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consciousness

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

4.1 What does it mean to be conscious, and are there different levels of consciousness?

4.6 How does hypnosis affect consciousness?

4.2 Why do people need to sleep, and how does sleep work?

4.3 What are the different stages of sleep, including the stage of dreaming and its importance?

4.4 How do sleep disorders interfere with normal sleep?

4.5 Why do people dream, and what do they dream about?

4.7 What is the difference between a physical dependence and a psychological dependence on a drug?

4.8 How do stimulants and depressants affect consciousness and what are the dangers associated with taking them, particularly alcohol?

4.9 What are some of the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens, including marijuana?

4.10 How can the workings of our consciousness explain “supernatural” visitations?

What is Consciousness?

Awareness of everything going on inside and outside of you

onsc iousness

4.1 What does it mean to be conscious, and are there different levels of consciousness?

Consciousness

Waking: Thoughts, feelings, sensations are clear

Altered state: Shift in quality or pattern of mental activity

Lecture activities

Sleep

Necessity of Sleep

Circadian rhythm: 24 hour bodily rhythm

Hypothalamus: Tiny section of brain influences glandular system

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Internal clock tells

people wake up/fall asleep

4.2 Why do people need to sleep, and how does sleep work?

Necessity of Sleep

• Microsleeps: Sleep lasting only a few seconds

• Sleep deprivation: Sleep loss that impairs concentration and results in irritability

Research on Sleep & Performance “In one study, researchers found that air traffic controllers…were significantly more impaired in performance after working an eight-hour midnight shift as compared to a day or evening shift of equal length.

– Learning Objective 4.2 (Ciccarelli & White)

Why We Sleep

Adaptive theory: Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active. Restorative theory: Sleep replenishes chemicals and repairs cellular damage.

Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

Sleep Patterns of Infants and Adults

Source: Roffwarg, 1966

Remove footnote?

Stages of Sleep: Pre-Sleep 4.3 What are the different stages of sleep, including the stage of dreaming and its importance?

• Beta waves (13-30 hz, smaller/faster): Person is wide awake and mentally active

• Alpha waves (8-12 hz, larger/ slower): Person is relaxed or drowsy

• Theta waves (4-7 hz, larger/ slower): Person is entering light sleep

• Delta waves (0.5-3.5 hz, largest/slowest): Person is in deepest stage of sleep

Stages of Sleep: Non-REM

N2 (R&K Stage 2): Sleep Spindles; temperature, breathing and heart rate decrease

N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4): Delta waves; growth hormones released; hard to wake up

N1 (R&K Stage 1): Light sleep; hypnogogic images, hypnic jerk

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/livepsych/media/interface/index.htm?atitle=Stages%20of%20Sleep&id1=16_1

Rapid eye movement (REM): • Eyes moving under eyelids, rest

of body is still • 90% of dreaming occurs in this

stage • Person is asleep but EEG is

similar to individual that is awake – REM sometimes referred to as

paradoxical sleep

Stages of Sleep: REM Dark text shows up on

animated slide.

Stages of Sleep Through the Night

Source: Based on Dement, 1974

i g h t m a r e s

Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc.

Sleep Disorders 4.4 How do sleep disorders interfere with normal sleep?

Murder While Sleepwalking “According to a compilation of information by Dr. Lawrence Martin, Associate Professor at Case Western Reserve University and specialist in pulmonary and sleep medicine, at least 20 cases of ‘murder while sleepwalking’ have been recorded. The term sleepwalking as used in these cases most likely refers to the very real condition called REM behavior disorder rather than ordinary sleepwalking. Use of this disorder as a defense in a murder trial has sometimes been successful.”

– Learning Objective 4.4 (Ciccarelli & White)

Lecture activities

Sleepwalking: Moving or walking around during deep sleep

Sleepwalking

ight Terrors

Attacks of extreme fear experienced while sound asleep

Insomnia: Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep

Narcolepsy: Person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning • Cataplexy

Sleep apnea: Person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more

Sleep Disorders

Lecture activities

Click here to watch a video about insomnia on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=roberta.flv&ui=2

Dreams

• Dreams as wish fulfillment

• Manifest content and latent content

4.5 Why do people dream, and what do they dream about?

Dreams

• Dreams created to explain brain stem activation during REM

• Information experienced during waking hours can influence synthesis of dreams

The Effects of Hypnosis

Hypnosis

Hypnosis: State of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion Four steps in hypnotic induction: • Person told to focus on what is

being said • Person told to relax and feel tired • Person told to accept suggestions • Person told to use vivid imagination

4.6 How does hypnosis affect consciousness?

Lecture activities

Facts About Hypnosis

• Produce brief amnesia • Reduce pain • Alter sensory

impressions • Help people relax

• Give increased strength

• Reliably enhance memory

• Regress people to an earlier age or an earlier life

HYPNOSIS CAN: HYPNOSIS CANNOT:

Theories of Hypnosis

Works only on immediate consciousness, while hidden “observer” is aware of everything going on

Hypnotized people not in altered state but are playing situational role expected of them

Altered States: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs

s y c h o a c t i v e d r u g s

Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory

Lecture activities

Dependence

Physical dependence: • Person’s body

becomes unable to function normally without drug

• Withdrawal • Tolerance • Negative reinforcement

Psychological dependence: The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being • Positive reinforcement

4.7 What is the difference between a physical dependence and a psychological dependence on a drug?

Major Drug Categories

Stimulants

Drugs that increase the activity of the nervous system

Include: • Amphetamines • Cocaine • Nicotine • Caffeine

4.8 How do stimulants and depressants affect consciousness and what are the dangers associated with taking them, particularly alcohol?

Lecture activities

Decrease the functioning of the nervous system

Include: • Barbiturates • Benzodiazepines • Alcohol

Depressants

Click here to watch a video about one man's experience with alcoholism on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=ChrisAlcoholism.flv&ui=2

Click here to watch a video about alcohol withdrawal on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=alcohol_withdrawal.flv&ui=2

Depressants: Narcotics

Class of opium-related drugs that suppress pain and mimic endorphins

Include: • Opium • Morphine • Heroin • Methadone

Cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality

Include: • LSD • PCP • MDMA (Ecstasy) • Marijuana

Hallucinogens 4.9 What are some of the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens, including marijuana?

Lecture activities

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Thinking Critically About Ghosts, Aliens, and Other Things that Go Bump in the Night

Hypnogogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations 4.10 How can the workings of our consciousness explain “supernatural” visitations?

Hypnogogic hallucinations

Hypnopompic hallucinations

Lecture Activities

Let’s list a few “altered states” of consciousness. Think about when and how these states have affected you in the past or may affect you in the future.

A Valid Defense?

Should sleepwalking be a valid defense for a crime as serious as murder? What about other kinds of crimes? What kind of evidence should be required to convince a jury that a crime was committed while sleepwalking?

In small groups discuss: 1) Your experiences with insomnia 2) Various factors that lead to insomnia 3) Ways to reduce insomnia

Concentrative Meditation

Is hypnosis just another form of meditation? If so, can anyone do it? What does it take to really concentrate and relax? What are the benefits? On the next slide you will be guided briefly through an exercise in concentrative meditation.

Why does meditation promote feelings of well-being and satisfaction?

Why is it difficult to keep distracting thoughts from entering consciousness while meditating?

Does meditation lead to heightened states of consciousness or creativity?

In small groups, choose one of the following questions and discuss your experiences and insights:

1. What is meant by binge drinking, and how prevalent is binge drinking on college campuses?

2. Should marijuana be legalized? Why or why not? 3. What is the rate of heroin use in your geographic area, and

what is being done in our city to treat those with heroin addiction?

4. Should Ecstasy be used for therapeutic purposes, such as for treatment of depression from loss of a loved one?

5. Is Ritalin over-prescribed for children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)?

6. Should nicotine be made illegal? Why or why not?

What methods to stop smoking have worked for you or people that you know? What is it like to break a heavy nicotine addiction? What advice would you give to others who are trying to quit?

? ! You’ve probably heard stories about people getting their pets high on marijuana. Usually, animals do not have voluntary access to drugs. When they do have access to drugs, will non-human animals seek out drugs, and can they become addicted to drugs like humans can?

YES. Drugs typically work by mimicking neurotransmitters which are evolutionarily old and present in many animals, including humans. Physical addiction is thus possible for non-human animals. NO. Experiencing effects of psychoactive drugs requires a state of altered consciousness. Only humans experience true consciousness.

YES. Animals will seek drugs, but only when the search does not interfere with the normal instinctive behavior, such as mating and grooming. They will search, but will not become addicted.

NO. Non-human animals cannot experience psychological dependence, and both psychological and physical dependence are necessary for true addiction.

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
What is Consciousness?
Slide Number 4
Consciousness
Sleep
Necessity of Sleep
Necessity of Sleep
Research on Sleep & Performance
Why We Sleep
Sleep Patterns of Infants and Adults
Stages of Sleep: Pre-Sleep
Stages of Sleep: Non-REM
Stages of Sleep: REM
Stages of Sleep Through the Night
Sleep Disorders
Murder While Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking
Slide Number 19
Sleep Disorders
Slide Number 21
Dreams
Dreams
Dreams
The Effects of Hypnosis
Hypnosis
Facts About Hypnosis
Theories of Hypnosis
Altered States: �The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs��
Slide Number 30
Dependence
Major Drug Categories
Stimulants
Depressants
Slide Number 35
Slide Number 36
Depressants: Narcotics
Hallucinogens
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Thinking Critically About Ghosts, Aliens, and Other Things that Go Bump in the Night
Hypnogogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations
Lecture Activities
Slide Number 42
A Valid Defense?
Slide Number 44
Concentrative Meditation
Slide Number 46
Slide Number 47
In small groups, choose one of the following questions �and discuss your experiences and insights:�
Slide Number 49
Slide Number 50