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theories of personality

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

13.1 What is personality, and how do the various perspectives in psychology view personality?

13.2 How did Freud’s view of mind and personality form a basis for psychodynamic theory?

13.3 How did the neo-Freudians modify Freud’s theory, and how does modern psychodynamic theory differ from that of Freud’s?

13.4 How do behaviorists and social cognitive theorists explain personality?

13.5 How do humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality?

13.6 How does the trait perspective conceptualize personality?

13.7 What part do biology, heredity, and culture play in personality?

13.8 What are the advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality?

13.9 What are some biological bases of the Big Five theory of personality?

Theories of Personality

Unique and

stable ways

people think,

feel, and

behave ersonality

13.1 What is personality, and how do the various perspectives in psychology view personality?

Theories of Personality

Temperament Character

Value judgments of morality and ethics

Enduring characteristics each person is born with

Psychodynamic

Behavioral

Humanistic

Trait

Four Traditional Perspectives

The Man and the Couch: Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective

Freud and Psychoanalysis

• Founder, psychoanalytic movement • Cultural background

– Victorian era • Sexual repression, sex for procreation,

mistresses satisfied men’s “uncontrollable” sexual desires

Sigmund Freud

13.2 How did Freud’s view of mind and personality form a basis for psychodynamic theory?

Freud’s Conception of the Personality

Psychological defense mechanisms:

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of

reality that reduce stress and anxiety

The Psychological Defense Mechanisms

Stages of Personality Development

• Psychosexual stages: – Five stages of personality – Tied to sexual development

• Fixation: Unresolved psychosexual stage conflict – “Stuck” in stage of development

Age 6 to puberty

Sexual feelings

repressed, same-sex play, social skills

3 to 6 years

Superego develops

Sexual feelings

Oedipus complex / Electra complex

18-36 months

Ego develops

Toilet training conflict

Expulsive vs. retentive personalities

Puberty on

Sexual feelings consciously expressed

LATENCY STAGE

ANAL STAGE

GENITAL STAGE

ORAL STAGE

PHALLIC STAGE

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL

STAGES

First stage, first 18 months

Mouth = erogenous zone

Weaning is primary conflict

Stages of Personality Development

Neo-Freudians

Developed competing psychoanalysis theories

• Jung: Personal and collective unconscious, archetypes

• Adler: Inferiority and compensation, birth-order theory

• Horney: Basic anxiety and neurotic personalities

• Erikson: Social relationships across the lifespan

The Neo-Freudians 13.3 How did the neo-Freudians modify Freud’s theory, and how does modern psychodynamic theory differ from that of Freud’s?

Modern Psychoanalytic Theory

Current research has found support for: • Defense mechanisms • Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence

conscious behavior

Other concepts cannot be scientifically researched.

The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality

The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality 13.4 How do behaviorists and social cognitive theorists explain personality?

Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.

Social cognitive theorists emphasize the importance of others’ behaviors and one’s own expectations.

Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy

Reciprocal Determinism: Environment, characteristics of the person, and behavior itself all interact

Self-Efficacy: Perception of one’s competence in a certain circumstance

Environment Reinforcers

Behavior Personal/Cognitive

Factors Beliefs, expectancies, personal dispositions

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies

Personality is set of potential responses to various situations, including: • Locus of control • Sense of

expectancy

The Third Force: Humanism and Personality

Humanistic view: Focuses on traits that make people uniquely human • Reaction against

negativity of psychoanalysis and behavioral determinism

13.5 How do humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality?

The Third Force: Humanism and Personality

Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

Striving to fulfill innate capabilities

Image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one’s life

Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

Real self: One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

Ideal self: What one should or would like to be

IDEAL SELF

REAL SELF

Match = Harmony

IDEAL SELF

REAL SELF

Mismatch = Anxiety

Unconditional positive regard: Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

Conditional positive regard: Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

Trait Theories: Who Are You?

r a i t

Consistent, enduring way of

thinking, feeling, or behaving

Trait Theories of Personality 13.6 How does the trait perspective conceptualize personality?

Allport: Listed 200 traits and believed traits were part of nervous system Cattell: Reduced number of traits to between 16 and 23 with statistical method called factor analysis

Click here to watch classic footage of Gordon Allport discussing personality traits on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL_Classic&clipID=ch02drallport.flv&ui=2

Trait Theories of Personality: Cattell

Source traits: More basic traits forming core of personality • Example:

Introversion is source trait in which people withdraw

Surface traits: Can be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person • Example:

Shyness, being quiet, avoiding crowds

The Big Five

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Openness

1 2

3 4

The Big Five

The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics

Biology and Personality

Behavior genetics: Study of heredity and personality Selective breeding of animals leading to predictable temperaments

13.7 What part do biology, heredity, and culture play in personality?

Twin and Adoption Studies

Based on: Kandler, et al. (2010)

Current Findings

Variations in personality traits are about 25 to 50 percent inherited. Environmental and cultural influences apparently account for the other (approximately) 50 percent.

Individualism/Collectivism

Power distance

Masculinity/Femininity

Uncertainty avoidance

Hofstede’s Four Dimensions

Cultural Personality

Assessment of Personality

Eclectic Assessment

Who Uses Which Method? 13.8 What are the advantages and disadvantages of various measures of personality?

Interview: Professional asks questions of client, structured or unstructured

Halo effect: Allowing client’s positive traits to influence assessment of client

Interviews

Projective Tests

• Projection: Projecting one’s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others

• Projective tests: Ambiguous visual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind – Rorschach inkblot test: 10

inkblots as ambiguous stimuli – Thematic Apperception Test

(TAT): 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations

• Subjectivity problems with projective tests

Behavioral Assessments

Direct observation: Professional observes client; clinical or natural settings • Rating scale:

Numeric value assigned to specific behavior

• Frequency count: Frequency of behaviors is counted

Problems: • Observer

effects/bias • Lack of control

Personality Inventories

NEO-PI: Based on the five-factor model

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Based on Jung’s theory of personality types

MMPI-2: Designed to detect abnormal behavior and thinking patterns in personality

Personality inventory: Questionnaire with standard list of questions • Response format: Yes, no, can’t decide, etc. • Include validity scales to prevent cheating,

but such measures are not perfect

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: The Biological Basis of the Big Five

The Biological Basis of the Big Five

• Personality neuroscience is a growing area of research.

• Brain structure differences associated with some aspects of the Big Five dimensions of personality have been identified using structural MRI.

13.9 What are some biological bases of the Big Five theory of personality?

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
Theories of Personality
Slide Number 4
Theories of Personality
Four Traditional Perspectives
The Man and the Couch: Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud and Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Conception of the Personality
The Psychological Defense Mechanisms
Stages of Personality Development
Stages of Personality Development
The Neo-Freudians
Modern Psychoanalytic Theory
The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality
The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive �View of Personality
Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism �and Self-Efficacy
Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies
The Third Force: Humanism and Personality
The Third Force: Humanism and Personality
Carl Rogers and Self-Concept
Carl Rogers and Self-Concept
Carl Rogers and Self-Concept
Trait Theories: �Who Are You?
Slide Number 25
Trait Theories of Personality
Slide Number 27
Trait Theories of Personality: Cattell
The Big Five
The Big Five
The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics
Biology and Personality
Twin and Adoption Studies
Current Findings
Cultural Personality
Assessment �of Personality
Who Uses Which Method?
Interviews
Projective Tests
Behavioral Assessments
Personality Inventories
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: �The Biological Basis of the Big Five
The Biological Basis of the Big Five