Gait analysis and biomechanics:
Introduction
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
As athletic trainers and physical therapists, understanding lower extremity biomechanics
and gait analysis is paramount for preventing, treating and rehabilitating athletic injuries.
By carefully observing an athlete’s movement patterns and mechanics, we can gain insight
into potential sources of injury risk or identify compensations from previous issues. This
hands-on assignment will provide practice conducting gait analysis assessments as well
as applying biomechanical principles to develop targeted rehabilitation protocols.
We will review normal versus pathological gait, analyze movement mechanics, and
develop strategies for improving deficiencies through corrective exercises. The goal is to
advance skills in utilizing gait analysis and applying biomechanics to optimize injury
evaluations and clinical decision making. Studying individual athletes’ mechanics will
strengthen abilities to create function-focused rehabilitation programs.
Section 1 – Observational Gait Analysis
Sound observational gait analysis lays the groundwork for biomechanical assessments
and rehab planning. Let’s review key gait phases and parameters to observe:
Demonstration: Have the athlete remove shoes and walk or jog at a self-selected
comfortable pace on a flat, even surface. Observe from the front, back and sides noting any
asymmetries between legs.
Focus on stance versus swing phase timing, foot strike patterns, knee alignment over
second toe, pelvic and trunk posture/motion. Note arm carriage and contralateral arm/leg
coordination. Observe for deficits in sagittal, frontal or transverse plane motion.
Special attention should be given to footwear and surfaces the athlete regularly trains on
which may influence mechanics. Repeat jogging, sprinting, backpedaling, cutting and
sport-specific drills to identify phase-dependent issues.
Return Demonstration: The student correctly observed an athlete’s self-selected jog,
noting a rearfoot strike pattern, slight genu valgus of one leg in midstance, arm carriage
held away from torso, and asymmetric hip hiking on one side. Appropriate variables were
focused on during multiple speeds and planes of motion.
Discussion: Developing a keen eye for normal versus abnormal gait parameters lays the
groundwork for targeted biomechanical screens and rehabilitation. Ongoing practice
refines observational skills.
Section 2 – Three-Dimensional Analysis
Integrating 3D analysis strengthens gait assessments:
Demonstration: Attach retroreflective markers per the Plug-In-Gait model to track lower
extremity joint centers and calculate kinetics/kinematics during walking trials on a motion
capture system with force plates.
Collect multiple trials with the athlete barefoot and shod on different surfaces like turf
versus track to quantify mechanical changes.
Process marker data in post-processing software to visualize 3D joint angles, moments,
powers and center of pressure trajectories through discrete events like initial contact.
Quantitatively identify asymmetries in sagittal, frontal and transverse plane movement,
timing deficits, and kinetic inefficiencies between limbs.
Return Demonstration: The student successfully prepared an athlete and collected walking
trials barefoot and on different surfaces with proper marker placement per the calibrated
model. Discrete gait events were accurately identified and asymmetries in 3D knee and hip
kinematics/kinetics were properly analyzed meeting objectives.
Discussion: Integrating advanced movement analyses provides an objective
biomechanical baseline and targets for rehabilitation. Developing experience with systems
optimizes evaluation of high-risk athletes.
Section 3: Single-Limb Stance Analysis
Subjective clinical ratings correlate with lower extremity control during single limb stances:
Demonstration: Rate frontal plane knee position, trunk and pelvis lateral tilt, and degree of
arm counterbalancing during unilateral stance on both limbs using a 5-point scale
(1=severe deficit, 5=normal).
Emphasize maintaining high hamstring and glute activation assessed manually while
standing with one foot in front of the other maintaining knee flexion. Note asymmetries.
Next, time how long the athlete can maintain single leg balance on each side with eyes
open then closed on a firm and foam surface. Record any loss of form.
Return Demonstration: The student appropriately qualitatively assessed knee valgus,
lateral pelvic tilt and lack of arm counterbalance during single leg stance, noting
asymmetries. Timed balance testing was also correctly conducted with eyes open then
closed on varied surfaces meeting objectives.
Discussion: Clinical ratings provide biomechanical insight into injury risk during unilateral
tasks. Combining qualitative and quantitative balance evaluations refines gait
assessments.
Section 4 – Advanced Frontal Plane Analysis
Frontal plane biomechanics strongly associate with lower extremity injuries:
Demonstration: Quantify dynamic knee valgus during unilateral squats using the modified
Oxford Scale (0-5 points), noting asymmetry. Additionally, collect 3D motion capture
squatting trials.
Process marker data tracking pelvis and knee joint centers to calculate 3D frontal plane
projections angles (FPPA) and timing of peak knee abduction angles during weight
acceptance.
Identify risk factors like delayed vastus medialis oblique (VMO) onset or peroneal
activation delay which may relate to excessive dynamic knee valgus.
Incorporate isometric strength ratios (hip abduction:adduction, knee extension:flexion)
assessing control factors underlying abnormal movement patterns.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately qualified dynamic knee valgus during
squats according to the modified Oxford Scale and correctly processed 3D kinematic
marker data during squatting to objectively quantify peak knee abduction angles and
timing. VMO onset delays were also properly identified meeting objectives.
Discussion: Advanced quantitative biomechanical analyses provide objective injury risk
profiles to guide targeted preventative and rehabilitative exercise selection. Refining
experience with techniques maintains expertise.
Section 5 – Postural Assessment
Postural deviations stress joints and influence muscle imbalances linked to injury:
Demonstration: Photograph an athlete from anterior, posterior and lateral views standing in
their typical posture on level ground in shorts and sports bra.
Evaluate for alignment of ear-shoulder-hip-ankle positioning, thoracic kyphosis/lumbar
lordosis curve integrity, anterior pelvic tilt, medial longitudinal arch height, and leg length
discrepancies.
Assess flexibility through the sit-and-reach test, and measure range of motion for bilateral
ankle dorsiflexion, straight leg raise andThomas test positions to identify mobility deficits.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately assessed postural deviations in
photographs, noting thoracic hyperkyphosis, lumbar hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt
and decreased left ankle dorsiflexion range. Flexibility and special tests were also properly
conducted identifying shortcomings meeting assessment standards.
Discussion: Identifying poor postural tendencies guides rehab corrections through mobility
and stability exercises targeting misalignments shown to elevate injury risk if left
unaddressed. Continued practice refines multipronged postural examinations.
Section 6 – Developing Preventative Exercise Programs
Let’s apply biomechanical principles to design sample prevention programs:
Demonstration: An athlete exhibits excessive knee valgus during squatting and single leg
stance due to weak glute medius and delayed vmo onset.
Design a 4-week lower body program emphasizing side-stepping and clam variations to
strengthen abductors, as well as mini-squats, leg raises and wall sits with a resisted elastic
band around thighs to facilitate vmo firing during closed kinetic chain exercises. Progress
resistance weekly.
Recommend including daily corrective short foot exercises, ankle dorsiflexion stretches,
and activation drills like monster walks with a resistance band above knees to improve
posture and movement patterns prior to training sessions and games.
Return Demonstration: The student accurately developed the sample 4-week lower
extremity prevention program focusing on exercises targeting weaknesses identified
through biomechanical assessments like gluteus medius strengthening, vmo facilitation,
and mobility work to correct underlying static and dynamic postural deficits. Programming
meets objectives.
Discussion: Gaining experience designing evidence-based prevention programs integrating
biomechanical principles builds proficiency in optimally addressing injury risks. Ongoing
practice applies analyses to strengthen injury mitigation capabilities.
Section 7: Rehabilitation Case Study
Students will now use gait and biomechanical assessments to develop targeted
rehabilitation programs for case studies:
Case 1 – A soccer player presents with chronic shin splints. Assess gait and perform a
postural examination. Develop a 4-week rehab program.
Assessment: Gait analysis revealed overpronation and leg length discrepancy. Postural
exam showed excessive femoral anteversion and limited ankle dorsiflexion. A program was
designed emphasizing balance pads, banded resisted walking, mobility drills, and calf/
shin strengthening exercises progressing in difficulty over 4 weeks to target deficiencies.
Case 2 – A basketball player recently returned from an ACL reconstruction. Assess lower
extremity biomechanics during a single leg squat. Outline a 6-week strengthening
progression.
Assessment: Excessive knee valgus and decreased glute activation were observed during
squatting. A 6-week program was devised starting with mini-squats, clamshells and side-
lying abduction using resistance bands before progressing to bodyweight squats and later
plyometrics/agility drills focusing on optimal techniques per observed mechanics.
Discussion: Thank you for the opportunity to practice conducting gait analyses and
biomechanical assessments to identify rehabilitation priorities. Developing skills in
applying evidence allows creating functional, individualized programs to guide safe,
symptom-limited returns following various musculoskeletal injuries. Ongoing case practice
optimizes this process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this assignment strengthened abilities to observe gait, assess lower
extremity biomechanics, and utilize clinical reasoning to address observed deficits through
targeted rehabilitation programming. Integrating gait analysis, movement screens and
functional examinations provides objective baseline data to guide injury preventions
strategies and manage acute and chronic conditions. Ongoing experience refines these
important evaluation and treatment planning skills.
