The Unparalleled Peace Revolution of Contemporary
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
Era Remarkably, an examination of the past 200 years reveals not just the
industrialisation of conflict but also a significant movement towards a peace system
and the cultivation of a culture of peace, representing a genuine revolution. Since the
inception of citizen-based organisations aimed at abolishing war in the early 19th
century, around 28 discernible trends have emerged, contributing to the evolution of a
global peace system. These in clude: the emergence for the first time of international
courts (starting with the International Court of Justice in 1899); of international
parliamentary institu tions to control war (the League in 1919 and the UN in 1946);
the invention of international peacekeeping forces under the auspices of the UN (Blue
Helmets) and other international organizations such as the African Union, deployed in
dozens of conflicts around the globe for over 50 years; the invention of non violent
struggle as a substitute for war, beginning with Gandhi, carried on by King, perfected
in the struggles to overthrow the East European Communist Empire, Marcos in the
Philippines, and Mubarak in Egypt and elsewhere (even used successfully against the
Nazis); the invention of new techniques of conflict resolution known as non-
adversarial bargaining, mutual gains bargaining, or win-win; the development of
peace research and peace education including the rapid spread of peace research
institutions and projects and peace education in hundreds of colleges and universities
around the world; the peace conference movement, e.g., the Wisconsin Institute
annual Student Conference, annual Fall Conference, the Peace and Justice Studies
Association annual conference, the International Peace Research Association biennial
conference, Pugwash annual peace conference, and many others.
Alongside these advancements, there exists a substantial corpus of peace literature—
comprising hundreds of books, journals, and thousands of articles—along with the
proliferation of democracy (it is a well-established fact that democracies generally
refrain from engaging in conflict with one another); the emergence of extensive areas
characterised by stable peace, particularly in Scandinavia, the U.S./Canada/Mexico,
South America, and now Western Europe—where future warfare is either
inconceivable or exceedingly improbable; and the reduction of racism, the dissolution
of apartheid regimes, and the cessation of political colonialism. We are, indeed,
observing the demise of an empire. Empire is becoming an impossibility due to
asymmetric warfare, nonviolent opposition, and exorbitant costs that financially
incapacitate the imperial power.
