Deprofessionalism does not change the profession itself because it allows the under
qualified to gain experience. For example, most college students that graduate with
bachelor’s degrees do not have the experience that most high paying jobs are looking for,
however if the interview went well and you have someone that can speak on your
character in a job scenario the job will more than likely be interested in the person begin to
train them properly. The profession is not affected because sometimes the greatest leaders
come from the ones that lack experience but are willing to learn and progress in their
position. According to Kritzer, the more that tasks can be compartmentalized and the more
that knowledge-based tools can be applied, the easier it is to assign the task to a person
with limited, specific expertise (Kritzer, 2002). This is important because it allows the
company to have resources to help strengthen their employees’ weaknesses and it will help
them excel in in their company. I do not believe this will change in the future because
there will be a lot of people that will apply for a job and not really be qualified for it but if
the person seems trainable, they may get the job over someone who is qualified.
Sometimes qualified people are hard to train because they are set in their ways, and they
believe that the experience that they have they may not have to be trained properly.
DE professionalization in health care is unique in that, though there is a need for
professionals of similar but lowered skill sets throughout medicine, there is still a need for
the subject matter expert. We can see this taking place in nearly all aspects of healthcare.
The nursing umbrella covers nurse aides, licensed practical nurses, licensed vocational
nurses, registered nurses, nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, and nurse anaesthesiologist,
to name a few. The provider umbrella includes doctors, surgeons, physician assistants
(PA), nurse practitioners (NP), and nurse-midwives. There are also the doctors that
undertake a certain specialty, like dermatology or orthopaedics. Additionally, I know a
few Doctors of Physician Assistant Studies PAs and, likewise, NPs can also be Doctors of
their field.
One of the great things that accompanies DE professionalization in healthcare is
that it expands access to care without the time and financial restraints that can accompany
the highest levels of education. Becoming a doctor from start to finish takes patience,
diligence, and a lot of money, with a delayed gratification once one is finally able to begin
practicing. However, one can become a Physician Assistant, depending on the program, in
less than two years. My husband, an Army Physician Assistant who obtained his degree
through the Interservice Physician Assistant Program (IPAP), enlisted in the Army after
graduating with his Bachelor of Science in Pre-Medicine and Chemistry. The IPAP
provides a Bachelor of Physician Assistant Studies at the end of the first half of the PA
program, which consisted strictly of classroom learning (U.S. Army Medical Center of
Excellence, n.d.). After completion of the second half, consisting of clinical rotations, the
IPAP provides a Master of Physician Assistant Studies, at which point one can take their
Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam (PANCE) and become a licensed Physician
Assistant U.S. Army Medical Center of Excellence, n.d.).
While a Physician Assistant is not a doctor, they are able to provide similar levels
of care, prescribe medication, and conduct many of the same examinations and tests that a
doctor can provide. This, in turn, frees up the doctor to spend their time on patients or
situations that require a greater level of expertise or experience, without compromising in
patient care. The same can be said for a nurse aide; they do not possess the entire skillset
of a registered nurse but, by assisting in areas that they are skilled in, they free up the
registered nurses time to dedicate to matters that require a little more knowledge. There is
room for all levels of skill sets within medicine, as all skills are necessary and beneficial.
b DE professionalization in health care is unlikely to change in the future. The fact
of the matter is, we are increasing our lifespans and our survival rate. This increases the
need for competent health care providers and practitioners. Allowing for pathways to these
professions that don’t require such a time commitment allow for a quicker entrance into
the profession without so much fluff. There are a multitude of medical situations and
scenarios where a doctor is necessary, but there are also just as many health care situations
where a doctor’s expertise isn’t required. Educated and credentialed providers and
practitioners can fill in many of the gaps in health care, particularly in terms of staffing
and patient access.
The dark side of DE professionalization of healthcare and physicians, specifically,
is the introduction of consumerism to the industry, e.g., the focus on customer satisfaction
and the pressure doctors feel to provide services that they might not otherwise recommend
to an adamant patient. Physicians understand that their reimbursement is partly determined
by the satisfaction of their patients (customers). However insidious, consumerism has not
negated the need for highly qualified physicians from the world of healthcare because
professional values are attached to technical competencies, standards, and unique
responsibilities embedded in the profession itself (Bhugra, 2013). “Professionalism is
about mastery of a complex body of knowledge, competence, integrity, altruism, self-
regulation, keeping up to date with knowledge and promotion of public good (Bhugra,
2013).” However, as patients have technology that has provided greater access to
information and patients are generally better informed, the cultural authority of medicine
has declined. That perception is exacerbated by the increasingly large intrusion of
governments into the healthcare system, though some argue that state involvement in
health care crystallized medical power (Coburn, 2001). Either way, the consensus is that
medical power is not what it once was (Coburn, 2001).
Coburn (2001) suggested that the notion of professionalization as a strategy of
control over a particular work domain, which includes as a key component professional
autonomy and self-regulation, implies continual struggles over such control. The rise of
managed care, for example, threatens physicians’ power structure. In some cases,
physicians must get authorization from an insurance company before performing tests or
referring for x-rays or other types of diagnostic imaging. Physicians and the medical
profession no longer have all the power to define the health agenda for individual patients
and the broader society. Additionally, as nurse practitioners and physician assistants
(originally intended to extend physician services to help close health care access gaps in
rural areas) are being asked to practice at the top of their license, the ongoing expansion of
responsibilities is renewing opposition from physician groups (Cheney, 2019). Cheney
(2019) reported that advocates of loosening restrictions on physician assistants and nurse
practitioners claim the proposed reforms to the scope of practice, supervision, and
delegation authority can boost productivity, lower cost of care, and improve access to
healthcare services. However, there is pushback from physician groups who express
concern for patient safety, citing that the education differential between physicians and
non-physician practitioners has important implications for how care is delivered (Cheney,
2019). That belief seems to be supported by research. Leach, et al. (2018) found that a
slight majority (55%) of study participants indicated that they prefer physicians over non-
physician providers because of their technical expertise. So, while physicians struggle to
maintain a dominant position in the health care arena, they remain relevant as part of a
multidisciplinary care team.
Deprofessionalism is on the rise as there is a decreasing distance in education keeping
medical professionals from patients (Coburn, 2001). I think that deprofessionalization in
healthcare does not eliminate the original profession because of reputation as well as laws
and regulations that are in place. Although times are changing and people are increasingly
okay will seeing the “assistant” there continues to be many instances in which patients
don’t want to see the PA, they want to see the doctor. I think that has to do with people’s
perception and respect for the training and education of a doctor who has to put in many
more years of education versus that of a PA who can finish their education in 6 years
instead of 8-10.
Similarly, the same concept applies in nursing; why would you want or allow a CNA to be
in charge of your medications when pharmacology was not part of their educational
training. Because there are differences in the academic programs and what topics are
reviewed these various professionals have different clinical roles and responsibilities
(Senatobia Health Care, 2019). The original profession generally has the most provisions
so it will always exist meanwhile assistants or aides may help in managing the workload
but they cannot serve as a replacement. In the future I would expect that due to the
shortages of healthcare staff, we will see an increase in deprofessionalization. Because of
the increasing demand and the growing elderly population any help that the healthcare
field can receive is of benefit even if many of these individuals cannot fully perform the
duties of the original profession. Decreasing the educational requirements is one of the
only ways to incentivize individuals to enter these professions to help shorten the gap in
healthcare workers.
When it comes to the health care profession, as we have seen from previous discussions
and assignments these professions are in dire need of new blood. When we hear
deprofessionalization, we must first define it in the context of health care,
“Deprofessionalization refers to the decreasing distance, in knowledge or education,
between doctors and patients or the rise of consumerism generally” (Coburn, 2001). Many
organizations have had to learn how to create new staff out of existing staff and many have
had to wear multiple hats. Today health care is one of the most regulated industries in the
United States which has changed the way health care is delivered. These regulations have
changed the profession of a doctor and continue to change other health care professions.
The future of health care is in dire need of more staff as doctors, nurses, respiratory techs,
and many others are facing huge shortages. Worker “burnout” is real and is something that
the COVID pandemic has exacerbated and made worse. Deprofessionalization is occurring
as we speak, but no matter how many new medical professions one is split it still does not
address the many shortages the health professions are seeing the shortages will continue to
grow due to several reasons that seem to have no end in sight.
Coburn, D. (2001). The Medical Profession. Retrieved from International Encyclopaedia
of the Social & Behavioural Sciences: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-
sciences/deprofessionalization
Coburn, D. (2001). Medical Profession, the. International Encyclopaedia of the Social &
Behavioural Sciences, 9523–9530. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/03917-6
Senatobia Health Care. (2019, March 15). What is the difference between a CNA, an RN,
and an LPN? SenatobiaHealthCare.com. Retrieved February 27, 2022, from
https://senatobiahealthcare.com/difference-between-a-cna-rn-lpn/
Bhugra, D. (2013). Demoralization, de-professionalization, denial, and detachment in
medicine? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(12), 1104-1107. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867413506755
Cheney, C. (2019, February 27). Why physician assistants and nurse practitioners need
supervision, say, physician groups. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from Health Leaders
Media: https://www.healthleadersmedia.com/clinical-care/why-physician-
assistants-and-nurse-practitioners-need-supervision-say-physician-groups
Coburn, D. (2001). The Medical Profession. (N. Smelser, & P. Baltes, Eds.) Permagon:
International Encyclopaedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03917-6
Leach, B., Gradison, M., Morgan, P., Everett, C., Dill, M., & Olivera, J. S. (2018, March).
Patient preference in primary care provider type. Healthcare, 6(1), 13-16. Doi:
10.1016/j.hjdsi.2017.01.001
IPAP – Interservice Physician Assistant Program. U.S. Army Medical Center of
Excellence. (n.d.). https://medcoe.army.mil/ipap
Kritzer, Herbert M. (2015). International Encyclopaedia of the Social & Behavioural
Sciences (Second Edition).