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MASTERING THE ART OF POLITICAL DIPLOMACY: ANALYZING ABRAHAM
LINCOLN'S NEGOTIATION STRATEGIES IN LINCOLN (2012) FILM AS A
FRAMEWORK FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Student’s Name: Teresa Jasso
ISS 456: Week 7 Film Analysis
Summer 2024
Abstract
When observing the movie «Lincoln» released in 2012, the following are depicted as the
right way of handling conflicts as well as negotiation as well as leadership conduct in relation to
the leadership styles of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. In this light, the study reveals
that through and through, what the analysis of this case discloses is indeed Lincoln’s game in the
domain of the interiority of politics including how he moves from moral, political and a
leadership outside of time to get the Thirteenth Amendment passed. The movie brings out
principles, feelings and character that Lincoln used to go round the logical smack of antagonism
to mobilize for change coalitions. The following are key leadership factors that leaders should
employ in the leadership for them to obtain success in their organizations; Leadership flexibility,
Trust creation in diplomacy and Incorporation of moral leadership in diplomacy. The present
work which is an attempt to outline and explain how Lincoln can be a source of information
about the approaches that can be used to manage organizations in a situation of polarization also
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demonstrates how collaboration can be sought and the best solutions to such conflicts found.
Taking into consideration the whole image of Lincoln created by Spielberg, the audience gets the
impression that he is a realistic character and the main hero of the film is a kind man with clear
vision; nevertheless, the aspects of historical and cultural representation and the dramatic
approach to the telling of the story require critical perception of the movie. The present
consideration of Lincoln as a negotiator is still so use in the present world diplomacy since there
are many issues in the global society that needs an ethical and involving leader. Using historical
knowledge and the present, it points out that the diplomatic approaches introduced by Capri are
still valid today and considers the given approaches to be very promising for diplomatic actions
that are based on compassion, fairness, and toughness. Even in ideological perspectives, it is
possible to reinvent and, therefore, to control these aspects in the aim of improving measures
relative to the social questions. Most of actions of Lincoln prove in the behavioral and
organizational life that only efficient and ethical management is feasible in the contemporary
world and apply the theory as a tool for evaluating some segments of authorities and
negotiations’ strategies within societies with split populace.
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Introduction
The Intersection of Leadership and Diplomacy
1.1 Abraham Lincoln and the movie on Lincoln released in the year 2012
The presidential administration of Abraham Lincoln is one of the most important in the
history of America During the time in office the USA experienced the war, the abolition of
slavery, and the preservation of the Union. He had some of the traits of a person who manages a
mammoth sized task with obvious purpose and commitment. Two of such themes, which have
been depicted in a movie are visible in the historical drama; Lincoln (2012) by Steven Spielberg,
whose plot is based on the last four months of the life of Abraham Lincoln and his efforts to pass
the Thirteenth Amendment. Spielberg depict Lincoln as a political master, honest man and
skillful negotiator; though, the leadership aspect of the movie is very much rich and complex.
Rasul and Raney (2021) argue that such portrayals help in connecting the literatures on historical
leadership relations and the public knowledge domain. Film present historical reality and some
aspects of technology and power, primarily a dilemma of Lincoln between the self and the others
and multiple and multiple cell interests. These features confirm his ability to be the historical
character and the example of the inefficient leader Work (2024). Therefore, it is appropriate to
place the story of Lincoln in the context of the Civil War to improve the subsequent appreciation
of his diplomacy and administrative skills.
Abraham Lincoln was a man of the street, who became a lawyer, a politician, and a
leader who did not bargain and did not surrender to any pressure. As a man who has grown from
a humble background, he had a perfect understanding of the social stratification in the society
and he applied it while making policies. The aspects are represented by this film, as the sheer
political potential of a man who could only pour his compassion into his people. This is in
agreement with Ardhi’s (2023) analysis of Lincoln’s Rhetorical strategies where he used logos
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alongside pathos. The film also depicts that through his interpersonal skills of interacting with
anybody irrespective of his or her class status he solidified his power during the main bargaining
sessions. We thus follow the argument by Alvehus and Crevani (2022) that leadership is a
relational construct, which involves both the individual and the role. Not only did Spielberg
represent them, but he also offers means to consider why such features are relevant nowadays for
solving leadership issues.
1.2 What is Political Diplomacy in Historical and Modern Perspective?
Political diplomacy as a concept has always been understood as the management of
relations with other sovereign states in order to achieve some political or social end. The
discipline that emerged during the Renaissance period evolved with the new globalization and
International Relations institutions in the modern world. In the time of Lincoln, political
diplomacy meant dealing with polarization, and indeed a nation at war with itself. Here, what is
presented is Lincoln as the politico-diplomatic diplomat in power and principles especially in his
negotiations on the Thirteenth Amendment. A Work (2024) has pointed out that Lincoln’s
leadership is best understood as valuable in this context as the latter offers a model of how to
address these frequently contradictory forces in governance. Nesbitt (2021) says such an
approach enabled him to equate basic moral grounds with practical means of getting consent
from the other party. Political diplomacy is also the multilateral negotiations and discourses, the
digital communication, and the cultural cooperation. Lincoln may not have employed the most
appropriate campaign strategies today, but the ideas behind the campaign were appropriate;
change and understanding the enemy, and the importance of relations. According to Ardhi
(2023), Lincoln has done the rhetoric analysis for the present political actors on polarization.
Similarly, Nesbitt (2021) argues that learning leadership from films is a convenient method of
comprehending those processes. Based on the actions of Lincoln, it is possible to find out some
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guidelines on how diplomacy can be applied to the search for the common good in the case when
the main values of two countries are diametrically opposed.
1.3 Thesis: The study of Lincoln’s negotiation strategies as a framework
Therefore, from the analysis of the present paper Lincoln tremendous has depicted how
conflict solving can effectively be used in the today’s issues of diplomacy and has shown the
following attractive negotiation approaches. Due to his ability of incorporating moral lessons
with the most effective approaches, he was well positioned to be a leader ready to mediate at the
time when rifts had been well defined. In this regard, this thesis bears testimony to Rasul and
Raney’s classification of biographical films as one mechanism of making sense of the political in
2021. Spielberg provides Lincoln’s negotiation skills as if its history of the president but at the
same time it is the sum total of the practicality of handling knowledge for managers. From the
Thirteenth Amendment along with other examples, the movie highlights that Lincoln was a
member of the executive branch but he was a partisan broker and performed rhetoric and ethical
appeals on opponents. Given the current state of affairs, such strategies are relevant as the role of
leadership paradigms is underlined, drawing on historical experience. Leadership and diplomacy
cannot be disentangled because leadership is required to guide the negotiations and set the path
of how conflicts of interest between overlapping values meet common goals. The levels and
forms of leadership are described by Alvehus and Crevani (2022) as involving ongoing micro-
processes of reacting to the situational context. This sounds exactly like Lincoln who could
present the vision of the nation while at the same time catering for certain special interests.
1.4 Methodology: Analysis of Theoretical Framework and Film
The study begins by discussing the major concepts in negotiation and then does a
theoretical analysis of the movie, Lincoln released in 2012. This in its turn allows to consider
Lincoln’s strategies in context and as depicted on the screen more thoroughly and systematically.
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In light of the realism liberalism and constructivism as theories of negotiation, this paper places
Lincoln’s actions within the framework of political philosophies. Work (2024) shows how the
attempt to operationalize theoretical constructs in practice expands the leadership literature.
Similarly, cinematic view offers a perspective to make sense of history as a social construct with
regards to actors, a topic discussed by Rasul and Raney (2021). In particular, when it comes to
Lincoln’s leadership, the movie is a good source of patterns and strategies of negotiation which
are depicted as having historical background wrapped in a form of a movie. In a related context,
Ardhi (2023) argue that, since films are cultural products, they enhance some types of leadership
to be appropriate to the culture of the time. In the following chapter, these portrayals are
evaluated as to their value in education as well as their shortcomings as history. Thus, the use of
these outlooks ensures the introduction into the employment of aspects of Lincoln’s diplomacy
and the ability to learn from the period by the leadership of the present day. It reveals the
academic justification and the instrumental knowing and demonstrates that Lincoln’s model of
political trading is pertinent given today.
Foundations of Political Diplomacy: Theory Meets Practice
2.1 Basic Principles of Political Negotiation
To this end, this paper seeks to briefly laid down the relationship between realism,
liberalism and constructivism in the political negotiation process. The realism view of power
relations persons and nations holds that most of the negotiations’ objectives aim at acquiring
advantage over rivals. This approach has roots in the Treaty of Westphalia, or in the Cold War
diplomacy, as pointed out by Filonenko (2021). Realists have the perception that negotiation
involves using power, meaning using ones economic, military and or political strength to
dominate the other party, and most of the time tend to focus on the practical aspect of the matter
rather than the ethical. However, liberalism is based on the cooperation and mutual benefit it is
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very much focused on the IGO, norms, and values. In the view of this paper, diplomacy is most
productive when both parties are ready to come to terms and commit themselves to the common
course of action, and to trust each other, Ospanbayeva and Oralymbetova (2024). According to
Constructivist theory, which gives much importance to ideas, culture, and identity in shaping
diplomacy, the processes of negotiation are quite perceptive in nature. These three principles, as
has been seen, can very often overlap in real-life situation, which makes available for diplomats
a versatile set of approaches to the solution of different problems. It is possible that such an
interconnection between the theories may depict the trends shaping the present day international
relations and which need to be dynamic. Rather, scholars posit that what Huntington
characterized as realism’s “tendential impulse” towards material capability is not only consistent
with what he identified as liberal offshoots for a stable multilateral order, but is in fact a
precondition for their emergence. Constructivism’s focus on the part played by common values
is sometimes useful in closing these divides and offering specific guidance.
Realism depict conflict as an inherent feature of the system given the absence of a central
authority in the international system; liberalism on the other hand provides a counter view of
cooperation. Realists argue that threat making can prevail over negotiation since threat makers
define the structure of the game because they control the environment. Filonenko (2021) also
notes that the issue of non-state actor and transnational problems, in which realism has no means
of action and is replaced by cooperation. Constructivism extends the analysis a bit by
considering how social referents enter into the negotiation process. For instance, Ego (2021)
portrays the cultural and gender sensitivity in the mediation process because, constructionist
define mediators’ factors as subjective. In a nut shell, the three theories depict a delicate power,
cooperation and identity balance in the process of political negotiation. It is also valid that
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negotiators may apply strategy from all three levels even if there are some changes at the
environmental and goal levels. Using these ideas to a certain extent is quite typical for practical
diplomacy, given the fact that many factors that need to be regulated or controlled, and the fact
that combining these ideas would only make them more efficient. Hence, the theories are not
therefore developed in isolation or individually but they are part of a number of approaches that
are developed sequentially with the advancement of the global needs.
Realism, liberalism, and constructivism makes it easier to understand the dynamics of the
political negotiation process since the three theories coexist. Realism of power holds the key to
explaining the strategic thinking of the post realist approach while liberalism promise long term
stability of cooperation. In contrast, the Constructivism by placing emphasis on the Human
Factor, provides an understanding of the part played by historical and cultural stories in the
development of diplomacy. Nga (2022) also recognizes that power, trust, and identity may be
combined since the parties attempt to use all the three to some extent to gain leverage, to build
confidence in their counterparts and to avoid misunderstanding respectively. This is especially
the case in the present day conflict management where negotiators integrate the most apparent
concerns and the more complex systemic goals. For diplomats to be able to manage the political
negotiation thinking of conflict, these two principles must be integrated. Real world diplomacy
demands these two approaches as a combination because no theory fully responds to the
challenges. Binh (2024) says although there is a call for new theoretical paradigms in the current
negotiation research, these theories are related and remain important sources for developing
modern approaches to negotiations.
2.2 Moral Persuasion and Ethical Reasoning Used in diplomacy
Ethical standards have to be invoked in politics and diplomacy and hence moral
persuasion is always relevant. These approach lays focus on appealing to value and ethic in a bid
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to compel compliance than to use force or offering incentives. Therefore, Filonenko (2021) noted
that moral reasoning has been the cornerstone of diplomacy from the promotion of the Thirteenth
Amendment by Abraham Lincoln. Another example from Lincoln explaining ethical arguments
is that he stated that as slavery is wrong it should be abolished. This approach implies an attempt
at applying principles when engaging in negotiations and at the same time avoiding a complex
attempt at ensuring that the outlined moral positions are meaningfully translated into set targets
within a given negotiation engagement as understood by the intended target group. As pointed
out by Filonenko (2021) Politics of ethics appeals is helpful in divided societies because ethics
help in bringing together the divided society. It is argued that it becomes relatively simple for
negotiators to promote their own self-interested ethical stances and expect that such positions
will be seen as fair. Collin et al. (2022) say ethical reasoning however has to be understood in
terms of concrete steps which are in harmony with the principles of diplomacy. Substance that
forms a good moral framing almost always creates a foundation of which people start to come
together as one and this is a unity which involves all the stakeholders regardless of the interest
they may have.
On the one hand, moral persuasion increases legitimacy and trust; on the other hand, it
has implementation problems. That is why often ethical reasoning struggles with real politic in
which the participants are inclined to follow the interests of their country. In this regard, Al-
Buainain (2023) and points out that diplomacy involves an ethical approach to the representation
of personal agendas in order to address disputes. The analysis of leadership during the Civil War
with reference to Lincoln also produces this picture. The moral argument was used by the
president along with other such concessions as were considered expedient for the purpose of
securing the political backing. According to Ego (2021), cultural and social factors should be
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considered in ethical decision making since the unethical perception of something might vary
significantly between two societies. Moral persuasion still has the potential of being a useful way
of generating the necessary willingness to collaborate and of overcoming the conflict of interest.
The combination of these principles allows not only working with these agreements to be
acceptable but also feasible. These dynamics best portray the central tension of the theory of
moral diplomacy; between the puritanical and the paltry.
2.3 Flexibility in Strategy in Conflict Management and Resolution.
The other element that supports the contest strategies is the strategic agility which means
that the negotiators are able to adapt to the circumstances of the environment. This concept is an
extension of the concept of firming but still, it is flexible enough to guarantee that the strategies
are compatible with dynamics. According to the author of the Filonenko (2021) position paper,
flexibility is most relevant where other approaches fail, particularly in enduring conflicts. For
instance, Lincoln modified the way he operated during the Civil War to fit the circumstances of
the political-military realities. Alas, his was basic, though a good example of the concept of long
term planning in the middle of short term problems. Nga (2022) notes that flexibility also enables
the negotiators to develop the capacity to recover from a setback as well as enhancing the
chances of identifying new opportunities. The concept of flexibility also means the possibility of
the change in the experience of the previous negotiations and enhancement of measures of future
interaction. It is much easier to negotiate change than to attempt to work change within the
structure which often becomes very relaxed.
In view of the principles of strategic flexibility it is necessary to note that a great deal of
information on the conflict, which can be studied, has to be accumulated, including the causes of
the conflict and its possible solutions. As pointed out by Binh (2024), flexibility has the ground
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of its tolerance to different information and that is why it leads to the development in different
problems. An example of this is the Thirteenth Amendment negotiations where Lincoln was in a
position that he had to make right things and do political things. Al-Buainain (2023) described
strategic flexibility as the capability to manage competing claims within the context of the
strategic objectives to which current activities should be aligned with. In so doing, one is in a
better position to manage conflict since they come to realize that there are better means of
managing conflict than using force in order to get results that one wants. This flexibility also
applies to the long-term strategy which is an important factor for enhancing the future relations
so as to eliminate future conflict of interest. That is why strategic flexibility is one of the ways
that negotiators can ensure not only the first success but also the following agreements.
2.4 Diplomacy when the Society is Polarized
In a society which is divided into two extremes diplomacy aims at addressing division
and ensuring that the divided groups engage in a dialogue. This process includes, identification
of stakeholders, participation, power relationship, conflict management and integration.
Filonenko (2021) pointed out that this challenge can also be learnt from Lincoln during the Civil
war, that is, the problem of rallying a divided nation and a conflict that raises both ethical and
political issues of slavery. His call for people to talk and come to an understanding is another
good example of when it is important to encourage conversation even when the circumstances
are provocative. Ego (2021) has also noted that in such cases diplomats have to acknowledge the
opponent’s narrative, social status and concentrate on the issues essential for both sides.
Involving all the voices in diplomacy enhances the possibility of which leads to policies being
endorsed by a large number of people and other stakeholders. Diplomatic activities in societies
that are polarized include activities which are based on trust and confidence, and are essential in
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societies that have experienced past wrong doing. In this kind of situations, leadership has to be
both strong as well as tender.
The relevance of Lincoln‘s approaches is even more striking than in the Civil War period,
the key insights from which are relevant to the warfare of the 21st century in states and societies.
These prospects have been employed in such contexts as post-apartheid South Africa as well as
present efforts towards peace building in the Middle East. As Al-Buainain (2023) points out,
diplomacy in divided societies is a “stability-first” diplomacy and yet, at the same time, is
experimenting with how to effectively address deep-seated structural inequities. It is thus
possible to state that Lincoln has effectively addressed those tensions and that is why the
leadership approaches he employed are valid to this day. With ethical approaches of reasoning
and strategic management of flexibility, diplomats are in a place to bring about the reconciliation
of the divisions in order to foster sustainable community. By such measures the principles of
diplomacy still hold sway over the society that is now polarized in the middle. Work (2024) state
that these lessons offer an illustration of one of the important principles at play; diplomacy is a
form of power and that power can be used for healing, even in those that are broken. It is
important to have a large number of people involved in the negotiation process to ensure that
there is trust and stability is then created.
Negotiation Challenges in Lincoln’s Context
3.1 The Emancipation Proclamation- A Policy Negotiation Case Analysis
The Emancipation Proclamation is one of the most famous and at the same time one of
the most complex in terms of analysis of the management decision made by Abraham Lincoln.
Issued in 1863 the proclamation gave freedom to all slaves in the Confederate states; as a step
towards emancipation it was also a warfare strategy to weaken the Confederate States of
America. According to Pearcy (2024), the arguments made by Lincoln that attributed
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emancipation to military advantage helped him to dodge waves of criticism from border state
leaders who were against radical changes. Berridge (2022) says this topic shows how the leaders
should always seek to ensure the feasibility of change management policies while still
emphasizing on ethics. The proclamation outlined the goals of the Union; nonetheless, the Civil
War was rebranded to be a crusade that would be appealing to the citizens of the United States,
as well as other members of the global community (Gregory, 2024). Globally, it made sure that
European powers did not give real support to the Confederacy because the Union branded
slavery as a common practice that was against the civilized human freedom loving society
(Berridge, 2022). These two effects are a clear testimony to diplomacy and strategic policy
making Lincoln adopted during this politically turbulent period.
Assuming the immense significance of the Emancipation Proclamation, it was criticized
both for the lack of scope, which did not include the enslaved people in the Union States. Despite
this not occurring, an important strategy raised questions of the degree of Lincoln’s commitment
to abolition, showing how many a leader straddles the line between the practical and the ideal.
Schiavo (2023) points out that this criticism highlighted a general problem of working for
significant change in a complex and chaotic environment of political and military actions. With
regard to the Confederate states, it emerges that Lincoln addresses fundamental war goals instead
of the overall abolition. However, the proclamation led to other legislation that was to follow and
indeed the Thirteen Amendment by setting the pace for the federal antislavery policy (Khan,
2021). It is issued after the military victory of Union at the Battle of Antietam and thus shows
how Lincoln was able to gain politically from military victories (Pearcy, 2024). Therefore,
Lincoln moved through the maze of issues that emerged from which he demonstrated an ideal
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model of leadership which incorporated virtuous conduct together with tactical actions that
changed the nation.
3.2 Moral Mondays and Political Maneuvers
Lincoln’s presidency as a moral-dilemma presidency emerged in its full sense during the
civil war as a challenge of how a fundamentally ethical presidency resolves the more strategic
aspects of the Civil War. His advocacy of the abolition of slavery was on the right ethical ground
but the manner in which he went about it had all the elements of politics. As noted by Berridge
(2022), Lincoln’s leadership correctly poses the concern of how moral principles can be included
as policy without alienating the electorate. A good example of this is the Emancipation
Proclamation which Lincoln presented as a military strategy that enjoys a lot of backing. Thus,
he made sure that the groups which could have received the message of the proclamation purely
as moral would accept the message (Gregory, 2024). This strategic framing relates to the logic of
ethical ambition with political possibility as the leadership frame required by situations of
increased polarization and volatility.
Hence the “split” in his positional language was not only visible in policy discourse but
in his relationships with the stakeholders. Also, it proved that he could accommodate multiple
perspectives and opinions in his leadership data from the abolitionist leaders who at times made
demands that were not on his policy schedule (Khan, 2021). At the same time, he was also very
practical and became a president who always did more to preserve the Union. Teong (2024)
suggests that this enabled Lincoln to go round two critics during his presidency; radical
abolitionists and the conservative unionist in order to balance the power that is so crucial in any
administration. It is also important that Lincoln can work with various claims and interests and
does not change his priorities for this- this is another principle of leadership. It illustrates
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discourses of how moral considerations can be used in the decision-making process although
permissive political conditions enable those decisions to be implemented and effective.
3.3 Ways to Overcome Opposition in the House of Representatives
Lincoln had a major challenge in getting the Thirteenth Amendment across the finish line
because there was much resistance from the legislature to end slavery for and on forever.
Ironically, the future of the amendment was at stake during its debate in the House of
Representatives due to a strong opposition by the democrats on social and economic reasons.
Using insider, moral persuasion, political deal making and or Temase’s he employed different
strategies of persuasion to get the required votes (Lincoln, 2023). These mirror approaches are a
combination of the above because change making in the face of well entrenched negative forces
requires multiple approaches. In Schiavo (2023), the author notes that the most significant aspect
of the effort was that Lincoln himself sought individual appointments with and demonstrated
interest in the legislators’ parochial problems and interests. Measures such as providing political
offices and other inducements may not be appreciated or taken, yet reflected a strong push
towards the amendment. In this case, he employed ethos to lay down objectives and to motivate
the populace on the other hand he employed logos to address issues and negotiate.
This is evident in the fight for the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment of the
constitution as a leader, Lincoln was not only stubborn but also willing to work around the
political barriers in order to get things done. He also liked this amendment and attempted to do a
lot of work on it even when he encountered some challenges, changes in the environment of this
House. According to Berridge (2022), such matters were not problematic for Lincoln because his
diplomacy revolved around these factors. His relationship with key factors such as Thaddeus
Stevens, other Republicans, and together we saw a coordinated effort to pass the amendment
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(Khan, 2021). In the same regard, the efforts that Lincoln used to disapprove of slavery
influenced the public opinion and in the process; this put pressure on the lawmakers. Another
research based illustration of the multiple roles of leadership in the process of implementing
these systems change initiatives is the dual role of internal and external negotiation and
advocacy. Not only did the Thirteenth Amendment abolish slavery but it also abolished the hope
or the chance of leadership and the possibility of creating a society where two very different
races could coexist.
3.4 Managing Divided Interests- Lincoln’s Method on Compromise between Cleavages
The case of Lincoln as the leader during the civil war is a good example of the element of
conflicting interest in leadership of a nation. His abilities in seeking out other people and their
opinions were most important for rallying the Union and implementing its politics. As noted by
Gregory (2024), Lincoln was a master of the art of decision making that embraced democratic
inclusion and compromise, which shielded him from the dyed-in-the-wool politics that
characterized his time as president. This was notably seen in relations with moderate
Republicans and conservative Democrats who were important for the implementation of
necessary steps. In this case, Lincoln understood that in order to achieve competing objectives in
the context of an important policy change, policy implementers and decision makers have to take
affirmative action in addressing the concerns of the stakeholders so long as the overall objectives
are not being threatened (Schiavo, 2023). The things he done at leadership level imply that
diplomacy and negotiation are essential methods of attaining a circumstance where people with
different beliefs and values come together and engage in a single activity.
Divided interest management also posed authority relations or power play and
competition to Lincoln this was where he had to balance. The ability to bend under the pressure
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from the puritanical abolitionists and the slave-state planners is an excellent example of this
(Korostelina, 2024). Teong (2024) noted that Lincoln understood the cultural and political divide
within the Union and thus the manner he dealt with conflicts. This he did to mobilize these
various groups with the aim of achieving one common objective; the preservation of the nation
and the fight against slavery. This inclusiveness apart from advancing his policies helped him
politically by giving him a vantage view of a leader who could represent the whole nation.
According to Berridge (2022), providing an understanding of the modern polarization, this paper
valued the ability of Lincoln to step beyond the existing paradigms to reveal value. It is indicated
that during his presidency, people will also realize that, effective negotiations and the vision of
the people entails the inclusion of all ethnic groups within the nation including during calamities.
Davies (2023) says his approach is a process of how to handle conflict in the state, particularly in
divided societies where dialogue and consensus making is central to change making in the
society.
Cinematic Representation of Leadership Strategies
4.1 Realism Dimension of Spielberg’s Vision of the Managerial Characteristics of Lincoln.
The Spielberg’s film Lincoln (2012) gives an insight into leadership in general and more
specifically the leadership of Abraham Lincoln touching on realism of leadership undertakings
and interpersonal relations. In contrast to fantasy setting in the movie “Harry Potter and Lord of
the Ring” the story of “Lincoln” is historically accurate and revolve around the actual historical
event in which Lincoln worked to pass the Thirteenth Amendment in the course of Civil War.
Similar to Constantinou et al. (2021), they also note that the portrayal of the diplomatic
leadership workplace in diplomacy-casted narratives gives the viewer a better understanding of
leadership as a situated performative practice. Even while portraying Lincoln as going through
all these decision making processes, Spielberg depicts how this president attempted to weigh the
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moral and the practical aspects of an issue. This approach is similar to the work done by Gutenev
Sergunin in their reflective study of leadership and negotiations, In-Tune Moral Intuition and
Strategic Analysis Options of 2022. This is a portrayal of a leader who emphasizes on
negotiations and the practical aspect of leadership in order to balance a nation. The following
depiction support the historical narrative of his presidency as illustrated below.
The movie cannot be rejected by the fact of genuine processes concerning the legislature
and the portrayal of the interaction between Lincoln and the cabinet. Since the movie is quite
believable, Spielberg does not cliche the color and does not use vulgar language with the main
hero, which helps the audience to see not only the leader, but also the man who was able to lead
people. As Adler-Nissen and Eggeling (2022) mentioned realism creates the human
understanding of political stories and hence alters direction, complexity and decision making of
leaders. Therefore, the movie presents moral dilemmas that Lincoln faced at the same time as it
tells the motion picture version of the presidential checkers game. What it fails to do is
overemphasize the political leadership in a way that would have made the portrayal of such as
drama seem too much obvious such as the portrayal of politics like a warfare which is a common
thing in most drama shows. This inoculates diplomacy as a process that cannot be done at once
and especially as highlighted by Garlick and Qin (2024). Apart from adding reality to portrayal
of Lincoln’s leadership, whilst delivering the movie, Spielberg gives the audience clear rules as
to how to govern and bargain.
4.2 Social Influence Through Rhetoric and Symbolism
The identification of leadership within the feature movie; Lincoln, and metaphorical and
discursive appeals in the picture is the primary focus. The speeches of Lincoln are depicted in a
way that he was intending to address certain audience to unite the divided nation, which proves
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Lincoln’s talent to do so. Constantinou et al. (2021) has also pointed out the use of rhetoric in
diplomacy because it will assist leaders in winning the nation and mobilizing people to support
the course that the leaders have in mind. In the film, Lincoln’s words often serve dual purposes
that it is at once appeals to the ethical perception of his readers and at the same time gets into the
details of policy. Although speaking in support of the Thirteenth Amendment, the speech does
this with ethical appeals, which are, at the same time, carriers of the rhetoric of strategies. The
above depiction is in agreement with Adler-Nissen and Eggeling (2022) who state that clarity
and flexibility define the communication of leadership. In a rather weak reflection of the
qualities of a good leader, the movie puts emphasis on Lincoln’s argumentative skill as its main
asset.
Symbolism is also learned as another tool that enlarges the process of heroic
interpretation of the film and reveals other meanings that are behind the leadership of Lincoln.
These visual and narrative tools that Spielberg uses have a purpose of stressing Lincoln’s
function as a reconciler, thus, the traditionally Christian symbols of light and darkness are not
only used to illustrate his struggle. In their article, Garlick and Qin (2024), propose that symbols
enhance the delivery of a leader’s message when narrating a story because symbols carry more
emotional meaning. Imagery in Lincoln is used to depict the effects of the Thirteenth
Amendment and sets the legislative chamber in the middle of the struggle for justice. The major
movie also has other historical props such as the Lincoln stove, his hat or even the standing
posture to make him look like a hero. These are, apparently, quite secondary elements that we
can, nevertheless, argue contribute to the film telling the story of Lincoln as both a man and a
statesman. Thus, there is a desire to step back and look at the system of signs used by the
director, and a desire to explore how the rhetoric and symbolism presented in the case of Lincoln
20
interconnect, and what lessons in leadership can be draw from all of this beyond regards to the
historical biography of President Lincoln.
4.3 Emotional Intelligence and Interaction in Negotiation Episodes
The movie depicted and appreciated one of the most important aspects of the bargaining
power which is people’s interaction. From his interactions with politicians, members of the
cabinet and common individuals, one gets to see how he/she can savvy through political
dilemmas. As noted by Constantinou et al. (2021), that is, the competencies of diplomacy cannot
work effectively without EI that enables one to connect with others emotionally. In this aspect,
Spielberg is portraying this trait in Lincoln where through certain scenes Lincoln bends over
backwards in order to listen to people to understand how to appeal to them. For example, private
letters which he wrote to the members of congress who had some reasons to be not in support of
the amendment but still he made sure that he conveyed the message that rank and file wanted the
Thirteenth Amendment. This leads to the idea that Hedling and Bremberg (2021) share regarding
the fact that personal relations can become a means of implementing diplomatic approaches. This
is the reason that Lincoln is a good leader because he is an empathetic leader, Elegant character
that makes him to build strong coalition across polarized demography.
The film also explains other facets of the emotional Intelligence of Lincoln in aspects of
anger management. It is particularly visible in scenes of action that occurs during the critical
stages of the negotiations when Lincoln remains an absolute leader and does not give in to the
pressure from the opponents. In a more fine-grained study of freedom, Adler-Nissen and
Eggeling (2022) shift focus to the part that emotion regulation plays in leadership, focusing on
the management of confidence. This is a negotiation on interpersonal transactions where Lincoln
has used fairness authority that fits the interpersonal interdependence view of negotiation. His
21
recounting of events in his life when he is trying to smooth out a conflict or when he is backing a
point he has made also reveals his social graces. These moments capture Lincoln and bring
leadership principles in to the present generation. The post-racialism/context of feeling as well as
the portrayal of leadership in the movie based on the emotional intelligence, Spielberg comes in
to remind everyone that the profession is vital in diplomacy/governance.
4.4 Four Deficiencies of the Film from the Point of View of the Historian’s Task
Nevertheless, Lincoln has shortcomings that make it unsuitable for purely historical
works, first, it can concentrate on the selected features of the shooting; second, it has a tendency
towards staging. The movie rightly concentrates on the last few months of the life of the
president particularly the efforts made in the passing of Thirteenth Amendment. While it allows
a research to examine some events to the extent, it deny a research other facets of leadership of
Lincoln and the overall plot of the Civil War. In the words of Constantinou, Papadimitriou, and
Schatz (2021), one can note that such outlines of history can be misleading about all the history
since history is chosen and some events are chosen over others. This means that through
concentrating on the specific instance of congressional accomplishment of the act of abolishing
slavery, the film is in a very good position to present a temporal diminishment of Lincoln’s
presidency. This selective approach is in line with problems of historical authenticity and film
making as mentioned by Garlick and Qin (2024). Hence, the film as much as it imitates the
leadership of Lincoln should be embraced as an additional source of information.
The enhancement of the events by dramatization is a problem in the work as a history
source. Through the dialogue, pacing, and the way the characters engage Spielberg’s film feels
more like it was made out of emotion rather than history. Hedling and Bremberg (2021) have
noted that when artists show diplomacy and leadership the result is a portrayal of events that
22
were transformed by the decision of the director. However, in Lincoln, identification of personal
and drama is welcomed but may lead to the fabrication of the facts in political negotiations. For
instance, the depiction of the two houses of parliament may exaggerate the dimensions of the
conflict or omits some aspects which may be emotional to the audience. All those techniques that
are often used in journalism to tell stories produce some distortions in the image of the historical
processes. Adler-Nissen and Eggeling (2022) in their discussion of such representations argue
that such representations have to be asked questions for the influence they have on history
especially in filmmaking. On this, the audience is in a position to accept Lincoln as good story
telling and an opportunity to begin a study of leadership in history.
Framework for Modern Conflict Resolution
5.1 Suitability of Lincoln’s Negotiation Styles to the Diplomatic Field
The positive negotiation approach which Lincoln adopted especially through integrating
the aspect of ethical reasoning when bargaining with other practical considerations’ does provide
realistic lessons for current diplomacy. His strategies were based on, forming coalitions with
other stakeholders; a tool that is well suited in the context of the current multilateral negotiations.
Coalition formation is highlighted by Bartlett et al. (2021) in leadership and points out that in
any leadership, the clash of interest is inevitable however valid is the emphasis on the collective
goals. The Thirteenth Amendment could not reflect how Lincoln accomplished the incredible
task of obtaining support from both the abolitionist and the southern democrats in order to pass
the amendment because of the ideological differences they had. These traits are very important in
international relations since cultures, politics and economies all over the world differ. Biehl and
Satama (2023) opine that such strategies are beneficial in global governance and that Lincoln’s
approach of seeking shared identity for consensus making can work for managing contemporary
23
international conflict. The way in which he can present a general outlook in the same way as to
combine everyone’s interests can be seen as a best practice exemplar for global negotiators.
The application can be in any setting and at any period because Lincoln’s techniques can
be adopted in any organization. This welds ethical reasoning with tactical adaptability for the job
requirements that characterizes modern diplomacy and, therefore, His focus on ethical reasoning,
coupled with tactical flexibility, corresponds to the demands of the contemporary diplomatic
practice. Shim (2021) maintain that having moral to political wisdom, leaders can be in a better
position to manage and negotiate international politics of power. For instance, in the use of
rhetoric, getting your opponent to see the situation in a way that promotes conflict resolution
while touching on values that everyone can agree with is not only applicable in diplomacy today.
In order for modern negotiators to learn from example they can focus themselves in maintaining
human honorability when tackling global challenges such as climate change, migration, and
international security. According to Gopinath and Deshmukh (2023), the former postulates that
leaders who are well informed about the history of their organization are more likely to win
cooperation and sustainable agreements. The nature of his leadership does not only stress
flexibility as one of the vital principles to embrace nowadays, thus Lincoln’s tactics in
negotiations are an inspiring source for diplomacy now.
5.2 Application of Lessons to Modern Challenges
It is for this reason that Lincoln’s negotiation strategies have a basis for fixing
contemporary challenges most especially in multilateral negotiations, which are inevitably
characterized by complexity and diversification. Subjugation of short-run political necessities to
a grand, transformative vision is especially demonstrated in the passage of the Thirteenth
Amendment. Igwe et al., (2021), posit that existential leadership that is based on moral
24
leadership and political wisdom is essential in managing current complex multilateral systems.
The text of the Paris Climate Agreement involves achieving a delicate policy balance of interests
of individual nations and the global environment. Using Lincoln’s method of appealing to ethical
ratio, while at the same time recognizing the existence of detailed stakes makes his study helpful
when it comes to creating consensus in such high leverage negotiations. When it comes to
negotiation and power sharing, Multilateral institutions are most successful when leaders use
techniques that embrace and allow flexibility, but this research paper justifies that in relation to
Lincoln’s legacy it is still very relevant in contemporary society as pointed by Baloch and
Yousaf (2024)
Looking at examples from peacebuilding programs, one also observes on how Lincoln
employed some of the strategies toward change. Much as the Civil War threatened the
dissolution of the United States, multilateral negotiations in post conflict societies require means
to cross divides, skills that Lincoln mastered. Bartlett et al. (2021) identify the Lincoln
similarities with modern nation state reconstruction initiatives, including the South African
Reconciliation Project. Thus, moral persuasion and arguing in a strategic manner are outcomes
that will create trust and stability in those situations. Lincoln’s emphasis on conversation and
especially an effort to understand the parties is very valuable for negotiators operating in
environments which are highly polarized. According to Buelvas-Baldiris and Rubira-García
(2023), ethical reasoning into negotiation practices improves the legitimacy and sustainability of
the practices incorporated in Lincoln’s precedent. Therefore, learning from his strategies, the
contemporary leaders can identify how to embrace efficiency and inclusiveness in strategies that
deal with agreements that relate to asymmetrical needs, both current and potential.
25
5.3 Building Relationship and Cooperation in Distrustful Settings
Peacemaking in conflicted situations involves, the champion being able to nurture
relationship and share common goals and interest as Lincoln proved in this case. This is one of
the main reasons why he was able to mobilize a divided nation, owing to his prowess at
recognizing and warming up to the other side. Biehl and Satama (2023) underscore the centrality
of trust to an extent that it identifies as the key determinant of negotiation bargaining power more
so in a conflict-filled environment characterized by past abuses and political ideologies. Given
present day identifying situation, Lincoln’s forgivingness style that is comprehensible and
persistent provides important leadership direction. For example, it is clear in the Thirteenth
Amendment debates that Lincoln engaged in personal appeals when speaking with legislators,
but that he never lost sight of the legislative processes taking place around him. Shim (2021)
observes that such kinds of engagement strengthen the argument of the need to work towards the
establishment of sustainable relationships since it increases credibility. Recent conflict solving
endeavors ranging from diplomatic diplomacy to corporate arbitration could also tap into advice
by Lincoln on the necessity of trust as a foundation of genuine cooperation.
5.4 Ethical Considerations in Negotiation- Balancing Power Dynamics
Ethical issues exist in the middle of negotiations and demand power duality from leaders
without compromising impartiality. Biehl and Satama (2023) assert that asserts that ethical
leadership in conflict situation, as demonstrated by Lincoln is highly relevant when handling the
rigorous moral and political dimensions of abolition. According to Gopinath and Deshmukh
(2023), ethical reasoning increases the perceived legitimacy of leaders, as followers perceive
leaders’ decision to be fair. In modern diplomacy, this principle is specifically relevant whenever
there are disparities of power between one nation or group and another. For example, when
26
discussing trade relations or climate change, there is a preponderance of power disparity meaning
that power enhanced by economic and political might should employ effective approaches
towards arguing fairly. According to Baloch and Yousaf (2024), it is only those leaders who
consider ethical aspects of negotiation as being more effective for creation of trust and fruition of
long term cooperation. This vision of Lincoln bargaining the moral leadership expresses itself on
the hope of the ability for change the status of power by the restoration and providing
opportunities in the worst social situations.
Broader Implications for Political Leadership
6.1 Leadership Lessons from Lincoln (2012) for Today’s Policy Makers
Understanding the nature of leadership, dimensions and styles, one can trace different
lessons from the analysis of the character of Abraham Lincoln in the film Lincoln (2012) that
will be important for today’s policymakers, particularly flexibility, the feelings displays, and
visionary ideas. Another one has to take into account the usual dilemma of the right and the
feasible, which is the conflict that a contemporary leader cannot help but encounter. In Work
(2024) the author notes that Lincoln during the Civil War gives an example of the moral values
that one has to follow as well as the realism of having counter political forces. This balance is
however depicted in the film in his fight to pass the Thirteenth Amendment which he made sure
to do by exerting pressure, bargaining and stubbornness. According to Nesbitt (2021), these
representations can help explain that they can encourage current leaders to adopt a total system
approach to leadership. It also brings out the fact that leadership is not only about vision but also
about being able to rally people with whom we meet in similar projects and activities.
The second big lesson that is learned at Lincoln’s is that social sensitivity is a crucial part
of business savvy in the current environment. Gaining insight into the type of empathy, the film
portrays that Lincoln could understand and therefore, address the legislators as well as the
27
advisors. Alvehus and Crevani (2022) note that more and more scholars are understanding
leadership as an affective accomplishment, and learning about how one and others feel. Of this
nature, such competencies are especially useful in environments where one has to work in
contexts of polarized relations and deal with stakeholders who are in the low power position.
Rasul and Raney (2021 therefore argue that through such institutions like Lincoln, people are
thus able to get a model which makes it easier to switch between historical and gains-analyzing
approach to leadership. Holding this, the image of Lincoln, a man who is able to be a great
general and a kind president, which is depicted in the motion picture, is an excellent example for
contemporary policy makers who have to address and solve a great number of various issues of
the society. Emphasizing the role of leadership experience these lessons are devoted to the
contemporary relevance of Lincoln’s strategy applied in different political systems.
6.2 Cooperation between Soft Power and Moral Authority in Diplomacy
The other thing that was learnt from Lincoln is how diplomacy encompasses soft power
and moral suasion. Through the example of the movie it is possible to prove that Lincoln used
moral power to gain confidence and legitimacy both in the country and outside the country. Nga
(2022) capture the roles of soft power and specifically the cultural and ethical authority in the
global politics. It demonstrates how he is able to articulate the vision, which will have appealed
to future viewers and the entire globe this supports the importance of ethical leadership which
should form part of diplomacy. Ardhi (2023) discusses the linguistic aspect of the movie to show
the way Lincoln employed language to get the society to agree to change through moral
persuasion. Because it is relevant to the current managers who want to solve the current
problems that are climate change, people’s rights, income inequality among others.
28
The ways that an implementer can apply soft power in developing the diplomacy also
have to consider multiculturalism as the approach. Alvehus and Crevani (2022) critically discuss
the movie as reflecting Lincoln’s longing for the resolution of political conflicts, as well as the
need for dialogue. Alvehus and Crevani (2022) argue that when the leadership of soft power is
inclusive, it orders knowledge about the world better than when it is not. This principle is evident
in the contemporary diplomacy especially in the multilateral negotiating process since the
success of such negotiations depends with the extent to which the national interest of the
negotiators can be justified on the basis of global governance. As noted by Rasul and Raney
(2021), such film as the Lincoln may be examined in the regard to these principles to let people
all over the world know, how ethical leader-shipping fosters strategic diplomacy. According to
Collin et al. (2022), it shows that if leadership is a way of asserting traditional right along with
attraction, the Lincoln’s leadership presents the how on contemporary IR problems and why
morality and participation matter in governing the world.
6.3 impacts on Historical personalities’ perception in Political Education
The analysis of the movie Lincoln allows for both masking or shaping the social
perception of the actual political learning processes associated with the character of Lincoln.
According to this analysis of the movie with concern to the topic of Lincoln and leadership, this
paper has had a chance to present that through the portrayal of the characters especially Lincoln,
highlighting on the tenacity and moral character of Lincoln, and through the us Percival Justice
League acts themselves, Spielberg provides a worth understanding aspect of Lincoln’s
leadership. According to Nesbitt (2021), biopics should be considered to be informative in their
nature and occupying the space between academic and entertainment. In this respect the
construction of a historical and composite view of the Lincoln’s presidency and especially of his
29
efforts to pass the Thirteenth Amendment can be seen as one of the strengths of the film. In the
study by Rasul and Raney (2021), such portrayals assist in identifying the conception that the
audience has towards the historical people and thus, the perception that most people have when
analyzing these political characters. It is evident that Lincoln and other historical biopics do
make people remember some facts in history and transform dull historical facts into entertaining
narratives. The approach proves useful not only in humanizing the history characters but also in
directing the viewer’s attention to comparing leaders of the bygone eras with leaders of the
present. Ego (2023) assert that they are helpful in teaching because they can function as cultural
documents, a reflection of the society that produces and supports such films, and presenting the
major concerns and values of such society.
In this regards, the educative value of movies like Lincoln, does not only lie in the change
of certain attitudes but in the introduction to works that make the society asked questions about
what it means to lead, to be lead. The attention to the moral and, primarily, strategic aspects of
Lincoln’s personality in the film corresponds to the current discussions about which kind of
personality is appropriate for the contemporary leader. In the same breath, Ardhi (2023) posited
that films always come with such aspect of ethical motives of leadership and thus are a likely to
lure the viewer with a view of what it is to be politically correct. These films should come in
handy in the teaching and learning process in that it will encourage students to undertake a allied
analysis of the different leaders we have seen in the past and those in the present. Ogbanga and
Bukie (2024) state that the portrayal of the whole face of the character of Lincoln as a political
leader in this film helps in enhancing the course of political education and identifying the
leadership critically. This is because cinema can testify in the advocacy function of cinema apart
from the educative role which cinema plays in relation to political, historical and cultural
30
relations. They also encourage the audience to think how this kind of leadership stories is
narrated to provide a space for evaluating this sterile type. These films describe decision making
in staking, which is more suitable for creating a rational and purposeful identity of each carrier
and expertise over a lifetime. Binh (20240 says the audience receives information about the
political leadership and receives more information about the processes.
6.4 Four Lessons by Changes in Political Diplomacy
The present discussion needs consideration for the creation of proper ethical and strategic
forms of political diplomacy in the context of transformational leadership of Lincoln. From this
film, one can also see how Lincoln was able to deal with different political players with the
general goals in mind. In Work (2024), the author captures how the presidency of Lincoln is in
support of adaptive leadership and how ethical reasoning is used in leadership. This is politics,
political diplomacy where it is often expected that the leaders will be expected to read the game
while keeping the key pique. Gopinath and Deshmukh (2023) assert that erasing some features of
his personality, and concentrating mainly on Lincoln’s flexibility and the drive, the film provides
the audience with a tool for observing the evolution of the diplomatic process from the historical
wars to the modern international relations. By portraying Lincoln as a leader, the spectators get
to realize that diplomacy involves a number of cyclical steps in which goals and processes are
not permanent in the different stages of the middle processes. Also, it reflects the need and
importance of context that is based on the country and its specific political and social
environment in which strategies have to consider in their leadership. It has been illustrated in
these lessons that diplomatic practice involves both the historical and prospective ways of
addressing conflict.
31
Modern diplomacy has incorporated such features and values that were embodied by the
speech of Lincoln, which has been highlighted that on the negotiations, non-sectarianism and
ethical foundation of the company. Also, Nga (2022) notes that, today’s conflict resolution
methods may contain these objectives because leaders attempt to search for solutions to global
challenges with collaboration and on moral grounds. The general concept of Leadership and
diplomacy seen in a film is the ability of uniting two or more communities of people to bring
them together for a common purpose like what Lincoln did. Alvehus and Crevani (2022) state
that historical elements in the current diplomacy practice can be used to address the current
challenges of diplomacy. It also presents many ethical questions and analysis of critical aspects
of leadership and policy making of Lincoln; this can be quite helpful to the audience to form
their perception of future governance as an ethic of leadership and a diplomacy strategy. This
reflection queries the continued pertinence of the history in the present international politics and
stresses the need for the further political diplomatic measures regarding the legacy of Lincoln
(Buelvas-Baldiris & Rubira-García, 2023). The narrative also teaches people and fosters
conversation about which is more important for political change which is for one person, or for
several people. Shim (2021) says such reflections suggest several possibilities about how leaders
might better harness history to make sense of the world and manage the future. The audience are
able to learn that political diplomacy is an amazing process that has been developed over time to
include ethics, strategies and history.
Conclusion
Legacy of Lincoln’s Diplomacy
The presentation of the Lincoln’s leadership in Lincoln (2012) expounds core facets on
ethical leadership, negotiation and conflict management. The Lincoln example is testament to
defining the eternal relevance of diplomacy in its essence as the art of understanding a divided
32
political and social element, while doing what is right whilst getting things done, proactively
with an aim to achieve. Those elements were balanced successfully and, alongside with the
abolition of slavery, he saved the Union and steered the destiny of the country. In Work (2024)
Lincoln’s leadership proposes a guideline to apply to current issue especially in the organizations
characterized with ideological divide and conflicting stakeholders’ agendas. Nesbitt (2021) says
it reveals how watching movies like Spielberg’s Lincoln offers a lot of lessons on what it takes to
lead and to bargain. The aspects of moral persuasion, feelings, and negotiations make the picture
as applicable to the modern political life as to the history analysis. In detail, Nesbitt (2021)
expands on the epistemic function of such depictions where they map historiography onto the
present to create awareness of the multilayered nature of political executive power. Adler-Nissen
and Eggeling (2022) suggest that the use of narrative and historical analysis in this paper also
provide a form of support to the proposition made here that it is possible to extend the
application of approaches used by Lincoln to solve current problems in the world today.
As such the knowledge that the film offers though not without its problems of historical
interpretation challenges us to engage with films and history critically. The precondition of the
selective concern and the dramatization elements inherent in such portrayals has to be
compensated by historical research. According to Nga (2022), political diplomacy emerges as a
combination of the past lessons and through innovations in political diplomacy. Placing ethical
leadership center stage, Lincoln’s leadership more so demonstrates that even in the most divided
societies system changes are possible through trust building. His diplomacy gives not just the
model how deals and presidents should interact in their relations, but also how to inspire people,
who works at state and lead the countries in the present days. Hedling and Bremberg (2021) says
such legacy brings memories of history in the progressive growth of the political diplomacy by
33
capturing the core foundational values of justice, equity and cooperation in the continuous
growth of political diplomacy.
34
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