Annotated Bibliography.pdf

Annotated Bibliography

Dr. Connie K. Huber

PLCY 700:

October 08, 2022

Introduction

A recent report suggests that Gen Z believes marriage and children are a burden to success and

fulfillment. Social policy which supports healthy family formation and promotes marriage as the

optimal context for sex is needed. The CDC reports that sexually transmitted infections are on

the rise with the largest jump in congenital syphilis. The Gen Z cohort is opting not to marry

before parenting and that has dangerous implications for their children’s health and

sustainability of society. The CDC states that the most reliable way to avoid STIs is a mutually

monogamous relationship, for life. This strengthens families by reducing the rates of congenital

syphilis. The Five Protective Factors and sex in a mutually monogamous relationship, like

marriage, promote an optimal context for child and youth development. The Strengthening

Families Approach has identified Five Protective Factors which are foundation to thriving

families.

Annotated Bibliography

Burns, Paul A., Fei Teng, Angela A. Omondi, E Thomaseo Burton, and Lori Ward. 2022. “Sex

Education and Sexual Risk Behavior among Adolescents and Youth in the Deep South:

Implications for Youth HIV Prevention,” Southern medical journal (Birmingham, Ala.) 115, 115,

no. 5: 310–14. https://doi.org/10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001391.

In the deep south of the United States the largest group of newly diagnosed human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is adolescent and young adults. The authors examine

abstinence only until marriage (AOUM) sex education programs. Analysis was conducted using

the Surveillance System and examined the effect of AOUM sex education on 4 HIV-related

sexual risk behaviors. No statistical differences were observed in sexual risk behaviors. The

sample consisted of youth ages 12 to 18 years. Significant risk factors for predicting sexual risk

behavior were race, age, and gender. The authors concluded that AOUM sex education programs

are ineffective in reducing HIV vulnerability among youth in Mississippi. They called for

implementation of comprehensive sex education to reduce the new HIV infection within the

target population. One of the weaknesses of the study is that the YRBSS of Mississippi was

compared only to states that do not allow AOUM and was not compared to other states were

reports of efficacy have been published. Additionally, the only one element of AOUM sex

education was examined, HIV. Condoms are more effective in preventing HIV than other

consequences of sex outside of marriage. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that AOUM should

be urgently substituted with comprehensive sex education as the authors suggested.

De Irala, Jokin. 2016. “Safe Sex Belief and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Adolescents,” Issues

in Law & Medicine 31, 31, no. 2: 185–90.

An international study on Project YOURLIFE was conducted. It examined what youth think and

feel about relationships, love and sexuality. The study also examined leisure time activities. The

project, YOURLIFE, has the objective to improve the lifestyles and health of school-attending

adolescents. The project focuses on areas related to their affectivity and sexuality. Data was

collected via anonymous surveys administered by the school. Initially the study used surveys

taken by representative samples of school-attending adolescents, in the Philippines, El Salvador,

Peru and Spain. The study now has an online data collecting too, a survey, that has been

launched worldwide. This allows for a broader sampling and a more efficient process. Behavior,

attitudes and beliefs of adolescents were evaluated in article. Data on socio-cultural context,

family education, lifestyles and opinions of youth on sexuality will inform evidence based public

health program recommendations. An analysis of the relationship between these variables will

provide insight for future programs. The aim of the author is to examine the risk compensation

associated with the belief that condoms are 100% effective. The article proposes that “if this is

confirmed, then public health authorities, the media, educators and parents could be expected to

review how promotional messages regarding condom use is being conveyed to the youth and

deliberate how such messages could be more safely conveyed in the future.”

Fehlbaum, Amanda E. 2020. “Delaying Gratification: How High School Health Textbooks Portray

Marriage and Sex,” Sexuality research & social policy 17, 17, no. 3: 454–

68.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-019-00408-x.

A content analysis of nine US high school health textbooks was conducted. This article discusses

the results of this analysis. The author states that schools are often the single source of formal sex

education. The author says it is for this reason that it is important to investigate whether students

are given the right tools to negotiate the topic of sex in their lives. The content analysis looked at

the topics of marriage, reasons for remaining abstinent until marriage, and adult life outside of

marriage. The modern realities of marriage and adult relationships are not demonstrated in the

content within the text. Traditional marriage is still the standard within the textbooks. The author

reveals a desire to see current cohabitation and relationship practices to be reflected in the

textbooks. The author suggests that the textbooks constitute a failure of pedagogy. The author

additionally cites a lack of social-scientific accuracy within the textbook.

One weakness of the article is that the author demonstrates some bias against marriage and fails

to recognize the guidance from the Centers for Disease Control. The CDC provides the guidance

that a mutually monogamous relationship is the only reliable way to avoid STIs. The author does

not acknowledge anything other than the view that marriage is not the safest way to engage in

sexual activity.

Leung, Hildie, and Li Lin. 2019. “Adolescent Sexual Risk Behavior in Hong Kong: Prevalence,

Protective Factors, and Sex Education Programs,” Journal of adolescent health 64, 64, no. 6:

S52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.12.007.

Although Hong Kong is considered to be a relatively westernized Chinese society, sex remains to

be a subject that is rarely discussed openly. This article provided a brief overview on the

prevalence of sexual behaviors and attitudes among adolescents in Hong Kong. Compared with

the West, Hong Kong adolescents are less sexually active; however, increasing rates and more

liberal sexual attitudes have been reported over the decades. These worrying trends have caused

great concern and begged the question of occurrences and the effectiveness of sex education

programs. Endeavor has been made to identify protective factors for reducing adolescent risky

sexual behaviors and promoting sexual health from a strength-based perspective, such as the

positive youth development (PYD) approach. However, to date, there is little synthesis of

empirical evidence in the literature on the relations between PYD and adolescent sexual

behaviors. We attempted to fill in this gap by outlining empirical evidence on the protective roles

of PYD attributes in youth sexual outcomes. We reviewed local sex education programs and

outlined several observations regarding foci, implementation, and evaluation. To conclude, we

provided suggestions to inform practice in the future development and implementation of sex

education programs to promote sexual health among youths.

Albertos, Aranzazu, Alfonso Osorio, Cristina Lopez-del Burgo, Silvia Carlos, Carlos Beltramo,

and Fernando Trullols. 2016. “Parental Knowledge and Adolescents’ Risk Behaviors,”

Journal of adolescence (London, England.) 53, 53, no. 1: 231–36.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.010.

n this paper we study whether parental knowledge of adolescents' activities varies according to

socio-demographic variables, and we analyze the possible association between parental

knowledge patterns and certain risk behaviors among adolescents. A cross-sectional study was

performed with representative samples of high-school students in Peru and El Salvador. A

questionnaire assessed risk behaviors, as well as possible determinants, including parental

knowledge. The questionnaire was answered by 6208 adolescents. We observed that the greater

the degree of knowledge, the lower the frequency of risk behaviors among youth. The degree of

knowledge was inversely associated with children's age, and we observed that being female was

associated with a greater degree of parental knowledge. The study shows that parents'

supervision criteria might be influenced by gender stereotypes, which would have a harmful

effect on young males, as the lower degree of knowledge puts them at higher odds of risk

behaviors.; Byline: Aranzazu Albertos [aalbertos@tecnun.es] (a,b,c), Alfonso Osorio

[aosorio@unav.es] (a,c,d,*), Cristina Lopez-del Burgo [cldelburgo@unav.es] (a,c,e), Silvia

Carlos [scarlos@unav.es] (a,c,e), Carlos Beltramo [cbeltramo@unav.es] (a,c), Fernando Trullols

[ltrullolsg@uao.es] (f) Keywords Parental knowledge; Supervision; Risk behaviors; Adolescents;

Leisure time; Drug use In this paper we study whether parental knowledge of adolescents'

activities varies according to socio-demographic variables, and we analyze the possible

association between parental knowledge patterns and certain risk behaviors among adolescents.

A cross-sectional study was performed with representative samples of high-school students in

Peru and El Salvador. A questionnaire assessed risk behaviors, as well as possible determinants,

including parental knowledge. The questionnaire was answered by 6208 adolescents. We

observed that the greater the degree of knowledge, the lower the frequency of risk behaviors

among youth. The degree of knowledge was inversely associated with children's age, and we

observed that being female was associated with a greater degree of parental knowledge. The

study shows that parents' supervision criteria might be influenced by gender stereotypes, which

would have a harmful effect on young males, as the lower degree of knowledge puts them at

higher odds of risk behaviors. Author Affiliation: (a) Universidad de Navarra, Institute for

Culture and Society (ICS), EASH, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain (b)

Universidad de Navarra, TECNUN School of Engineering, Manuel de Lardizábal 15, 20018, San

Sebastián, Spain (c) IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008,

Pamplona, Spain (d) Universidad de Navarra, School of Education and Psychology, Campus

Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain (e) Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine,

Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain

(f) Universitat Abat Oliba CEU, School of Psychology, Campus Bellesguard, Bellesguard 30,

08022, Barcelona, Spain * Corresponding author. Universidad de Navarra, Institute for Culture

and Society (ICS), EASH, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain. Article History:

Received 27 April 2016; Revised 20 October 2016; Accepted 21 October 2016; Abstract In this

paper we study whether parental knowledge of adolescents' activities varies according to socio-

demographic variables, and we analyze the possible association between parental knowledge

patterns and certain risk behaviors among adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed

with representative samples of high-school students in Peru and El Salvador. A questionnaire

assessed risk behaviors, as well as possible determinants, including parental knowledge. The

questionnaire was answered by 6208 adolescents. We observed that the greater the degree of

knowledge, the lower the frequency of risk behaviors among youth. The degree of knowledge

was inversely associated with children's age, and we observed that being female was associated

with a greater degree of parental knowledge. The study shows that parents' supervision criteria

might be influenced by gender stereotypes, which would have a harmful effect on young males,

as the lower degree of knowledge puts them at higher odds of risk behaviors.; Byline: Aranzazu

Albertos, Alfonso Osorio, Cristina Lopez-del Burgo, Silvia Carlos, Carlos Beltramo, Fernando

Trullols In this paper we study whether parental knowledge of adolescents' activities varies

according to socio-demographic variables, and we analyze the possible association between

parental knowledge patterns and certain risk behaviors among adolescents. A cross-sectional

study was performed with representative samples of high-school students in Peru and El

Salvador. A questionnaire assessed risk behaviors, as well as possible determinants, including

parental knowledge. The questionnaire was answered by 6208 adolescents. We observed that the

greater the degree of knowledge, the lower the frequency of risk behaviors among youth. The

degree of knowledge was inversely associated with children's age, and we observed that being

female was associated with a greater degree of parental knowledge. The study shows that

parents' supervision criteria might be influenced by gender stereotypes, which would have a

harmful effect on young males, as the lower degree of knowledge puts them at higher odds of

risk behaviors. Author Affiliation: (a) Universidad de Navarra, Institute for Culture and Society

(ICS), EASH, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain (b) Universidad de Navarra,

TECNUN School of Engineering, Manuel de Lardizabal 15, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain (c)

IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain (d)

Universidad de Navarra, School of Education and Psychology, Campus Universitario, 31080,

Pamplona, Spain (e) Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, Department of Preventive

Medicine and Public Health, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain (f) Universitat Abat Oliba

CEU, School of Psychology, Campus Bellesguard, Bellesguard 30, 08022, Barcelona, Spain

Article History: Received 27 April 2016; Revised 20 October 2016; Accepted 21 October 2016;

ABSTRACT In this paper we study whether parental knowledge of adolescents' activities varies

according to socio‐demographic variables, and we analyze the possible association between

parental knowledge patterns and certain risk behaviors among adolescents. A cross‐sectional

study was performed with representative samples of high‐school students in Peru and El

Salvador. A questionnaire assessed risk behaviors, as well as possible determinants, including

parental knowledge. The questionnaire was answered by 6208 adolescents. We observed that the

greater the degree of knowledge, the lower the frequency of risk behaviors among youth. The

degree of knowledge was inversely associated with children's age, and we observed that being

female was associated with a greater degree of parental knowledge. The study shows that

parents' supervision criteria might be influenced by gender stereotypes, which would have a

harmful effect on young males, as the lower degree of knowledge puts them at higher odds of

risk behaviors.

Jackson, Lois A., Hilary Marentette, and Heather McCleave. 2000. “Teenage Moms Living in Nova

Scotia, Canada: An Exploration of Influences on Their Decision to Become a Mother,”

International quarterly of community health education 20, 20, no. 1: 17–38.

https://doi.org/10.2190/PD2X-FKGQ-A65M-261P.

Currently, there is an extensive North American literature outlining the social, economic, and cultural

background of women who become teen moms. However, relatively little is known about the nature

of the influences on teen women's decisions to become mothers. This qualitative study sought to add

to the literature on teenage motherhood by exploring, from the perspective of the young women, the

social, economic, and cultural influences on their decision to become a mom. The research is based

on 40 semi-structured interviews with teen moms living in Nova Scotia, Canada. The results

underline the fact that there are multiple and complex reasons why some teens decide to become a

mother. In addition, the findings point to the importance of examining the neighborhood and societal-

level forces influencing teens' decisions to become a mother.; Currently, there is an extensive North

American literature outlining the social, economic, & cultural background of women who become

teenage moms. However, relatively little is known about the nature of the influences on teen women's

decisions to become mothers. This qualitative study sought to add to the literature on teenage

motherhood by exploring, from the perspective of the young women, the social, economic, & cultural

influences on their decision to become a mom. The research is based on 40 semistructured interviews

with teen moms living in Nova Scotia, Canada. The results underline the fact that there are multiple

& complex reasons why some teens decide to become a mother. In addition, the findings point to the

importance of examining the neighborhood & societal-level forces influencing teens' decisions to

become a mother. 2 Tables, 36 References.

Ericksen, Irene H., and Stan E. Weed. 2019. “Re-Examining the Evidence for School-Based

Comprehensive Sex Education: A Global Research Review,” Issues in Law & Medicine 34, 34,

no. 2: 161–82.

To evaluate the global research on school-based comprehensive sex education (CSE) by applying

rigorous and meaningful criteria to outcomes of credible studies in order to identify evidence of real

program effectiveness. We examined 120 studies of school-based sex education contained in the

reviews of research sponsored by three authoritative agencies: the United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization, the U.S. federal Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program, and the

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Their reviews screened more than 600 hundred studies

and accepted only those that reached a threshold of adequate scientific rigor. These included 60 U.S.

studies and 43 non-U.S. studies of school-based CSE plus 17 U.S. studies of school-based abstinence

education (AE). We evaluated these studies for evidence of effectiveness using criteria grounded in

the science of prevention research: sustained positive impact (at least 12 months post-program), on a

key protective indicator (abstinence, condom use-especially consistent use, pregnancy, or STDs), for

the main (targeted) teenage population, and without negative/harmful program effects. Worldwide, six

out of 103 school-based CSE studies (U.S. and non-U.S. combined) showed main effects on a key

protective indicator, sustained at least 12 months post-program, excluding programs that also had

negative effects. Sixteen studies found harmful CSE impacts. Looking just at the U.S., of the 60

school-based CSE studies, three found sustained main effects on a key protective indicator (excluding

programs with negative effects) and seven studies found harmful impact. For the 17 AE studies in the

U.S., seven showed sustained protective main effects and one study showed harmful effects. Some of

the strongest, most current school-based CSE studies worldwide show very little evidence of real

program effectiveness. In the U.S., the evidence, though limited, appeared somewhat better for

abstinence education.; Purpose. To evaluate the global research on school-based comprehensive sex

education (CSE) by applying rigorous and meaningful criteria to outcomes of credible studies in

order to identify evidence of real program effectiveness. Methods. We examined 120 studies of

school-based sex education contained in the reviews of research sponsored by three authoritative

agencies: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the U.S. federal Teen

Pregnancy Prevention Program, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Their reviews

screened more than 600 hundred studies and accepted only those that reached a threshold of adequate

scientific rigor. These included 60 U.S. studies and 43 non-U.S. studies of school-based CSE plus 17

U.S. studies of school-based abstinence education (AE). We evaluated these studies for evidence of

effectiveness using criteria grounded in the science of prevention research: sustained positive impact

(at least 12 months post-program), on a key protective indicator (abstinence, condom use- especially

consistent use, pregnancy, or STDs), for the main (targeted) teenage population, and without

negative/harmful program effects. Results. Worldwide, six out of 103 school-based CSE studies (U.S.

and non-U.S. combined) showed main effects on a key protective indicator, sustained at least 12

months post-program, excluding programs that also had negative effects. Sixteen studies found

harmful CSE impacts. Looking just at the U.S., of the 60 school-based CSE studies, three found

sustained main effects on a key protective indicator (excluding programs with negative effects) and

seven studies found harmful impact. For the 17 AE studies in the U.S., seven showed sustained

protective main effects and one study showed harmful effects. Conclusions. Some of the strongest,

most current school-based CSE studies worldwide show very little evidence of real program

effectiveness. In the U.S., the evidence, though limited, appeared somewhat better for abstinence

education.; PURPOSETo evaluate the global research on school-based comprehensive sex education

(CSE) by applying rigorous and meaningful criteria to outcomes of credible studies in order to

identify evidence of real program effectiveness. METHODSWe examined 120 studies of school-

based sex education contained in the reviews of research sponsored by three authoritative agencies:

the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the U.S. federal Teen

Pregnancy Prevention Program, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Their reviews

screened more than 600 hundred studies and accepted only those that reached a threshold of adequate

scientific rigor. These included 60 U.S. studies and 43 non-U.S. studies of school-based CSE plus 17

U.S. studies of school-based abstinence education (AE). We evaluated these studies for evidence of

effectiveness using criteria grounded in the science of prevention research: sustained positive impact

(at least 12 months post-program), on a key protective indicator (abstinence, condom use-especially

consistent use, pregnancy, or STDs), for the main (targeted) teenage population, and without

negative/harmful program effects. RESULTSWorldwide, six out of 103 school-based CSE studies

(U.S. and non-U.S. combined) showed main effects on a key protective indicator, sustained at least 12

months post-program, excluding programs that also had negative effects. Sixteen studies found

harmful CSE impacts. Looking just at the U.S., of the 60 school-based CSE studies, three found

sustained main effects on a key protective indicator (excluding programs with negative effects) and

seven studies found harmful impact. For the 17 AE studies in the U.S., seven showed sustained

protective main effects and one study showed harmful effects. CONCLUSIONSSome of the

strongest, most current school-based CSE studies worldwide show very little evidence of real

program effectiveness. In the U.S., the evidence, though limited, appeared somewhat better for

abstinence education.

Weed, Stan E. 2012. “Sex Education Programs for Schools Still in Question: A Commentary on Meta-

Analysis,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 42, 42, no. 3: 313–15.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.004.

The meta-analysis reported in three "Guide to Community Preventive Services" papers published in

this journal issue target two basic prevention strategies -- comprehensive risk reduction and

abstinence education -- which have the common purpose of lowering adolescent risk behavior.

Following are comments on the impact of heterogeneity on the study's conclusions, as well as

comments on the authors' interpretation of study findings with regard to public health impact of CRR

and abstinence education.

PhD, Weed, Stan E.,. 2012. “Sex Education Programs for Schools Still in Question,” American

Journal of Preventive Medicine 42, 42, no. 3: 313–15.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.00

No abstract

Osorio, Alfonso, Cristina Lopez-Del Burgo, Silvia Carlos, and Jokin de Irala. 2017. “The Sooner, the

Worse? Association between Earlier Age of Sexual Initiation and Worse Adolescent Health

and Well-Being Outcomes,” Frontiers in psychology 8, 8: 1298.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01298.

his cross-sectional study assesses the association between age of sexual initiation during adolescence

and a selection of well-being outcomes regarding that first relationship. High-school adolescents from

El Salvador (2,686) and from Peru (3,399) replied to a paper-pencil questionnaire. Those who were

sexually initiated replied to several questions regarding their age at sexual initiation, condom use,

satisfaction and reasons/circumstances for that sexual relationship. Approximately 19% of

participants were sexually initiated ( n = 1,179). After retaining participants with valid responses and

with sexual initiation ages between 13 and 17, the final sample for this paper consisted of 996

sexually initiated participants (526 Salvadorians and 470 Peruvians). Multiple logistic regression

analyses showed that those who initiated sex at earlier ages had worse outcomes compared to those

who initiated at older ages. Specifically, they had lower odds of having used a condom, of having

good memories of that experience and of having had that first relationship because they were in love.

Conversely, they had higher odds of having had that first sexual relationship as a result of peer

pressure (“Most of my friends already had sex”), because of partner pressure (“I was afraid to lose

him/her,” “My partner told me he/she would leave me” or “I did not know how to say no to a person

who insisted”), or as a consequence of different forms of impaired autonomy (“I was under the

influence of alcohol or drugs” or “As a consequence of seeing sexual images”). Results show that sex

at earlier ages is associated with worse adolescent health and well-being outcomes.; This cross-

sectional study assesses the association between age of sexual initiation during adolescence and a

selection of well-being outcomes regarding that first relationship. High-school adolescents from El

Salvador (2,686) and from Peru (3,399) replied to a paper-pencil questionnaire. Those who were

sexually initiated replied to several questions regarding their age at sexual initiation, condom use,

satisfaction and reasons/circumstances for that sexual relationship. Approximately 19% of

participants were sexually initiated (n = 1,179). After retaining participants with valid responses and