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ChxLtxintheU.S.-MesoAmto20thCent-1.pptxChicanx/Latinx in the U.S. Meso America to 20th Century
ETHST 1
Dr. Frank Perez
Lecture Layout
What we'll be covering:
What is Chicanx/Latinx?
Early Mesoamerica and Indigeneity
Spanish colonial rule and Race
Emergence of Mestizo/Mestizaje
Latin American Independence
New Latin America
U.S. involvement in Latin America
U.S. Southwest and Mexican American(s)
Chicanx/Latinx migration in the Early 20th Century
Chicanx/Latinx racialization in the Early 20th Century
Key terms:
Mestizo/Mestizaje: The largest cultural mixing in the world, which took place in Latin America.
Self-determination: the belief and right of people to freely determine their political, social, and economic development.
Push-pull migration: Push factors “push” people away from their home and include things like war. Pull factors “pull” people to a new home and include things like better opportunities. The reasons people migrate are usually economic, political, cultural, or environmental.
What is Chicanx/Latinx?
This group encompasses one of the largest Ethnic groups in the U.S.
What two races makes up this Ethnicity?
Whites: Anglo-Europeans (Spanish Colonization)
Indigenous: Native Americans (residing throughout the western hemisphere)
This ethnicity encompasses the widest range of languages, religions, and cultural practices of any U.S. minority population
Meso America and Indigeneity in Latin America
Like with the what would become the U.S., there were huge amounts of indigenous tribal groups throughout Latin America
Notable groups:
Aztecs
Mayans
Olmecs
Incans
The groups had vast political, science, philosophical, medical, and infrastructural systems (building and trade routes)
Huge swaths of Indian populations died due to exposure to Europeans through colonization
Spanish Colonial Rule Encomienda, Casta, and Race
Spanish colonial rule gave rise to two important Race systems in throughout Latin America
Encomienda: a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area
Casta: The Spanish Empire adopted a Casta System to classify all of the Americas' various races and racial combinations, as well as where Spaniards were born. Similar to medieval Spain's concept of limpieza de sangre, or blood purity, the Casta System linked one's race with his or her behavior, personality, and social status.
Emrgence of Metizo and Mestizaje in Latin America
Mestizo/Mestizaje:
The largest cultural mixing in the world, which took place in Latin America.
Spaniards were already a large mix of cultures
Moores, Catalans, Basque, and Arabs (Ottoman Empire) all inhabited the Iberian peninsula at one time
Fun fact: 8-10% percent of the spanish dictionary is Arabic or has arabic roots
Spanish colonization of the Americas brought its existing cultures and new ones to its various territories
African slaves
Asian Coolie laborers
The Spanish American colonies thus were the largest mix of different cultures, ehtnicities, and races in the "New World"
Spainards, Africans, Arabs, Asians, and various existing indigenous communities
Latin American Independence
Throughout the 19th century, Latin Americans liberated themselves from
Spain
Portugal
France
Many of these liberation movements sought to develop a unified Latin America (ie Simone Bolivar) and be much more inclusive of People of Color and women
Bolivarianism emerged from this as an Ideology that motivated revolutionary movements throughout the western hemisphere
New Latin America 19th Century
New countries began to form throughout the region
There were a variety of political shifts happening in various Latin American Countries causing lots of social instability
Spain was trying to retain control over the region
U.S. attempting capture/control parts of Mexico and New Spain
Industrialization and modernization was occurring shifting the economic systems throughout the region
This period for Latin America marked both the actualization of independence and self-determination as well social strife
Self-determination: the belief and right of people to freely determine their political, social, and economic development.
U.S. Involvement in Latin America
U.S.-Mexico War
War with Mexico to expand into the Southwest
President Polk invades and annexes new succeeded Texas territory (Texas had broken away from Mexico)
Primary purpose: expand slavery and continue west ward expansion
Spanish American War
War with Spain over Caribbean and Philippines Territories
President Mckinely backs various island revolutions independence movements from Spain
Primary purpose: expand U.S. influence in the Atlantic and Pacific as well, important labor, and develop agricultural trade relationships
Puerto Rico and Philippines become U.S. colonies and the peoples become colonial subjects
U.S. Southwest and Mexican American
The U.S. and Mexico establish the Treaty de Guadalupe Hidalgo to establish peace between the two countries
It also provides new rights for Mexican Americans
Import paratmeters:
Article 8
Property: Stay in your property, absentee landownership (if you wanted leave to Mexico, or sell your property
Status: remain Mexican citizens with protections or become citizens
Article 9: states that U.S. Congress will determine when the rights will be granted
Article 10 (deleted): ensured Mexicans and Mexican-Americans would have guaranteed land rights/claims in Texas and other areas to the Southwest.
U.S. Southwest and Mexican Americans
Mexican Americans now become a new class of people
They are essentially not white/citizens and no longer Mexicans
Frontier violence defines the relationships between White settlers and Mexican Americans
As America expands west, the land was mostly lawless where both law enforcement allowed for extralegal killing of Mexican "Bandits"
What does the killing/lynching of criminalized men of color remind of us of?
Chicanx/Latinx immigration in the early 20th Century
Immigration to the U.S. steadily increases in the beginning of the 20th century
Mexico has a major revolution in 1910 which forces many people to leave north
WWI (1914) stimulates a demand for migrant agricultural laborers, so many move north to work
This begins the complex relationship of U.S. government needing Chicanx/Latinx migrant labor and these individuals having to come north due to social instability (push-pull migration)
Push-pull migration: Push factors “push” people away from their home and include things like war. Pull factors “pull” people to a new home and include things like better opportunities. The reasons people migrate are usually economic, political, cultural, or environmental.
Chicanx/Latinx Racialization in the early 20th Century
The influx of immigration coupled with political and economic tensions of the time, along with existing racism against African Americans, made Mexicans targets of racism
Remember that Mexicans had been lynched at comparable rates in the southwest as African Americans had been in the south
Chicanx/Latinx mixed raced ancestry kicked them out of social/legal whiteness
These groups also faced segregation and other forms of racist discrimination
With the great depresson (1930s) Mexicans became the focus of social/economic woes and the government acted by establishing the Mexican Repatriation program (1929-1939)
And 500,000-2,000,000 "Mexicans" were deported
2/3's were actually U.S. citizens
Conclusion
What we'll be covering:
What is Chicanx/Latinx?
Early Mesoamerica and Indigeneity
Spanish colonial rule and Race
Emergence of Mestizo/Mestizaje
Latin American Independence
New Latin America
U.S. involvement in Latin America
U.S. Southwest and Mexican American(s)
Chicanx/Latinx migration in the Early 20th Century
Chicanx/Latinx racialization in the Early 20th Century
Key terms:
Mestizo/Mestizaje
Self-determination
Push-pull migration
