Concept & Etiology: Spina bifida affects the endocrine and neural
systems by not permitting the neural tubes to fuse. The opening
allows meninges and spinal cord to protrude or herniate which
causes neurologic impairment. This deviates from the definition of
health because this is a physical condition/illness that causes direct
harm to a person’s wellbeing.
Classified: Spina bifida is classified in three forms: Spina bifida
occulta is the mildest and most common. Most cases do not result in
the spinal nerves protruding or neurological deficits. It results in a
small separation in one or more bones in the vertebrae. Meningocele
is rare and the spinal cord does protrude through the vertebral
opening. Myelomeningocele is the most severe and the spinal canal
remains open along several vertebrae in the lower or middle back.
The meninges, spinal cord and nerves protrude through the opening
and form a sac on the infants back at birth.
Manifestations: Spina bifida is usually diagnosed before birth but if
suspected after birth symptoms would include paralysis, constipation
or incontinence, a dimple, birthmark or an area on the back that is
hairy.
Diagnostic Tests: Diagnostic test such as a prenatal ultrasound,
amniocentesis and a blood test can be performed to test for spina
bifida before birth. Test that can be performed after birth are a
physical exam, a spinal x-ray, spinal CT and spinal MRI
Cedar-Sinai. (2021). Spina
Bifida. https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-
conditions/s/spina-bifida.html
Mayo Clinic. (1998-2021). Spina
Bifida.https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spina-
bifida/symptoms-causes/syc-20377860
Story, L. (2017). Pathophysiology: A Practical Approach (3rd Edition).
Jones & Bartlett
Learning. https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781284142983
