THEO 202 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY LECTURE Notes - Ronnie Campbell_2019.pdf

THEO 202

Hamartiology

The Fall of Humanity

Argument for the historical Adam

oNo break in the historical narrative

Toledot formula (genealogy formula)

oAdam is included in genealogies (1 Chronicles 1:1, Luke 3:37)

oPaul considers Adam to be a historical figure

oPaul makes parallels between Adam and Jesus

Denial of historical Adam

oPaul is erring theologically

oBreaks down the parallel between Adam and Christ

oJesus is in error

Refers to God creating male and female



Original Sin

"original" or "inherited" sin

It is called "original" since it refers to that sinful state that Adam

passed on to all of humanity

"that sinful state into which all people are born" (Ryrie, BT, 252)

Catholics and Protestants hold to Original Sin

Orthodox Church does not hold to Original Sin

oSin entered the world through Adam

oSin was not passed on by Adam

All three groups essentially hold to the historical Adam

Three Views

oPelagianism

oArminianism

oReformed

Total Depravity

oDoes not mean that a person is as evil as he or she could be or

that a person commits every form of sin possible

oSin effects every part of our being, emotion, intellect, and will,

our faculties are disordered and compromised

oHumans choose self to God

oHumans are incapable of saving themselves

Effects of Sin

oPhysical death (Gen 2:17, 3:19 - the body is separated from the

soul

oSpiritual death - separation of the soul from God

oEternal death - the culmination and completion of spiritual

death, eternal spiritual death

oSin has affected every part of the human person and every

sphere of human contact - ecologically, governmentally, socially,

and economically

oAll that God created was good

Sin is the of God's good world corruption

oWhen the Bible uses the word "world" in relation to sin it means

"the antithesis of creational goodness" (Wolters, CR, 64)

oWe should ask not whether something God created is "good" or

"bad"; rather, we should ask: "how is this thing God created

being directed"? How has sin corrupted it?

oWe can make a distinction between something's "structure" and

its "direction"

Soteriology

Definition

oGreek

soteria (salvation, deliverance)

logos (word or discourse on)

oArea of Christian theology that studies nature, means, and

application of salvation

oIncludes the study of such areas as the deliverance from the

power and punishment of sin, regeneration, restoration,

reconciliation, and the various dimensions of salvation

(justification, sanctification, and glorification)

Motives for salvation

oThe fall resulted in broken relationships between

God and humanity

Human to human

Humanity and nature

oGod seeks to restore and reconcile fallen humanity to Himself,

one another, and with His good creation

oSalvation is God's greatest demonstration of love (John 3:16,

Romans 5:8)

oSalvation demonstrates God's grace to us (Ephesians 2:6-7)

Nature of Salvation

oPerspectives on salvation

Liberal theology

Offshoot of the Enlightenment

Denies supernaturalism, miracles, and biblical

authority

Salvation is "evolutionary" and "optimistic," found in

human progress

Liberationist theologies

Black, Asian, Indian, and Latin theologies

Feminist theologies

Eco-theologies

Combination: eco-feminist theologies

Salvation is deliverance form oppression

Neo-Orthodox theology

Karl Barth, Emil Brunner

Influenced by Soren Kierkegaard's existentialism and

reformed theology

Broke away from German liberal theology,

recognizing the Bible as the Word of God

Barth's divine "no" and divine "yes"

All of humanity is elect "in Christ" (universalism)

Salvation truly is a work of God

Roman Catholic View

The visible church mediates salvation

Christ's benefits are administered through

sacraments

Baptism

1. Remits original sin

2. Imparts sanctifying grace

3. Unites the person of Christ

Blurs justification and sanctification

Salvation can be lost, leaving assurance as

impossible

Most people go through purgatory - process of

purification

Salvation is synergistic (grace and works)

oBiblical View of Salvation

Key passages - prophecy fulfilled, God graciously gave

salvation through faith

1 Corinthians 15:1-4, Romans 1:1-4,16-17

Genesis 12:1-3, 15:6, Hebrews 11:8-9, Romans 4,

Galatians 3:6-9

1. Promise, obedience, and a future

Isaiah 53

Romans 8

Romans 9

Ephesians 2:8-9, Galatians 2:16

1. We are saved by our faith through Christ not

by our own works

2. We are not justified by works but by faith

James 2:15-17

1. Faith not accompanied by actions is dead

2. Faith without works is nothing

Matthew 28:18-20

1. The Great Commission

Go and make disciples

Baptizing them in the name of the

Father, Son, and Holy Spirit

God is with us until the end of the age

The only way to heaven is through Jesus

Key Terms

Salvation - to be "delivered"

1. Often includes ideas such as liberation,

emancipation, preservation, protection, and

security

Gospel

1. The deity, death, and resurrection of Jesus

Christ (1 Cor 15:1-8)

2. Free gift by grace through faith, not works (Eph

2:8-9, 2 Tim 1:8-10)

3. Promise of inheritance (1 Pet 1:3-6)

4. Comes from the Greek word euangelion,

meaning "good news"

Redemption - that act whereby God "buy back,"

"ransoms," or "sets free" sinners from sin through

Christ's death on the cross

Reconciliation - that act whereby God brings sinner,

despite their alienation, back into right relationship

with Himself, making peace through the work of

Christ's shed blood on the cross (Col 1:19-22)

Atonement - that act whereby Christ paid the price

due because of sin (Rom 3:25-26, 6:23, Gal 3:13)

Propitiation - the turning away of God's wrath

through the atoning work of Christ (1 Jn 2:2, 4:10,

Heb 2:17)

Regeneration - refers to that area of Christian

salvation, whereby God gives new life to a believer,

that is, they are "born again" (Jn 3:3, 5, 7, 1 Pet 1:3)

Adoption - believers are brought into the family of

God (Jn 1:12, Rom 8:17)

1. Results in:

A godly nature (Gal 4:6)

Equal rights to all believers as heirs (Gal

4:7)

Fellowship with God (2 Cor 6:17-18)

Moment of Faith

Leads to Justification and Adoption

1. Leads to Forgiveness of sin

Leads to Regeneration

Leads to Positional sanctification

oDimensions of Salvation

Justification

Saved from the penalty of sin

Declared righteous by God

Saved by grace through faith, not works of the law

Offer is made to everyone

Occurs once

Key passages

1. Jn 3:16, Rom 3:9-31, 1 Cor 1:11, 6:11, Gal 3:1-

14, Eph 2:6-10, Rev 22:17

A declaration by God, who is righteous, concerning

the person who turns to Christ in faith

Justification to forgiveness of sins to application of

Christ's righteousness

Sanctification

Saved from the power of sin

Sanctify means to "set apart"

Process of growth and maturity

Believers are empowered to live a life of

righteousness and holiness through the indwelling

Spirit

Key passages

1. Jn 10:10, 1 Cor 1:2, 6:11, Phil 2:12, 2 Pet 1:5-9



Three aspects

1. Positional - closely connected to justification

and regeneration

Received at the moment of faith

It is a one-time act through the work of

the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer

In reference to all who are save (1 Cor

1:2)

2. Progressive - the process of our salvation

Movement to holiness through

empowering work of the HS

God's given us everything we need to live

holy lies (Eph 1:18-21, 2 Pet 1:5-9)

Continual progress towards a life of

holiness

3. Final - bodily resurrection and glorification

The good work God began in in us will

ultimately be completed

No longer capable of sinning

Glorification

Saved from the presence of sin

Believers will receive resurrected bodies

No longer capable of sinning, yet they maintain

freedom of the will

Key Passages

1. Mt 16:24-27, 1 Cor 4:5, 2 Cor 5:10, Col 3:23-25,

Rev 3:21, 22:12

Theories of Atonement

oRansom Theory

Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 130 - c. 200)

Christ's death is regarded as a ransom, liberating

humanity from Satan's captivity

Rufinus of Aquileia

"Fish-hook" or "mousetrap" version

oSatisfaction theory

Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033-1109)

Because of sin, humans have an obligation to offer

infinite satisfaction to God

Only the Godman can offer infinite satisfaction for

our sin, obtaining forgiveness on our behalf

oMoral Influence Theory

Peter Aberlard (c. 1079-1142)

Critiqued Anselm's Satisfaction theory

Chief outcome of Christ's death was a demonstration

of God's love to humanity

oExample Theory

Socinians (Polish Brethren 16th and 17th century)

God would have forgiven sin apart from Christ's

death

1. Death was unnecessary

2. Christ is an example

3. Faith and obedience bring eternal life, not

through the death of Christ

oChristus Victor Theory

Martin Luther (1483-1546) and Gustaf Aulen (1879-1978)

"Christ - Christus Victor - fights against and triumphs

over the evil powers of the world, the 'tyrants' under

which mankind is in bondage and suffering, and in

Him God reconciles the world to Himself" (Aulen)

oPenal Substitution Theory

John Calvin and J.I. Packer

Christ, who is sinless, took upon Himself the penalty

of sin and death for lost humanity

Christ's death was a "substitution" and "vicarious"

oBiblical Data on Atonement

Often uses more than one metaphor

More than one theory

Ransom and Christus Victor

Penal Substitution is the glue that holds the theories

together says Packer

Punishment for sin

Vengeance from God

God's wrath and judgement

Destruction and death due to sin

Christ's sacrifice for sin

Christ as a curse on our behalf

Redemption and ransom

Reconciliation and forgiveness

Salvation and Sovereignty

oCalvinism (TULIP)

Total Depravity

every facet of the human has been marred by sin

A person is incapable of receiving or moving toward

God apart from supernatural working by the Holy

Spirit

Unconditional Election

God does not elect us based on our merit but

chooses us on the basis of His will

Limited Atonement

Only applies to those who are elected and

unavailable to those not elected

Irresistible Grace

No believer can resist God's grace and His call into

salvation

Perseverance of the Saints

Those whom God elects will persevere in their faith

until the end

oArminianism (DAISY)

Diminished Depravity

Every facet of the human is marred by sin

People can respond freely to God because of God's

prevenient grace

Abrogated Election

God bases His election on His foreknowledge on

whether a person will freely choose Him

Impersonal Atonement

Not applied to all

Available to all

Sedentary Grace

Call is for all

Not irresistible

Can be freely rejected

Yieldable Justification

A genuine believer can willfully apostatize from the

faith, forfeiting one's salvation

oMolinism (ROSES)

Radical Depravity

Every aspect of our being has been affected by the

fall and that we cannot save ourselves

Overcoming Grace

God's persistent beckoning overcomes a person's

wicked condition but never against their will

Sovereign Election

God chooses but we do have freedom

Based on God's choosing us

Eternal Life

We cannot lose our salvation

Given new life until the end

Singular Redemption

Only sufficient for those who believe

His death is sufficient for everyone

Only for those who believe

Knowledge

oNatural

could happen

oMiddle

would happen

oFree

will happen

Ecclesiology

Definition

oGreek

Church, assembly, congregation

A group that meets together for various political,

religious, and civic purposes



What is the church and what is its purpose? What do people in culture

think about the church?

Nature and Meaning

oKey Passages about the church

Matthew 16:18, 18:17

Powerful, grounded, stronger than evil, God uses

people to build it, built through the foundation of

the apostles and prophets

Biblical confrontation, the church should act in

unison and be in unity

Acts 2:42-47, 9:31, 12:10-17, 13:1, 14:23, 15:22, 20:17 and

Togetherness and unity, Churches often met in

homes

The holy spirit brings comfort and peace while a

church is being built, there is only one Church,

Churches often met in homes

Employees of church are prophets and staff

Leadership is fully committed to the Lord and is

appointed through prayer and fasting, there are

many churches divided by geographical regions,

geographical churches contained "prophets,"

"teachers," "elders," "overseers," "deacons,"

"evangelists," and "pastors"

Elders are in the church

the church should act in unison and be in unity, there

are levels of leadership (apostles and elders) yet the

church acts in unity

Romans 16:3-5

Churches often met in homes

1 Corinthians 12:28, 16:19

Different roles and jobs are given

Churches often met in homes

Ephesians 2:19-22, 4:3-6, 5:23-29

No strangers, Christ our cornerstone, built through

the foundation of the apostles and prophets

Relationship between Christ and the church is the

same as the husband and wife, the church should act

in unison and be in unity, there is only one church

Christ is its head

Colossians 1:18, 4:15

Christ is its head

Churches often met in homes

Revelation 1:4, 11

Philemon 2

Churches often met in homes

Gifts are given to believers for the building up or

edification of the body

(1 Corinthians 1:1-11, Ephesians 4:11-16)

oBiblical Images

Body of Christ

Ephesians 1:3, 26, 3:10

1 Corinthians 12:12-31

Bride of Christ

Ephesians 5:25-26, 32

Revelation 19:7-8, 21:2

Flock of God

1 Peter 5:2

People of God

2 Corinthians 6:16

Romans 9:24-26

Temple of the Holy Spirit

1 Corinthians 3:16-17, 6:15-20

2 Corinthians 6:14-18

Ephesians 2:21-22

1 Peter 2:5

Family of God (brothers and sisters)

Acts 6:3, 11:29, 12:17

Romans 1:13, 7:1, 4, 8:12, 29, 10:1, 11:25

1 Corinthians 1:10, 11, 26; 2:1

oTwo Senses

Universal

Consists of all those who, in this age, have been born

of the Spirit of God and have by that same Spirit

been baptized into the body of Christ

Key passages

Matthew 16:18, 1 Corinthians 12:13, 15:9,

Galatians 1:13, Ephesians 1:22, 5:23, 25

Local

The group of professed believers in any one locality

Key passages

Acts 8:1, 11:22 (Jerusalem), Acts 20:17

(Ephesus), Romans 16:1 (Cenchrea), 1

Corinthians 1:2, 2 Corinthians 1:1 (Corinth),

Colossians 4:16 (Laodicea), Revelation 2-4

Israel, the Church, and the Kingdom

oThree hermeneutical approaches

Covenant theology

places emphasis on covenants as a framework for

understanding Christian theology

No future earthly kingdom

Christ reigns on earth through the Church

Classical dispensationalism

Salvation history is divided into various dispensations

by which God deals with humanity in different ways

Hold to a distinction between the church and Israel

Maintains a future millennial reign of Christ

Progressive dispensationalism

Hold to most tenets of dispensationalism

Focuses on the notion that there is an already aspect

of the kingdom

The kingdom is not merely in the future

oIsrael and the Church

Two views



View 1: the Church has replaced Israel

Similarity - one people of God

Spiritual Israel over national Israel

Romans 9:1-6

Church is the "New Israel"

Galatians 6:16 - even

All other translation says "and"



View 2: the Church and Israel remain distinct

The NT never confuses the Church with Israel

Church participates in Abrahamic promises

Genesis 12:1-3

Galatians 3:28-29

The Church consists of both Jews and Gentiles

who are "in Christ" "as one body"

Ephesians 2:19-3:16

Jews and Gentiles are both a part of the

Church

National Israel is currently under a partial

hardening

Romans 11:7-10

Paul expects national Israel to be save

Romans 11:25-33

oChurch and the Kingdom

Nature of the Kingdom



Two Aspects

God's Reign

Everything falls under this

He created a specific structure for the

world, but sin has corrupted it

Is everything being used the way that

God intended?

How is He restoring that?

Eschatological Davidic/Messianic Kingdom

God has promised that someone will

reign on His throne

Two Errors



Equate the Church and the Kingdom

Stresses God's spiritual reign in the hearts of

people



Separate the Church from the Kingdom

Stresses only God's future eschatological reign

The rems of church and the kingdom are never

equated

Emphasis is on both (the "already/not yet")

Church Government

oFour Government Structures

Episcopal

Authority resides in the office of the bishop

The number of bishops varies

Various levels of ministry

First level - deacon, elder, minister/priest

Second level - bishops

Churches - Catholicism, Anglicanism, Episcopalians,

Methodists, Apostolic

Presbyterian

Authority resides in the office of elder

Elders are chosen by the people

There is only one level of clergy (teaching elder or

governing elder)

Authority is exercised through assemblies

Churches - Presbyterian, Reformed, Non-

denominational

Congregational

Authority resides within the congregation

Two important aspects: autonomy and democracy

(the church only answers to themselves)

Various positions elected by the people

Churches - Baptists, Mennonites, Lutherans

Nongovernment

No need for a governing structure

Stress the inner workings of the Spirit

Churches - Quakers, Plymouth Brethren

oWhich view of church government are you most familiar with

and which do you find best to fit with Scripture?

oAssessment of Government

Two Initial Problems

Lack of clear didactic material

So much data

Outlines given

How they did church

Descriptive vs Prescriptive Data

The descriptive material varies greatly

We must turn to NT principles

Principles and Conclusion

The NT emphasis on order (1 Corinthians)

Emphasis on the priesthood of the believers within

Scripture (Romans 12, 1 Corinthians 12)

Congregationalism meets both principles

Takes seriously the priesthood of believers

Take seriously the Spirit's indwelling and

guidance of all believers

Orderliness necessitates some form of

government (contra the nongovernment

models)

Church Leadership

Two offices (1 Timothy 3:1-13, Titus 1:5-9)

Elder/overseer

Elder/overseer/pastor can be used interchangeably

(Acts 20:17, 28 Titus 5, 7, 1 Peter 5:1-2)

Emphasis is on the plurality of elders (Acts 11:30,

14:30, 15:2, 4, 6, 22, 23, 16:4, 21:18, Philemon 1:1, 1

timothy 5:17, Titus 1:5, James 5:14, 1 Peter 5:1-2)

Elders/overseers have certain moral/spiritual

qualifications (1 Timothy 3:1-7) and must be able to

teach (1 Timothy 3:2, Titus 1:9), though may not

teach equally (1 Timothy 5:17)

Churches had a plurality of deacons (Acts 6:1-7,

Philemon 1:1, 1 Timothy 3:8)

The deacon's role is more service-oriented (Acts 6:1-

Deacons must be tested (1 Timothy 3:10)

Deacons are required to have certain moral qualities

(1 Timothy 3:8-13)

Congregations should respect their leaders (1

Thessalonians 5:12, 18, Hebrews 13:7, 17)

Ordinances

oSometimes called a sacrament (Romans Catholics, Lutherans,

Anglicans)

A religious rite or ceremony instituted or recognized by

Jesus Christ

Two primary ones



Baptism



Lord's Supper (Eucharist)

oViews on Baptism

View 1: Baptismal Regeneration (Disciples of Christ,

Pentecostals)

Baptism, along with faith, is necessary for salvation

Regeneration occurs at baptism

View 2: Sacramentalist (Catholicism, Lutherans)

God imparts saving grace through Baptism

Faith must be present

Objectively - unites the believer to Christ

Subjectively - provides assurance and

encouragement

Children receive baptism to remove the taint of

Original Sin

View 3: Sign of the Covenant (Reformed)

Functions much like circumcision in the OT

Initiates a person in God's Covenant and a sign of

salvation

For adults it is absolute and for children it is

conditional

View 4: Token of Salvation (Baptists, Evangelical Free, Non-

Denominational Churches)

Outward symbol of an inward change

No direct spiritual benefit

Regeneration takes place at faith, not baptism

oAssessment

Mark 16:16

At face value supports baptism as a requirement for

salvation

But you must have faith prior to baptism

"condemnation" is based on unbelief not baptism

John 3:5

Purification not baptism

1 Peter 3:21

Denial of baptismal regeneration

Emphasis on act of faith

Acts 2:37, "repent and be baptized"

Faith then baptism

No emphasis of baptism

Eschatology

Nature and meaning

o"last things"



Why should anyone study eschatology? What good might

come from studying eschatology? What are the dangers?

oWhy?

Major theme of the Bible

Does not pertain merely to future events

We have apart in the eschatological plan, though God will

be the one to usher His Kingdom

Should give us a sense of alertness and watchfulness

Provides hope and encouragement

Intermediate State

oWhat happens to us after we die

oFour Views

Soul Sleep

Emphasis on passages equating death with sleep

The soul is either unconscious or extinct

Purgatory - refers to a continued cleansing taking place

after death

Good works help to lessen the time spent in

purgatory

2 Maccabees 12:43-45, Matthew 12:32, 1

Corinthians 3:15

Instantaneous Resurrection - believers receive resurrection

bodies immediately upon death

2 Corinthians 5:1-10

Temporal State/Paradise

Even believers receive a temporal body (1

Corinthians 5:1-10)

There is still a future resurrection (1 Corinthians

15:35-55, Revelation 6:9-10, 20:4)

Souls of the righteous enter paradise (Luke 16:19-31,

23:43)

To be absent from the body is to be present with the

Lord (1 Corinthians 5:1-10, Philemon 1:19-26)

2. Millennium, Rapture, and Second Coming

oThree Millennial Views

Amillennialism

the kingdom is primarily spiritual in nature and will

be fully manifested in the Second Coming

Postmillennialism

the Millennial Kingdom comes first, then Christ's

Second Coming (emphasis is placed on human

progress and the church ushering in the kingdom

Premillennialism

Christ returns and then sets up His earthly kingdom



Two Types

Dispensational

pretribulation rapture

future Israel

Historic

Post-tribulation rapture

No future Israel

Predominant view during the first three centuries of

the early church



Main ideas

Takes place after the Great Tribulation

There will be worldwide peace

Nature will be freed from the curse of the fall

Revelation 20

Each view hold to Christ's Second Coming

Differences

The nature of the kingdom

The nature and timing of the rapture

The nature and timing of the Second Coming

The Church's relationship to Israel

Whether there is something in God's plan for future

ethnic Israel

oThe Rapture

"catching away of the church from earth to heaven"

Comes from the Latin translation (rapio) of the Greek

word for "caught up" in 1 Thessalonians 4:17

John 14:1-3, 1 Corinthians 15:5-58, 1 Thessalonians

4:13-18

Great Tribulation

a unique period in history where God pours out a

series of judgments on the world

A time where God completes His discipline on Israel

When many Israelites will be saved

Four Views



Pre-Wrath

During the tribulation

before God's wrath



Mid-tribulation

Midway through the tribulation

Three to five years



Post-Tribulation

After tribulation

Argues the Rapture is not the same event as

the Second Coming

1 Thessalonians 4:13-18

Aspects

Return of Christ - v. 16

Resurrection of the saints - v.16, 1

Corinthians 15:52

Rapture of living - v. 17

Reunion with dead saints - v. 17



Pre-Tribulation

Before tribulation

Christian Moral Theology

Survey of Christian Ethics

What is Moral Theology?

Ethics - subset of philosophy or theology or both

oThe framing of philosophical or theological moral systems

Descriptive - portrays moral actions and virtues

without judging their rightness or wrongness

Normative - attaches moral judgments to those

actions

Metaethics - analyzes the meaning of ethical terms

and assesses ethical argumentation

The articulation of Christian ethical beliefs in theological terms

and upon theological foundations

The application of Christian doctrine to the Christian life

Theology explains what to believe, moral theology explains how

one ought to live

Historical Theology - the social, cultural, and historical settings

that give rise to theological ideas

oMoral theology - the social, cultural, and historical settings

that give rise to moral understandings

Systematic Theology - seeks to arrange Christian doctrine into a

consistent and coherent central unit of doctrines

oMoral theology - articulate Christian ethical systems

THEO 202 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY LECTURE Notes - Ronnie Campbell_2019.pdf

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