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social psychology

Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Links to Learning Objectives

12.1 What factors influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others, and how does the presence of others affect individual task performance?

12.6 What are social categorization and implicit personality theories?

12.2 How is compliance defined, and what are some ways to gain the compliance of another?

12.3 What factors make obedience more likely?

12.4 What are the three components of an attitude, how are attitudes formed, and how can attitudes be changed?

12.5 How do people react when attitudes and behavior are not the same?

12.7 How do people try to explain the actions of others?

12.8 How are prejudice and discrimination different?

12.9 Why are people prejudiced, and how can prejudice be stopped?

12.10 What factors govern attraction and love, and what are some different kinds of love?

12.11 How is aggressive behavior determined by biology and learning?

12.12 What is altruism, and how is deciding to help someone related to the presence of others?

12.13 What is social neuroscience?

ocial psychology

The scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior influence and are influenced by social groups

Social Influence: Conformity, Compliance, Obedience, and Group Behavior

Social influence: Process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual

Conformity: Changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people

12.1 What factors influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others, and how does the presence of others affect individual task performance?

Conformity

Asch study • Subjects conformed

to group opinion about 1/3 of the time

Source: Adapted from Asch (1956).

Standard Line Comparison Lines

1 2 3

What Are the Effects of a Non-conformist? “In a later experiment, Asch (1956) found that conformity greatly decreased if there was just one confederate who gave the correct answer—apparently, if participants knew that there was at least one other person whose answer agreed with their own, the evidence of their own eyes won out over the pressure to conform to the group.”

– Learning Objective 12.1 (Ciccarelli & White)

Lecture activities

Click here to watch a video about social influence on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=phsocial_intro.flv&ui=2

Groupthink

Groupthink: Occurs when a decision- making group feels that it is more important to maintain group unanimity and cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically

Characteristics of Groupthink

Group Behavior

Group polarization: Tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when compared to individuals who have not participated in a group discussion

Group Behavior

Social facilitation: Positive influence of others on performance Social impairment: Negative influence of others on performance Social loafing: When a lazy person works in a group, that person often performs less well than if the person were working alone

Compliance

Compliance and consumer psychology: • Door-in-the-face technique • Lowball technique • Foot-in-the-door technique

12.2 How is compliance defined, and what are some ways to gain the compliance of another?

Lecture activities

Anatomy of a Cult

• Persons who are stressed, dependent, unrealistically idealistic are targeted as recruits for cults

• “Love bombing” • Small commitments at first • Leaving is difficult, deprogramming

sometimes needed • 90% eventually leave cult

Obedience

• Compliance due to perceived authority of the asker

• Request perceived as command

12.3 What factors make obedience more likely?

Milgram’s Obedience Experiment

METHOD: Participants (“teachers”) were instructed to give electric shocks to another person (“learner”), who only pretended to be shocked.

RESULTS: 65% obeyed until the end, even though many were upset by being asked to do so.

Sample Script Items from Milgram’s Classic Experiment

Click here to watch classic video footage of Milgram's obedience study on mypsychlab.com.

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ab/PH_Ciccarelli_2/flashpoint/MPL_socialpsych/index.html

Social Cognition: Attitudes, Impression Formation, and Attribution

Attitudes

Attitude: Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward certain people, ideas, objects, or situations

“She is such a nice

person.”

Attitudes 12.4 What are the three components of an attitude, how are attitudes formed, and how can attitudes be changed?

Components of Attitudes

Cognition Affect Behavior

I think country music is better than any other kind of

music.

I buy country music MP3s

every chance I get.

I like country music; it's fun and uplifting.

Direct contact

Direct instruction

Interaction with others

Vicarious learning

Attitude formation can be the result of several processes:

Attitude Formation

Persuasion

Persuasion: Attempt to change another’s attitude via argument, explanation, etc. • Source of message • Message itself • Target audience • Medium

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Involves attending to the content of the message itself

Involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as: •Appearance of source of message •Length of message

Cognitive Dissonance 12.5 How do people react when attitudes and behavior are not the same?

“I am a good, loyal friend.”

“I repeated gossip about my

friend Chris.”

Cognitive dissonance: Discomfort arising when one’s thoughts and behaviors do not correspond

Lessening cognitive dissonance: • Change the conflicting behavior • Change the conflicting attitude • Form a new attitude to justify the

behavior

Lecture activities

Click here to watch a video about cognitive dissonance on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=phsocial_needtoj.flv&ui=2

Impression Formation and Social Categorization 12.6 What are social categorization and implicit personality theories?

Impression formation: Forming of first knowledge about another person Influenced by primacy effect Part of social cognition

Social categorization: Automatic unconscious assignment of a new acquaintance to some category or group

Stereotype: Set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category

Implicit Personality Theories “Implicit personality theories are sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are all related and form in childhood. For example, many people have an implicit personality theory that includes the idea that happy people are also friendly people and people who are quiet are shy.”

– Learning Objective 12.6 (Ciccarelli & White)

Lecture activities

Situational (external)

Dispositional (internal)

Attribution

Attribution: Process of explaining the behavior of others as well as one’s own behavior

12.7 How do people try to explain the actions of others?

“He probably got caught in some bad

traffic, and then he was late for a meeting.”

“He’s such a careless driver. He never watches out

for other cars.”

Social Interaction: Prejudice and Aggression

Prejudice and Discrimination

Prejudice: Negative thoughts and feelings about a particular group

Discrimination: Treating others differently because of prejudice

12.8 How are prejudice and discrimination different?

Types of Prejudice and Discrimination

In-group: Social groups with whom a person identifies; “us”

Out-group: Social groups with whom a person does not identify; “them”

• Realistic conflict theory

• Scapegoating

US THEM

How People Learn Prejudice 12.9 Why are people prejudiced, and how can prejudice be stopped?

Formation of a person’s identity within a particular group due to: • Social categorization • Social identity • Social comparison

Knowledge of someone else’s stereotyped opinions • Self-fulfilling

prophecy • Stereotype threat

Views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences

Overcoming Prejudice

• Education • Intergroup contact • Equal status contact • The “jigsaw classroom”

The Experiment at Robber’s Cave

• Boys were randomly separated into two groups.

• Competitions fostered hostility between groups.

Experimenters contrived situations requiring cooperation for success. • Equal status contact

• Result: Increase in cross- group friendships

The Experiment at Robber’s Cave

Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction

Rules of Attraction

Interpersonal attraction: Liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person Factors • Physical attractiveness • Proximity • Similarity • Complementary qualities • Reciprocity of liking

12.10 What factors govern attraction and love, and what are some different kinds of love?

Lecture activities

Click here to watch a video about attraction on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=phsocial_attraction.flv&ui=2

Intimacy

Commitment

Passion

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love: Three Components of Love

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love: Different Forms of Love

Source: Adapted from Sternberg (1986).

Intimacy, passion, and commitment produce seven different kinds of love: • Liking • Infatuation • Empty • Romantic • Fatuous • Companionate • Consummate

Aggression and Prosocial Behavior

Aggression “Unfortunately, violence toward others is another form of social interaction. When one person hurts or tries to destroy another person deliberately, either with words or with physical behavior, psychologists call it aggression. One common cause of aggressive behavior is frustration…”

– Learning Objective 12.11 (Ciccarelli & White)

Lecture activities

Aggression

• Biological influences: – Genetics – Amygdala and limbic system – Testosterone and serotonin levels

• Learning influences: – Social learning theory and

social roles – Media violence

12.11 How is aggressive behavior determined by biology and learning?

Social role: Pattern of behavior expected

of a person in a particular social position

Stanford Prison Experiment: 70 young men assigned to be

prisoners or guards Guards: Became increasingly

more aggressive

Experiment cancelled after students became very deeply

involved in assigned roles

The Power of Social Roles

Click here to watch classic footage of Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment on mypsychlab.com.

http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/sbx_videoplayer_v2/simpleviewer.php?projectID=MPL&clipID=zimbardo.flv&ui=2

Prosocial Behavior 12.12 What is altruism, and how is deciding to help someone related to the presence of others?

• Altruism and prosocial behavior • Bystander effect • Diffusion of responsibility

– Fewer bystanders = less diffusion, more help

Latané and Darley’s Study

Participants in room filling with smoke more likely to report smoke when alone

Source: Latané & Darley (1969).

• Noticing • Defining an emergency • Taking responsibility • Planning a course of

action • Taking action

Five Steps in Making a Decision to Help

Lecture activities

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Peeking Inside the Social Brain

Peeking Inside the Social Brain 12.13 What is social neuroscience?

Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ) • Region of the brain involved

in prosocial behavior

• Active when trying to predict the actions of a human but not computer opponent

• Possible that disorders with social deficits may involve this region of the brain

Social neuroscience The study of the relationship between biological systems and social processes and behavior

Lecture Activities

Who are a few non-conformists that have made a positive and lasting difference in the world?

Applying Consumer Psychology Get into groups and come up with an original, real-world example for two of the compliance techniques discussed in your text.

Attitude Survey

For each of the three attitude items below, indicate your response on a scale of 1 to 5 (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree).

1. Poverty in our country is a serious problem. 2. Pollution is one of the biggest issues confronting today’s

world. 3. Freedom of speech is one of the most important rights that we

have as Americans.

(Survey continued on next slide)

Attitude Survey (continued) For each of the following questions, indicate your response with “Yes” or “No.”

1. Do you personally do anything to lessen poverty in our country (e.g., donate money to a shelter or charitable organization)?

2. Do you personally do anything to lessen pollution (e.g., vote for “green” political representatives, support recycling in your community, make fewer trips in your car)?

3. Do you personally exercise your freedom of speech (e.g., actively participate in town meetings/protests, vote in every election for which you are eligible, write to your congressional representative)?

Counting Dots Number your paper from one to five. You will be presented with 5 slides, each of which comprises a configuration of dots. You will attempt to guess the number of dots on each slide. The number of dots will be different on each slide. Each slide will be shown for 3 seconds, following which you will have 3 seconds to write your guess. Good luck!

Activity begins on next slide

<< Get ready >>

Write your guess now.

End of Test << Finish activity on next slide >>

1. Determine whether you are an under-estimator or an over- estimator by adding up all of your guesses to determine whether you are under or over 210.

2. If you are an over-estimator, list three personality traits of an under-estimator. If you are an under-estimator, list three personality traits of an over-estimator.

3. Consider the following questions:

• What kinds of traits did you list for those in the other group?

• Did you list any negative traits for those in the other group?

• What does this activity suggest about implicit personality theories and the formation of stereotypes?

Get into small groups. Create a list of factors that are most important in your initial and long-term attraction to others.

How would you define aggression?

Decide which of the following is an act of aggression: • A wolf kills a rabbit and eats it. • A person thinks about different ways to hurt a co-worker

but never does anything. • A father is upset with his son and chooses not to send to

him a birthday card on his birthday.

Chapter Review: United Flight 93 On 9/11/2001, a group of passengers on board United 93 confronted hijackers. Ultimately, the plane crashed in a wooded area of Pennsylvania. Do you remember what happened on the plane? How might the following social psychology concepts apply?

• Conformity & affiliation • Persuasion • Diffusion of responsibility • Group polarization • Aggression

Slide Number 1
Links to Learning Objectives
Slide Number 3
Social Influence: Conformity, Compliance, Obedience, and Group Behavior
Conformity
Conformity
What Are the Effects of a Non-conformist?�
Slide Number 8
Groupthink
Characteristics of Groupthink
Group Behavior
Group Behavior
Compliance
Anatomy of a Cult
Obedience
Milgram’s Obedience Experiment
Sample Script Items from Milgram’s �Classic Experiment
Slide Number 18
Social Cognition: Attitudes, Impression Formation, and Attribution
Attitudes
Attitudes
Attitude Formation
Persuasion
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Cognitive Dissonance
Slide Number 26
Impression Formation and Social Categorization
Implicit Personality Theories�
Attribution
Social Interaction: Prejudice and Aggression
Prejudice and Discrimination
Types of Prejudice and Discrimination
How People Learn Prejudice
Overcoming Prejudice
The Experiment at Robber’s Cave
The Experiment at Robber’s Cave
Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction
Rules of Attraction
Slide Number 39
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love: �Three Components of Love
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love: �Different Forms of Love
Aggression and Prosocial Behavior
Aggression
Aggression
The Power of Social Roles
Slide Number 46
Prosocial Behavior
Latané and Darley’s Study
Five Steps in Making a Decision to Help
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life:�Peeking Inside the Social Brain
Peeking Inside the Social Brain
Lecture Activities
Slide Number 53
Applying Consumer Psychology
Attitude Survey
Attitude Survey (continued)
Counting Dots
Slide Number 58
Slide Number 59
Slide Number 60
Slide Number 61
Slide Number 62
Slide Number 63
Slide Number 64
Slide Number 65
Slide Number 66
Slide Number 67
End of Test
Slide Number 69
Slide Number 70
How would you define aggression? �
Chapter Review: United Flight 93