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motivation and emotion

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

9.1 How do psychologists define motivation, and what are the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation?

9.2 What are the characteristics of the three types of needs?

9.3 What are the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation?

9.4 How do Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation?

9.5 What happens in the body to cause hunger, and how do social factors influence a person’s experience of hunger?

9.6 What are some biological, social, and cultural factors that contribute to obesity?

9.7 What are the three elements of emotion?

9.8 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?

9.9 What are the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion?

9.10 What are the stages of the GTD method?

Approaches to Understanding Motivation

The process by which activities are started, directed, or continued to meet physical or psychological needs

otivation

9.1 How do psychologists define motivation, and what are the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation?

Types of Motivation

Intrinsic motivation: Act itself is motivating or internally rewarding

Extrinsic motivation: Outcome is separate from person

Instinct Approaches

Instinct approaches proposed that some human actions may be motivated by instincts, which are innate patterns of behavior found in both people and animals.

• Need: Requirement of material (e.g., food, water) essential for survival

• Drive: Need leads to psychological tension and physical arousal

• Drive-reduction theory: Act to reduce, satisfy need, and reduce tension

Drive-Reduction Theory

Primary drives: Involve the needs of the body

Acquired drives: Learned through experience

Primary and Acquired Drives

Homeostasis

• Need for achievement (nAch): Desire to attain realistic and challenging goals

• Need for affiliation (nAff): Need for social interaction

• Need for power (nPow): Need to control or influence others

Three Types of Needs 9.2 What are the characteristics of the three types of needs?

nAch and Personality

• View of self: Beliefs about one’s own abilities

• Locus of control: Internal vs. external

• Beliefs about intelligence: Fixed vs. changeable

Arousal Theory 9.3 What are the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation?

Person has an optimal level of arousal to maintain

Sometimes level of arousal

is reduced.

Other times level of arousal

is increased.

Arousal and Performance

Sensation Seeking

Sensation seeker: Someone who needs more arousal than the average person

Incentive Approaches to Motivation

Incentives: Things that lure people to action

Incentive approaches: Behavior is response to rewards of external stimulus

Expectancy-value theories • Beliefs, values,

importance

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Self-actualization: Lower needs satisfied, full human potential achieved – Growth vs. deficiency needs

• Peak experiences: Times when self-actualization is temporarily achieved

9.4 How do Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Autonomy

Relatedness

Competence

The Components of Motivation

Self-determination theory (SDT): Social context of action has effect on type of motivation

What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat

Hunger: Bodily Causes 9.5 What happens in the body to cause hunger, and how do social factors influence a person’s experience of hunger?

• Insulin: – Hormone secreted by

pancreas – Reduces glucose to

control levels of fats, proteins, carbohydrates

• Glucagon: – Hormone secreted by

pancreas – Increases glucose to

control levels of fats, proteins, carbohydrates

Ventromedial hypothalamus: May be involved in stopping eating when glucose level goes up

Lateral hypothalamus: Appears to influence onset of eating when insulin level goes up

Hypothalamus

Hunger: Bodily Causes

• Weight set point: Level of weight body tries to maintain

• Basal metabolic rate (BMR): Rate at which body burns energy when resting

Social Components of Hunger

• Social cues for when meals are to be eaten

• Cultural customs, food preferences, comfort foods

• Anticipation of food may result in an increased insulin response

Lecture activities

Maladaptive Eating Problems 9.6 What are some biological, social, and cultural factors that contribute to obesity?

Obesity: Body weight 20% over ideal weight for given height

Leptin: Hormone that signals hypothalamus that body has had enough food

• May play important role in obesity

Click here to watch a video about how food impacts the brain on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=food_and_brain.flv&ui=2

Emotion

“Feeling” part of consciousness

motion

Three Elements of Emotion 9.7 What are the three elements of emotion?

1. Physical arousal

2. Behavior that reveals emotion

3. Inner awareness of feelings

Physiology of Emotion

• Emotion associated with sympathetic nervous system activity

• Amygdala: Fear and facial expressions

• Hemispheres of the brain: – Positive emotions:

left frontal lobe – Negative feelings:

right frontal lobe – Interpreting facial expressions:

right hemisphere

Emotional Expression

• Various ways emotions are expressed

• Universal expressions – Biological basis

• Congenitally blind facial expressions

• Display rules

Click here to watch a video about mixed emotions on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/mypsychlab/APS/index.php?interview=378

Labeling Emotions

Interpreting subjective feelings

• Labeling and culture

Lecture activities

Common Sense Theory of Emotion

A stimulus (snarling dog) leads to an emotion of fear, which then leads to bodily arousal (in this case, indicated by shaking) through the

autonomic nervous system.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.

9.8 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.

Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory

A stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and the labeling of that arousal (based on the surrounding context), which leads to the

experience and labeling of the emotional reaction.

9.9 What are the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion?

Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion

A stimulus such as this snarling dog causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial expression

then provides feedback to the brain about the emotion. The brain then interprets the emotion and may also intensify it.

Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory

A stimulus causes an immediate appraisal (e.g., “The dog is snarling and not behind a fence,

so this is dangerous”). The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: When Motivation Is Not Enough

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: When Motivation Is Not Enough “If motivation is not enough to help you get things accomplished, what else can you do to ensure that you do what needs to be done?...There are a variety of time- and task-management systems and tools available….Finding an approach or strategy that works best for you will likely pay off, not only now while you are in school but also in areas of your personal and future professional lives as well.” – Learning Objective 9.10 (Ciccarelli & White)

The Getting Things Done (GTD) Method

• Capture and collect in one place

• Process and define • Organize information

and refine • Complete weekly

reviews • Do your next actions Adapted from David Allen’s Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity

9.10 What are the stages of the GTD method?

Lecture Activities

What are some social or cultural cues that may encourage people to eat?

Recognizing Emotional Expressions

Find a partner. One member of your pair will be the EXPRESSER—he or she will facially express a few emotions from a list. The other person will be the INTERPRETER—he or she will attempt to identify the emotions being facially expressed. On the next slide are listed various emotions. The interpreter may NOT look at the list of emotions. Interpreters, please turn your head from the screen and look at your partner now.

How accurately were you able to interpret your partner’s emotional expressions? Are there other emotions that you think would be more difficult to identify? What are they? Are there other emotions that you think would be easier to identify? What are they?

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
Approaches to Understanding Motivation
Slide Number 4
Types of Motivation
Instinct Approaches
Drive-Reduction Theory
Primary and Acquired Drives
Homeostasis
Three Types of Needs
nAch and Personality
Arousal Theory
Arousal and Performance
Sensation Seeking
Incentive Approaches to Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The Components of Motivation
What, Hungry Again? �Why People Eat
Hunger: Bodily Causes
Hunger: Bodily Causes
Hunger: Bodily Causes
Social Components of Hunger
Maladaptive Eating Problems
Slide Number 25
Emotion
Slide Number 27
Three Elements of Emotion
Physiology of Emotion
Emotional Expression
Slide Number 31
Labeling Emotions
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory
Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion
Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: When Motivation Is Not Enough
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: �When Motivation Is Not Enough
The Getting Things Done (GTD) Method
Lecture Activities
Slide Number 43
Recognizing Emotional Expressions
Slide Number 45
Slide Number 46