DSM-5 SUMMARIES 1
DSM-5 Summaries Second Assignment
Maame Afrifa
School of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University
DSM-5 SUMMARIES 2
Substance-related and Addictive Disorders
All of the following information was taken from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th
Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) unless otherwise noted.
Overview
There are approximately ten classes of drugs that are incorporated in the substance-
related and addictive disorders category. These classes include hallucinogens, cannabis, alcohol,
caffeine, inhalants, sedatives, hypnotics, opioids, anxiolytics, tobacco, and other kinds of
substances (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Gambling is also considered to be a
disorder. When an individual takes too much of any kind of drug, this can result in negative
effects towards an individual’s cognitive ability or cause issues to the physical body. All of these
classes of drug can work to trigger a certain part of the brain’s network system. Lack of control
over these substances, can lead to an individual to abuse such things and find a sense of pleasure
or an escape from life (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This category can also be
broken down into two primary subcategories. This entail substance-induced disorders and
substance-use disorders.
Disorders
All substance-related and addictive disorders are categorized by a consequential amount
of impairment and distress (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In alcohol use disorder, an
individual must undergo symptoms of impulses to consume alcohol, drink large amounts of
alcohol, impairment in social or occupational settings, a need to consume alcohol for the purpose
of intoxication in a twelve-month period. In cannabis use disorder, the individual must undergo
symptoms of impairment or distress and consumptions of cannabis in a substantially higher
amount in a twelve-month period. In phencyclidine use disorder, in a twelve-month period,
DSM-5 SUMMARIES 3
individuals must experience as two of the many symptoms to be diagnosed. This includes a large
consumption of this substance or powerful to urges to consume it which causes impairment. The
remaining disorders such as: other hallucinogen use disorder, hallucinogen persisting perception
disorder, inhalant use disorder, opioid use disorder, sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder,
stimulant use disorder, tobacco use disorder, and gambling disorder, all encompass symptoms of
at least impairment and strong compulsions in a twelve-month period. All disorders can be
detrimental to the individual’s health if not treated accordingly.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
In this category, the gambling disorder stands out to me. Not many individuals
understand or comprehend that excessive gambling can be diagnosed as an official disorder. I
believe the gambling disorder can be categorized as a biological disorder. Gambling can
consume families and it is possible that this addiction could attribute to genetic factors. It could
spread from one generation to the next. It can also be attributed to families who experience
alcohol use disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
Overview
Individuals who have experienced highly stressful or traumatic events can develop
trauma and stressor-related disorders. Trauma and stressor-related disorders can integrate
disinhibited social engagement disorder, acute stress disorder, reactive attachment disorder,
posttraumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and other or unspecified trauma and stressor-
related disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These disorders can easily be
attributed to other disorders such as anxiety or depressive disorders. Individuals who are
diagnosed with trauma and stressor related disorders can encompass feelings of distress, anger,
DSM-5 SUMMARIES 4
sadness, anxiousness, restlessness, and feelings of dissociation. On other hand, it is possible for
individuals to be diagnosed within this category without symptoms of fear, anger, or anxiety
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Disorders
All trauma and stressor-related disorders are characterized by traumatic events or neglect
that has accumulated to cause this particular disorder. In reactive attachment disorder, individuals
(children) must have undergone neglect or insufficient care from a caregiver and conveys
minimal social responses. This disorder must occur for more than a twelve-month period and
becomes severe when the child exhibits all symptoms within this disorder (American Psychiatric
Association, 2013). In social engagement disorder, children must at least undergo symptoms of
social neglect, and lack of formation of stable attachments for more than a twelve-month period.
This disorder gets highly severe if the child conveys all of the listed symptoms. In posttraumatic
stress disorder, individuals undergo symptoms of exposure to traumatic situations, and feelings
of social detachment. The symptoms must occur for at least a six-month period after the trauma
has taken place. In acute stress disorder, individuals must undergo a traumatic situation, and
avoidance symptoms. These symptoms must occur at least 3 days to 1 month after the event has
taken place (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In adjustment disorders, feeling of distress
and social or occupational distress must occur for less than six months if it is acute. If the distress
continues for more than a six-month period, then it is persistent. Other trauma and stressor-
related disorders also encompass symptoms of impairment, distress, or neglect in different
durations. Unspecified trauma and stressor-related disorders applies to symptoms that are not
congruent to be considered an official trauma/stressor-related disorder.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
DSM-5 SUMMARIES 5
Posttraumatic stress disorder stands to me among the trauma and stressor-related
disorders. I believe that posttraumatic stress disorder can be conveyed as a social disorder.
Individuals who are exposed to a lower social status, poor environments, unstable caregivers,
grief from loss of loved one, or family dysfunction, are more likely to experience posttraumatic
stress disorders. Genetic, environmental, cultural factors can dictate if an individual is more
likely to experience pre-traumatic, peritraumatic, or posttraumatic factors.
Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders
Overview
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders encompass compulsive, impulsive or
obsessive-like symptoms. Disorders under this category include body dysmorphic disorder,
hoarding disorder, excoriation disorder, trichotillomania, obsessive-compulsive disorder,
substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, obsessive-compulsive
and related disorder due to another medical condition, and other specified or unspecified
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In order
to properly understand the meaning of this category, it is imperative differentiate between
compulsions and obsessions. Compulsions are conveyed as individual who has an inclination act
on a response and for that response to be completed. Obsessions are depicted as consistent or
ongoing unwanted thoughts that can be become impulsive (American Psychiatric Association,
2013).
Disorders
All obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are categorized by symptoms of
impulsiveness or obsession; however, they are also categorized by individual’s insight. If an
individual’s insight is fair, then they recognize that their impulsive beliefs are irrational. On the
DSM-5 SUMMARIES 6
other hand, if an individual’s insight is poor or absent, then they believe their obsessive beliefs
are rational and true (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In obsessive-compulsive
disorder, individuals experience symptoms of obsessive-like behaviors and repetitive urges. In
body dysmorphic disorder, individuals have a fixated obsession with their outer appearance
which causes distress in their social health. In hoarding disorder, individuals are unable to let go
of certain possessions, and can experience feelings of impairment in their social health.
Trichotillomania causes individuals to impulsively pluck out their hairs and leads to impairment.
Excoriation causes individuals to impulsively pick at their own skin, which causes scratches,
bruises, lesions, and impairment. Individuals who experience symptoms of hair pulling,
impulsiveness, skin picking, caused by a medication or substance can be diagnosed with
substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder. Certain medical
conditions or mental disorders can also trigger obsessive-compulsive disorders with symptoms of
hair loss or compulsive-like behavior. Unspecified obsessive-compulsive disorder are not
congruent to be diagnosed as an official obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Risk and Prognostic Factors
The hoarding disorder stands out in the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
category. Psychological and biological factors can categorize the hoarding disorder. Individuals
who have been exposed to traumatic situations and neglect are more likely to attain the hoarding
disorder. Hoarding disorders cause impairment and can prevent individuals from doing normal
daily activities such as sleeping, cleaning, and cooking (American Psychiatric Association,
2013). It is possible for individuals who experience the hoarding disorder to have other close
relatives who practice the same behavior. This disorder can incorporate genetic reasonings.
DSM-5 SUMMARIES 7
References
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders:
DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. ISBN: 9780890425558.
