Disorders of the Veins and Arteries

Introduction

Vasculardiseaseincludesanydisease,includingperipheralarteriesdisease,whichimpactsyour

circulatorysystem.Itvariesfromarteryvenalandlymphaticdiseasestocirculationdisorders.

Thrombosis of the deep vein may present a serious health threat. Clot fragments will break up

and move into the lung through the bloodstream. This is known as pulmonary embolism and can

soon be fatal. The blood flow of deep veins in the veins can also be blocked, allowing the blood

to pool. This can cause the leg called post-thrombolic syndrome to swell, discomfort and

permanence.

Pathophysiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency

The disturbance of valve competence in the low-pressure venous system causes inadequate

venous re-entering, reflooding, and distention (Weiss, Izaguirre Anaribe, Lanza, & Lessnau,

2016) is slowly developing venous insufficiency (VIC). The valvular inadequacy of circulatory

stasis, hypoxia of the tissue, blood pressure or varicose veins induces the CVI. A person can

develop venous dissolution over time and the risk factors are knee traffic, long standing or

wearing constricting clothing by decreasing the pumping of calf muscles (Huether and McCance

2017).

Sometimes CIV patients complain that they have a lower end of the neck, a heavy leg or

restless legs (Weisse, Izaguirre Anaribe, Lanza and Lessnau, 2013). They also have leg

exhaustion, heaviness and restless legs. CVI diagnostics covers the history of medicine, society,

and the family; D-Dimer serum blood tests; Duplex ultrasound testing; magnetic resonance

venography; and physical exam; edema, hyperpigmentation; ulceration; or venous dermaitis.

CVI therapy eliminates symptoms and corrects the abnormality if possible.

Pathophysiology of Deep Vein Thrombosis

There should be no misunderstanding between arterial thrombus or blood clot in the

artery and DVT. An atherosclerosis plaque artery thrombus can cause a stroke (Huether &

McCance, 2017).

A surrogate for the accumulation of fibrin, red blood cells, platelets, and thrombin

stimulates thromboid production through immune response activation (Huether & McCance

2017). A correlation A triad of factors promoting venous thrombosis is commonly referred to as

the triad Virchow in the production of a DVT. The virkhow triad included: "(1) venous static

(e.g. age, immobility, congestive heart failure), (2) venous (e.g. trauma, intravenous medicines)

and (3) hyper-cangular (e.g. genetic, malignant, pregnant, dental, or hormone replacement

therapy) conditions" (Huether, & McCance, 2017, p599).

Asymptomatic or reported sensitivity or calf pain will be present in patients with DVT

(Huether, & McCance 2017). Patient history and physical exam, D-dimer, blood coagulation and

Doppler ultrasound are given evidence of DVT diagnosis (Huether & McCance, 2012).

Epidemiology

The prevalence of CVI and DVT among females is higher. Increasing risk factors for both CVI

and DVT can be linked to obstetric or gynecological conditions in women (Huether, &

McCance, 2017). Women have different systems of reproduction than men and often cross knee

legs, or wear constraining clothing, which raises the CVI risk (Huether & McCance, 2012).

Education should be given to women in the use of hormone replacement contraception and in

measures to reduce risks for varicose veins, like CVI and DVT exercise, ingesting nutritious

foods, wearing comfortable fitting clothes, using padding and not crossing the legs.

Conclusions

The prevalence of both deep venous thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency must

be understood by experienced clinicians, and how these conditions impact on their patients.

Mind Map

Pathophysiology:

Increased venous

pressure and valve

failure.

Congenital weak vein

walls or absence of

venous valves.

Diminished pumping

action of calf muscles or

Diagnosis:

D-dimer serum blood test

Duplex ultrasonography

Patient history and physical

exam,



Clinical Presentation (in lower

extremities):

Edema

Redness/

hyperpigmentation of

skin on LE

Aching, burning,

cramping sensations

CVI

Risk Factors:

Wearing constricting

garments

Female gender

pregnancy

Crossing legs at the knees

Prolonged standing

Heavy lifting

Epidemiology:

Incompetence of the

circulatory stasis veins,

tissue hypoxia, venous

high blood pressure or

varicose veins

Treatment - Prevention



Pathophysiology:

Accumulation of clotting

factors

Impaired venous return

Clot formation

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017).

Venous thromboembolism (blood clots). Retrieved

from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dvt/index.html

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017).Understanding pathophysiology(6th ed.). St. Louis,

MO: Mosby.

Pathophysiology:

Accumulation of clotting

factors

Impaired venous return

Clot formation

Clinical Presentation:

Redness

Pain / Tenderness along

distribution of vein

(calf/thigh)

Asymmetrical swelling

Diagnosis:

D-dimer, coagulation

blood tests

Doppler ultrasonography

Patient history and

physical exam,

DVT

Epidemiology:

100,000 die yearly

Inherited abnormalities

of clotting cascade

Risk Factors:

Spinal cord injury

Obstetric/Gynecologic

conditions

Obesity

Immobility

Drugs/medications

Treatment - Prevention:

Resolution without

treatment

Ambulation/exercise

Compression stockings/

SCDs

Patel, K., &Chung, L. J., & Chang, J. S. (2016). Deep venous thrombosis. Medscape. Retrieved

fromhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview#showall

Vascular Disease foundation. (n.d.). Chronic venous insufficiency. Retrieved

fromhttp://www.vasculardisease.org/flyers/chronic-venous-insufficiency-flyer.pdf

Weiss, R., & Izaguirre Anaribe, D. (2016). Venous Insufficiency. Medscape. Retrieved from

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1085412-overview

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