Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis

Concept and Etiology:MultipleSclerosisisacomplexmultifactorial

diseaseinvolvinggeneticandenvironmentalfactorsaffectingthe

autoreactiveimmuneresponsethatledtodamageofmyelin(Deckx,

2013).Theendocrinedisturbancesinfluencethecourseofthe

disease,sincebothglucocorticoidsandsexhormoneshaveprofound

effectsontheimmuneresponsealso,endocrinefunctioninMS

includehyperactivityofcorticotrophin-releasinghormone(CRH)

endocrinefunctioninMSincludehyperactivityofcorticotrophin-

releasinghormone(CRH)-producingneurons,dysregulationofthe

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axisandalteredbasalor

stimulatedcortisolconcentrations(Huitinga,2001).

How does it deviate from the definition of health?MSisavery

serioushealthproblemitdeviatesfromhavinganormalhealthy

lifestyle.Thoughthefunctionswithinthebodyarestillcreating

signalsasanormalhealthypersonitstargetingareasofthebodythat

arecausingpainandunbalancesexlifeaswell.

Classification:Currently,multiplesclerosisphenotypicclassifications

includerelapsing-remittingmultiplesclerosisaclinicallyisolated

syndrome(Sand,2015).MSlesionswerealsoclassifiedas(p)reactive

(absenceofdemyelination,activatedmicroglialcellsandperivascular

leukocyteaccumulation,hypertrophicastrocytesorchronicinactive

demyelinated(Huitinga,2001).

Clinical Manifestations: (Symptoms and Signs)

Thesymptomsareslurredspeech,fatigue,dizziness,problemswith

sexual,bowelandbladderfunction.Thesignsarenumbnessor

weaknessinoneormorelimbs,electricshocksensationsthatoccur

withcertainneckmovements,Tremor,unsteadygaitandpartialor

completelossofvision(Mayoclinic,n.d).

Diagnostic Test:

ThepreformedtestthataredonetodetermineMSarebloodtestto

helpruleputotherdiseaseswithsymptomssimilartoMS,andto

checkforspecificbiomarkersassociatedwithMS.Spinaltap(lumbar

puncture)unwhichasmallsampleofcerebrospinalfluidisremoved

fromyourspinalcanal.MRIwhichrevealsareasofMS(lesions)on

thebrainandspinalcord.Also,evokedpotentialtestswhichrecord

theelectricalsignalsproducedbyyournervoussysteminresponse

tostimuli(Mayoclinic,n.d).

Deckx,N.,&Lee,W.P.,Berneman,Z.N.,Cools,N.(2013).

NeuroendocrineImmunoregulationinMultipleSclerosis.Clinical

DevelopmentalImmunology.https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/705232

Huitinga,I.,&DeGroot,C.,VanderValk,P.,Kamphorst,W.,Tilders,

F.,Swaab,D.(2001).HypothalamicLesionsinMultipleSclerosis.

JournalofNeuropathology&ExperimentalNeurology,60(12),1208-

1218.https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/60.12.1208





Sand,I.K.(2015).Classification,Diagnosis,andDifferentialDiagnosis

ofMultipleSclerosis.PubMed.gov,28(3).193-

205.https://doi.org10.1097/WCO.0000000000000206

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