Which of the following are areas in which qualitative research fundamentally differs
from quantitative research?
a. assumptions about the nature of reality
b. the role of the researcher
c. whether data is collected
d. the definition of knowledge
What is the primary focus of qualitative research?
a. culture
b. human contexts
Which of the following explanations is qualitative rather than quantitative?
a. Teachers in Springfield's public school system have experienced perceived
discrimination from a variety of sources.
Which of the following methods is most likely to be part of a qualitative research
study?
a. tests
b. surveys
c. checklists
d. interviews
"Sensitivity" in qualitative research means:
a. taking a subjective stance.
b. listening to what participants have to say.
c. taking account of all of the data available.
d. presenting the world as seen by participants.
Which of the following are major characteristics of qualitative research?
a. descriptive data
b. advance design
c. deductive analysis
d. human as instrument
e. concern for context
Which of the following are aspects of emergent design?
a. planning
b. specifying variables
c. unpredictability
d. flexibility
e. interactions
In qualitative studies, data collection and data analysis tend to depend on each
other.
a. True
b. False
The expression "human as instrument" refers to:
a. the researchers themselves acting as measuring tools.
Which of the following are some of the advantages of qualitative research?
a. detailed information
b. in-depth examination of issues
c. clearly defined variables
d. flexibility
Which of the following research questions could be the focus of a qualitative
research study?
a. How do middle school girls in athletics perform academically compared to girls
not in athletics?
b. How do first-graders behave in a classroom environment with strict rules?
c. What do suburban parents think of the current state of high-stakes standardized
testing?
d. How have administrators of urban schools responded to new teacher training
programs?
e. How do high school students interact in group projects?
A researcher should choose a qualitative research problem in an area in which he or
she is already directly involved.
a. True
b. False
Qualitative researchers select samples that are:
a. representative.
b. random.
c. large.
d. purposive.
In a qualitative study, the sample size is typically determined at the point of data
saturation.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following are variations on purposive sampling used in qualitative
research?
a. comprehensive sampling
b. heterogeneous sampling
c. discrepant case sampling
d. minimum variation sampling
e. unique case sampling
Which of the following are ways in which the types of qualitative research differ?
a. focus or emphasis
b. the role of theories
c. disciplinary roots
d. data-collection techniques
Which of the following are generally involved in arts-based research?
a. using art as a presentation form
b. engaging the audience's empathy
c. using art as a data source
The central purpose of basic qualitative research is to provide:
a. educational data.
b. grounding for theories.
c. descriptive accounts.
A case study was undertaken to examine the experiences of a teacher at a charter
school. What is the unit in this case study?
a. the classroom
b. the teacher
What is the main advantage of a case study?
a. A rich set of information can be gained from it.
Content analysis is a mainly quantitative research method.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following are among the common uses of content analysis?
a. assessing interest in topics
b. describing prevailing practices
c. measuring typical behavior
d. identifying bias in texts
Ethnographic studies use informants rather than participants.
a. True
b. False
How do the "Glaserian" and "Straussian" approaches to grounded theory differ?
a. The Glaserian approach focuses on descriptions.
b. The Straussian approach is more based on contextual factors.
In grounded theory research, which of the following are stages of coding?
a. theoretical
b. diagramming
c. initial
d. focused
What is the difference between external and internal criticism in historical research?
a. Internal criticism tries to evaluate sources.
b. External criticism asks whether a source is unbiased.
c. External criticism asks whether a source is authentic.
Which of the following areas are types of indigenous knowledge that have been
identified?
a. spiritual knowledge
b. empirical knowledge
c. private knowledge
d. traditional knowledge
Which of the following are "lenses" through which narrative analysis may be
approached?
a. empirical lens
b. linguistic lens
c. psychological lens
d. geographical lens
e. biographical lens
What is the basic object of study in phenomenological research?
a. appearances
b. values
c. experiences
Critical research aims to challenge the status quo.
a. True
b. False
The point of qualitative observations is to obtain data that is more:
a. informal.
b. complete.
For which of the following needs is observation most useful?
a. collecting direct information
b. when other data collection methods are insufficient
c. understanding events
Which of the following are drawbacks to gaining information through observations?
a. It provides a limited range of information.
b. The observer's presence can change the situation.
c. It gives no information that cannot be gained by interviewing.
d. Observation data can be difficult to analyze.
e. There is potential for bias.
Which of the following are factors to consider regarding the researcher's role in an
observational study?
a. the specificity of the information that is needed
b. level of involvement
c. who will be analyzing the data
d. amount of time spent in a setting
e. whether participants know they are being observed
In an observation study, a complete participant:
a. interacts with the study group by giving participants information about the
study.
b. participates in a group without informing it that it is under study.
The participant as observer and observer as participant stances differ from each
other primarily in terms of:
a. how aware the participants are of the researcher's presence.
b. how involved the researcher is with the participant group.
Suppose that a researcher carried out observations on kindergarten classes with the
intent of determining whether boys misbehave more than girls. In which of the
following ways would the objectivity of the observations most likely be impacted?
a. observer bias
b. observer expectation
How do the descriptive and reflective components of an observer's field notes differ
from each other?
a. The descriptive part includes as detailed information as possible.
b. The reflective part includes quantitative data.
c. The reflective part only includes observations.
d. The descriptive part is limited to an account of what actually happened.
Which of the following can interviews especially provide?
a. ready participation from participants
b. information that cannot be gleaned from observation
c. insight into the participants' perspectives
d. large amounts of information in a short time
e. information on unanticipated issues
Qualitative interviews are less structured than interviews in quantitative research.
a. True
Which of the following characteristics make for good qualitative interview
questions?
a. non-leading
b. closed ended
c. straightforward
d. unbiased
What kind of context does narrative interviewing aim to gain insight into that other
types of interviewing may not provide?
a. experiential
b. social
A drawback of focus group interviewing is the additional time and cost
involved compared to one-on-one interviewing.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following are true of documents as they would be of interest to
qualitative researchers?
a. researcher generated
b. context dependent
c. personal
d. cultural
Internal criticism seeks to establish the authenticity of a source.
a. True
b. False
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