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts

GOAL #1

GOAL #2

Physiological Factors: Stress and Health

“Fight or flight”

Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Division 11.4 How does stress affect the physical functioning of the body and its immune system?

“Rest and digest”

Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division

General Adaptation Syndrome

Illustration of General Adaptation Syndrome

Stage 1: Alarm

Stage 2: Resistance

Stage 3: Exhaustion

Immune System: • Cells, organs, and chemicals that respond to

disease, infection, and injury • Negatively affected by stress

Immune System and Stress

Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for heart attacks.

Immune System and Stress

• Weight problems and stress – Type 2 diabetes

• Cancer and stress – Depresses release of

natural killer cells

Cognitive Factors in Stress

Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach: Appraisal of stressors is major factor in level of stress • Primary appraisal • Secondary appraisal

11.5 How do cognitive factors and personality differences affect the experience of stress?

Cognitive Factors in Stress

Stress and Personality

TYPE C Pleasant Repressed Internalizes anger/anxiety

TYPE B Relaxed Less competitive than Type A Slow to anger

TYPE A Ambitious Time conscious Hardworking Often hostile

Personality and Coronary Heart Disease

Stress and Personality

Hardy personality: Thrives on stress, but lacks the anger/hostility of Type A

Stress and Personality

Optimists look for positive outcomes and experience far less stress than pessimists,

who take a more negative view.

Click here to view a video about learned optimism on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=learned_optimism.flv&ui=2

Poverty

Job stress

Acculturative stress

Social Factors in Stress

Lack of sufficient money to provide basic necessities of life can lead to many stressors.

11.6 What social factors influence stress reactions?

• Workload • Lack of control • Lack of job security • Work schedule • Low job satisfaction • Burnout

Methods of acculturation: • Integration • Assimilation • Separation • Marginalization

Social support systems are important in helping people cope with stress.

Stress and Social Factors

Coping With Stress

Coping strategies: Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressor effects

Problem-focused coping: Eliminate/reduce source of stress via direct action

Emotion-focused coping: Change stressor impact by changing emotional reaction

11.7 What are some ways in which people cope with stress reactions?

Meditation and Coping

Meditation: Mental exercises to refocus attention; trancelike consciousness • Concentrative:

Focusing mind on repetitive or unchanging stimulus to clear mind/relax

• Receptive: Becoming aware of everything in immediate consciousness

Culture, Religion, and Stress

• Different cultures perceive stressors differently.

• Religion helps with coping. – Social support system – Meaning and purpose – Healthy habits – Sense of control

11.8 How is coping with stress affected by culture and religion?

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Becoming More Optimistic

Becoming More Optimistic 11.9 What are some ways to become a more optimistic thinker?

1. When a bad mood strikes, stop and think about what just went through your head.

2. Treat the negative statement as if they came from someone else.

3. Argue with those thoughts. Challenge negative statements and replace with more positive ones.

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
Stress and Stressors
Stresses and Stressors
Environmental Stressors
Environmental Stressors
Sample Items from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Environmental Stressors
Psychological Stressors
Psychological Stressors
Psychological Stressors
Physiological Factors: Stress and Health
Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Division�
Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division�
General Adaptation Syndrome
Illustration of General Adaptation Syndrome
Immune System and Stress
Immune System and Stress
Immune System and Stress
Cognitive Factors in Stress
Cognitive Factors in Stress
Stress and Personality
Personality and Coronary Heart Disease
Stress and Personality
Stress and Personality
Slide Number 26
Social Factors in Stress
Stress and Social Factors
Coping With Stress
Coping With Stress
Meditation and Coping
Culture, Religion, and Stress
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Becoming More Optimistic
Becoming More Optimistic�

CH13-Cicc4E_IPPT_M5.pdf

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CH09-Cicc4E_IPP_M4.pdf

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CH04-Cicc4E_IPP_M3.pdf

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discussioninstructions.docx

**Late posts will lose 1 point for every day that it is late for 7 days, after which it will be a zero.**

**Students earn up to 10 points for each Discussion Forum Question.

**Students earn up to 10 points for each Discussion Forum Response.

A meaningful post tends to:

· Provide concrete examples, perhaps from your own experience or cited from the reading

· Identify consequences or implications

· Challenge something that has been posted – perhaps by playing devil’s advocate in a professional way

· Pose a related question or issue

· Pull in related information from other sources with proper citation – books, articles, websites, courses, etc.

CH11-Cicc4E_IPPT_M4.pdf

stress and health

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

11.1 How do psychologists define stress?

11.2 What kinds of external events can cause stress?

11.3 What are some psychological factors in stress?

11.4 How does stress affect the physical functioning of the body and its immune system?

11.5 How do cognitive factors and personality differences affect the experience of stress?

11.6 What social factors influence stress reactions?

11.7 What are some ways in which people cope with stress reactions?

11.8 How is coping with stress affected by culture and religion?

11.9 What are some ways to become a more optimistic thinker?

Stress and Stressors

Stresses and Stressors 11.1 How do psychologists define stress?

• Stress: Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events

• Stressor: Cause of stress reaction

• Distress: Effect of undesirable stressors

• Eustress: Effect of positive events

Catastrophes

• Unpredictable, large-scale events

• Create a tremendous need to adapt and adjust

• Create overwhelming feelings of threat

Environmental Stressors 11.2 What kinds of external events can cause stress?

Environmental Stressors

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS): Measures the amount of stress in a person’s life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events

College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS): Measures the amount of stress in a college student’s life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events

STRESS Major Life Changes

Sample Items from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Environmental Stressors

Lazarus and Folkman: Hassles:

Frustrations, delays, irritations, minor

disagreements, etc.

Psychological Stressors

Pressure: The psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations from outside source

Uncontrollability: Degree of control over event or situation

11.3 What are some psychological factors in stress?

Psychological Stressors

Frustration: The psychological experience produced when a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need is blocked • Persistence • Aggression • Displaced aggression • Escape or withdrawal

Psychological Stressors

CONFLICT: Pulled toward two desires/goals, only one of which can be attained

Approach-Approach Conflicts

GOAL #1

GOAL #2

Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

GOAL

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts

GOAL #1

GOAL #2

Physiological Factors: Stress and Health

“Fight or flight”

Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Division 11.4 How does stress affect the physical functioning of the body and its immune system?

“Rest and digest”

Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division

General Adaptation Syndrome

Illustration of General Adaptation Syndrome

Stage 1: Alarm

Stage 2: Resistance

Stage 3: Exhaustion

Immune System: • Cells, organs, and chemicals that respond to

disease, infection, and injury • Negatively affected by stress

Immune System and Stress

Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for heart attacks.

Immune System and Stress

• Weight problems and stress – Type 2 diabetes

• Cancer and stress – Depresses release of

natural killer cells

Cognitive Factors in Stress

Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach: Appraisal of stressors is major factor in level of stress • Primary appraisal • Secondary appraisal

11.5 How do cognitive factors and personality differences affect the experience of stress?

Cognitive Factors in Stress

Stress and Personality

TYPE C Pleasant Repressed Internalizes anger/anxiety

TYPE B Relaxed Less competitive than Type A Slow to anger

TYPE A Ambitious Time conscious Hardworking Often hostile

Personality and Coronary Heart Disease

Stress and Personality

Hardy personality: Thrives on stress, but lacks the anger/hostility of Type A

Stress and Personality

Optimists look for positive outcomes and experience far less stress than pessimists,

who take a more negative view.

Click here to view a video about learned optimism on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=learned_optimism.flv&ui=2

Poverty

Job stress

Acculturative stress

Social Factors in Stress

Lack of sufficient money to provide basic necessities of life can lead to many stressors.

11.6 What social factors influence stress reactions?

• Workload • Lack of control • Lack of job security • Work schedule • Low job satisfaction • Burnout

Methods of acculturation: • Integration • Assimilation • Separation • Marginalization

Social support systems are important in helping people cope with stress.

Stress and Social Factors

Coping With Stress

Coping strategies: Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressor effects

Problem-focused coping: Eliminate/reduce source of stress via direct action

Emotion-focused coping: Change stressor impact by changing emotional reaction

11.7 What are some ways in which people cope with stress reactions?

Meditation and Coping

Meditation: Mental exercises to refocus attention; trancelike consciousness • Concentrative:

Focusing mind on repetitive or unchanging stimulus to clear mind/relax

• Receptive: Becoming aware of everything in immediate consciousness

Culture, Religion, and Stress

• Different cultures perceive stressors differently.

• Religion helps with coping. – Social support system – Meaning and purpose – Healthy habits – Sense of control

11.8 How is coping with stress affected by culture and religion?

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Becoming More Optimistic

Becoming More Optimistic 11.9 What are some ways to become a more optimistic thinker?

1. When a bad mood strikes, stop and think about what just went through your head.

2. Treat the negative statement as if they came from someone else.

3. Argue with those thoughts. Challenge negative statements and replace with more positive ones.

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
Stress and Stressors
Stresses and Stressors
Environmental Stressors
Environmental Stressors
Sample Items from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Environmental Stressors
Psychological Stressors
Psychological Stressors
Psychological Stressors
Physiological Factors: Stress and Health
Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Division�
Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division�
General Adaptation Syndrome
Illustration of General Adaptation Syndrome
Immune System and Stress
Immune System and Stress
Immune System and Stress
Cognitive Factors in Stress
Cognitive Factors in Stress
Stress and Personality
Personality and Coronary Heart Disease
Stress and Personality
Stress and Personality
Slide Number 26
Social Factors in Stress
Stress and Social Factors
Coping With Stress
Coping With Stress
Meditation and Coping
Culture, Religion, and Stress
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Becoming More Optimistic
Becoming More Optimistic�

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