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files (10)instructionsforessay.docx
AAinUS-Antebellum-1.pptx
AAintheU.S.Post-AntebellumtoCivilRightsMovement-1.pptx
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instructionsforessay.docx
For this discussion board, I would like for you to consider how the racialization of Black and Brown communities (or the assignment of these groups to a inferior social/economic/political status by Whites or the dominant group) has had specific negative affects on these groups. Through your posts and subsequent conversations/responses, I want you to share how you think these groups have been racialized/marginalized and what effect this has had on the communities . Thus, respond to the following questions:
How have Black and Brown communities been racialized historically? What aspects of Black and Brown individuals physicality and/or social behavior have been constructed as different/abnormal/foreign by the dominant group in the U.S.? How has this racialization of Black and Brown communities lead to their differential treatment or mistreatment historically (please use a specific example)
To effectively respond to these questions and earn full credit, you will need to incorporate information from the course readings/lectures from weeks 6, 7, and 8's assigned materials (lectures and readings). I want you to cite at least one reading and one lecture from aforementioned weeks (two citations total). Use this information to support your responses to the questions. Discussion board posts need to be at least 3 sentences long and 150 words or more in length. You will also need to respond to two peers' posts to receive full credit.
Grading:
Posts-150 words in length and incorporate 1 citation from a course and 1 reference from a lecture (1pt)
AAinUS-Antebellum-1.pptx
African Americans in the U.S. Antebellum/Chattel Slavey
ETHST 1
Dr. Frank Perez
Lecture Layout
What we'll be covering:
European Colonization
Colonization and Race making
The rise of Chattel Slavery
Chattel Slavery in the U.S.
Legalizing Slavery throughout the U.S.
Slavery and the Civil War
Key Terms:
Western Colonization: a political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world.
Chattel Slavery: a system of slavery where one person has total ownership of another. There are two basic forms of chattel, domestic chattel, with menial household duties and productive chattel, working in the fields or mines.
Anti-black: resistant or antagonistic to Black people or their values or objectives
Eruopean Colonialism
Around 1500, European countries/empires sought to expand their control and in fluence around the world
Western colonization: a political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world.
Much of this colonization was framed as civilizing the world but lead to huge amounts of death and destruction for indigenous Communities of Color around the world
Colonialism and Race Making
As Europeans came into contact with the rest of the world, they "discovered" land and people
Explorers during these encounters tried to make sense of indigenous peoples
These explorers often framed the people they encountered as backwards, savage, and ultimately exploitable
The rise of Chattel Slavery
European settlers attempt to enslave indigenous peoples in the Americas for roughly 100 years
Colonizers in the Americas falied despite being having heavier weaponry because natives were able to push back given that they knew the terrain
You can't win on someone else's turf, especially when you adversary has lived there for 1000s of years
The need for gold and land to expand empire motivated the creation of a new system of slave importation to fill the labor need
Remove the obstinate worker and bring in a group that’s more "compliant"
The rise of Chattel Slavery
1619 the first slave ship with Africans arrive in the "new world"
Chattel slavery emerged as a labor system where colonies could rapidly farm and produce goods that could be traded for gold
Chattel Slavery: a system of slavery where one person has total ownership of another. There are two basic forms of chattel, domestic chattel, with menial household duties and productive chattel, working in the fields or mines.
This labor demand and system would give rise to the largest transcontinental system of its time (ie transatlantic slave trade)
Chattel Slavery in the U.S.
The history of Chattel Slavery in 4 minutes:
https://tinyurl.com/chattelslavery
Chattel Slavery in the U.S.
1776 and the rise of the U.S. was also the rise of slavery
Manifest destiny and westward expansion spread chattel slavery across the continent
States across the U.S. relied on slavery to help grow agriculture and industry
Scholars estimate that the U.S made 10-12 trillion dollars off slavery and selling goods produced from the chattel system
Legalizing Slavery throughout the U.S.
Nearly all states in the U.S. either supported or benefitted from Slavery
Many of these states passed laws that allowed African Americans to be enslaved or their capture to be returned to slave masters
This legal framework enabling the enslavement of African American also facilitated the development of the ideology of Anti-Blackness
Anti-blackness: resistant or antagonistic to Black people or their values or objectives
Slavery and the Civil War
Slavery and the South were growing both in footprint and economic power
There was a raging debate about the role of free white labor vs slave labor as poor whites were becoming frustrated with the lack of economic opportunities
West ward expansion was accelerating, and the desire to expand slavery into these regions hotly discussed
New evidence about the horror of slavery was motivating abolitionists to question the practice
Conclusion
What we covered:
European Colonization
Colonization and Race making
The rise of Chattel Slavery
Chattel Slavery in the U.S.
Legalizing Slavery throughout the U.S.
Slavery and the Civil War
Key Terms:
Western Colonization
Chattel Slavery
Anti-black
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AAintheU.S.Post-AntebellumtoCivilRightsMovement-1.pptx
African Americans in the U.S. Post-Antebellum to Civil Rights Movement
Lecture Layout
What we'll be covering:
End of the Civil War and new Race Politics
The history of Reconstruction
New race relations under Jim Crow
Examples of Black Codes and Vagrancy Laws
New slavery through Convict Leasing System
Factors leading to Civil Rights movement
Civil Rights movement
Key Terms:
Jim Crow Laws: collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. Named after a Black minstrel show character, the laws—which existed for about 100 years, from the post—Civil War era until 1968—were meant to marginalize African Americans by denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education or other opportunities.
Black Codes: were strict local and state laws that detailed when, where and how formerly enslaved people could work, and for how much compensation. The codes appeared throughout the South as a legal way to put Black citizens into indentured servitude, to take voting rights away, to control where they lived and how they traveled and to seize children for labor purposes.
Civil Rights: are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state without discrimination or repression.
End of Civil War and New Race Politics
Civil war ends 1865 (1861-65)
South loses and Chattel Slavery system official ends
Lincoln pushes a new system of race relations in the U.S.
Remember that he didn't support equality between Whites and Blacks but didn’t want the South to have independence and power
The healing U.S. now how to deal with existing racial/racist sentiments and newly freed black people
Reconstruction and New Constitutional Laws about race
Reconstruction Era (1865-77) began after the civil war to:
Integrate Southern states into national governing processes
Shift away from slavery economies focusing on free labor and industrialization
Protect and integrate newly freed Black people
Freedman bureau (1865-1872) established to provide African Americans food, shelter, and work
Reconstruction Laws:
13th amendment- abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime
14th amendment- birthright citizenship and protection against state laws that infringe on citizen rights
15th amendment- protects voting rights for racial minorities and formerly enslaved peoples
The fall of Reconstruction
This era is short lived and never really actualizes the full integration of freed African Americans into the U.S.
A huge depression hits in the mid 1870s that distracts the U.S. government from reconstruction efforts
South continuously fights to keep races separated and maintain racist hierarchies
Contested election of President Hayes motivated federal government to remove troops from the south that had been ensuring the protection of African Americans
Fall of reconstruction:
https://www.pbs.org/video/slavery-another-name-rise-and-fall-reconstruction/
New Race relations under Jim Crow and Black Codes
During reconstruction and after we saw a system of Race relations emerge through Jim Crow and Black Codes
Jim Crow Laws: collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. Named after a Black minstrel show character, the laws—which existed for about 100 years, from the post—Civil War era until 1968—were meant to marginalize African Americans by denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education or other opportunities.
Black Codes: were strict local and state laws that detailed when, where and how formerly enslaved people could work, and for how much compensation. The codes appeared throughout the South as a legal way to put Black citizens into indentured servitude, to take voting rights away, to control where they lived and how they traveled and to seize children for labor purposes.
New Race relations under Jim Crow/Black Codes
https://www.pbs.org/video/slavery-another-name-origins-black-codes/
Examples of Black Codes: Mississippi
Examples of Vagrancy Laws (South Carolina)
Apprenticeship
Orphans and children of poor/destitute parents. The South Carolina code authorized courts to apprentice such black children, even against their will, to an employer until age 21 for males and 18 for females. Masters had the right to inflict moderate punishment on their apprentices and to recapture runaways. But the code also required masters to provide food and clothing to their apprentices, teach them a trade, and send them to school.
Labor Contracts
Created a new situation with black servants and white masters. Contracts had to written and approved by a judge. Black servants had to reside on the employer’s property, remain quiet and orderly, work from sunup to sunset except on Sundays, and not leave the premises or receive visitors without the master’s permission. Masters could “moderately” whip servants under 18 to discipline them. Whipping older servants required a judge’s order. Time lost due to illness would be deducted from the servant’s wages. Servants who quit before the end date of their labor contract forfeited their wages and could be arrested and returned to their masters by a judge’s order.
New Slavery through Convict Leasing System
Images of Convict Labor
The Great Migration
Continuous racial subjugation and racial violence lead many African Americans to flee the south
Primary issues:
Racial Hostility/racist violence
Lack of economic Opportunity and segregation
This was known as the great migration
Occurred in two phases (1915-40) and (1940-70)
Estimated 6,000,000 African left to northern midwest and east as well as west coast
Factors leading up to the Civil Rights movement
Many African Americans came to realize that they would never be fully integrated into U.S. society
Segregation rampant throughout the U.S.
Anti-miscegenation laws prevented interracial marriage
Racist violence and race riots were rampant across the U.S.
Even though African Americans were living, working, and serving the country, equality was never attainable for African Americans
Civil Rights movement
African American/Black Rights emerged to contest the historic mistreatment of the community
Leaders hope to:
End lynching/extra-legal killing
End de jure or by law racial segregation (military service/housing/schools/public facilities/stores and restaurants)
End voting disenfranchisement (literacy tests/poll taxes/grandfather clauses)
Movement organizers across the US pushed law makers to pass new Civil Rights legislation to protect their communities from discrimination and violence
Civil Rights: are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state without discrimination or repression.
Conclusion
End of the Civil War and new Race Politics
The history of Reconstruction
New race relations under Jim Crow
Examples of Black Codes and Vagrancy Laws
New slavery through Convict Leasing System
Factors leading to Civil Rights movement
Civil Rights movement
Key terms:
Jim Crow
Black Codes
Civil Rights
