Concept and Etiology: Rosacea is a condition that affects the skin and sometimes the eyes. It can
cause blushing of flushing of the face. Papules of the face like acne or dry and flaky skin. This is a
deviation from the module of health in the first module as this blushing is irregular and the acne
and other face swelling can cause pain. It is also a chronic condition so it will stick around and flare
up can be caused by external factors.
Classification: " The National Rosacea Society (NRS) in the USA has classified rosacea into four
subtypes (erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatids, and ocular) and one variant (lupoid
or granulomatous rosacea). " (pubmed.gov, 2021)
Clinical Manifestations:
Blushing, prominent blood vessels in face, dry and flaky skin, sensitive skin, enlarged nose with
pores, firm swelling,
Diagnostic Tests: There are no real specific tests for Rosacea. It is diagnosed by an examination and
medical history. Sometime a skin biopsy would be done
Concept and Etiology: According to the Mayo Clinic (2020), “Hives (urticaria) are red, itchy welts
that result from a skin reaction. The welts vary in size and appear and fade repeatedly as the
reaction runs its course. The condition is considered chronic hives if the welts appear for more than
six weeks and recur frequently over months or years. Often, the cause of chronic hives is not clear”
(Mayo Clinic, 2020). They deviate from the definition of health because the body is having an
immune reaction to something that causes it to become uncomfortable and therefore the body is
no longer maintaining homeostasis.
Classification: the classification of urticaria subgroups is mainly based on clinical criteria: acute and
chronic urticaria (CU). Chronic urticaria comprises both chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and
chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) that includes physical and non-physical urticarias (Radonjic-
Hoesli, Hoffmeier, Missalette, Schmid-Grendel Meier, Bircher, & Simon, 2018).
Clinical Manifestations: The most common signs and symptoms of urticaria include red welts on the
skin, intense itching all over the body, and swelling that can be painful. The signs and symptoms of
urticaria can last for months or longer. Often there are certain stimulators that make each person’s
urticaria worse (heat, cold, etc.).
Diagnostic Tests: the main way to diagnose urticaria is to be examined by your doctor. They can
visibly see the rash on the body. They will also ask further questions to narrow down the
aggravating factors. There could possibly be bloodwork, biopsies or other skin testing involved as
well.
How does the disease affect the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems in particular? c I choose
Gout, after repeated flare-ups, gout can become severe and persistent and may lead to joint
deformity. Over time, joint motion becomes progressively restricted by damage caused by deposits
of uric acid crystals in the joints and tendons. (Goldman L,2020)
Classification: The new classification criteria include clinical (pattern of joint/bursa involvement,
characteristics, and time course of symptomatic episodes), laboratory (serum urate, MSU-negative
synovial fluid aspirate), and imaging (double-contour sign on ultrasound or urate on dual-energy CT,
radiographic gout (Goldman L,2020)
Clinical Manifestations:
Intense joint pain. Gout usually affects the big toe, but it can occur in any joint, Lingering
discomfort. After the most severe pain subsides, some joint discomfort may last from a few days to
a few weeks, Inflammation, and redness., Limited range of motion (Goldman L,2020)
Symptoms of gout
the joint feeling hot and very tender, to the point of being unable to bear anything touching it.
swelling in and around the affected joint.
red, shiny skin over the affected joint.
peeling, itchy, and flaky skin as the swelling goes down.
Diagnostic Tests:
A blood test can check the level of uric acid in your blood. A high level of uric acid could mean you
have gout. When you have gout, its recommended to check your uric acid level, they should stay
below 6.0 mg/dl. (Goldman L,2020)
Joint fluid test, it is a needle to draw fluid from your affected joint. Urate crystals may be visible
when the fluid is examined under a microscope.
X-ray imaging. Joint X-rays can be helpful to rule out other causes of joint inflammation.
Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to detect urate crystals in joints or in tophi. Dual-energy
computerized tomography (DECT). This test combines X-ray images taken from many different
angles to visualize urate crystals in joints.
In your initial post, discuss the following questions about your chosen disorder:
Concept and Etiology: How does the disease affect the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems
in particular? How does it deviate from the definition of health discussed in Module One?
Changes in joint tissue can cause sections of the joint to break down over time. This is not due to
normal joint wear and tear. Some variables may increase your risk of contracting the condition,
such as: aging, obesity, injury, overuse, malformation, or genetics (Nancy Garrick, 2017).
Classification: How is the disease classified?
OA has three phases. Initial proteolytic degradation of cartilage matrix. Metalloproteinases
(example, collagenase, Strome lysin) are metalloproteinases that degrade the cartilage matrix.
In stage 2, the cartilage surface fibrillates and erodes, releasing proteoglycan and collagen
fragments into the synovial fluid.
Stage 3 causes a persistent inflammatory reaction in the synovium. Synovial macrophages produce
metalloproteinases and cytokines like IL-1 and TNF-alpha. In cartilage, metalloproteinases can either
directly damage tissue or induce chondrocytes to create more (“Progression of Osteoarthritis:
Stages of Osteoarthritis, Subsets of Primary Osteoarthritis, Radiologic Classification of
Osteoarthritis,” 2019).
Clinical Manifestations (Symptoms and Signs): What are the symptoms and signs of the disease or
disorder? Be sure you understand the difference between symptoms (subjective) and signs
(objective).
OA presents with pain, stiffness, and tenderness in affected joints. Loss of flexibility, grating
sensation, bone spurs, and swelling (Mayo Clinic, 2018a).
Diagnostic Tests: What are some additional diagnostic tests that can be done to illuminate the
diagnosis? For example, when you injure your ankle, they take an x-ray to determine if it is broken
or sprained.
Diagnostics include history of patient, physical examination, X-rays, and MRI. Treatment strategies
may include physical therapy, weight management, ambulatory aids, orthopaedic devices,
pharmacologic agents, and surgery (Story, 2018).
Mayo Clinic. (2018a). Osteoarthritis - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351925
Nancy Garrick, D. D. (2017, April 7). Osteoarthritis. National Institute of Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoarthritis#tab-
causes
Progression of Osteoarthritis: Stages of Osteoarthritis, Subsets of Primary Osteoarthritis, Radiologic
Classification of Osteoarthritis. (2019). Medicine.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1930582-overview
Story, L. (2018). Pathophysiology: a practical approach (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Goldman L, et al., eds. Crystal deposition diseases. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Elsevier;
2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 23, 2020.
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/rosacea
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22183098/
Chronic hives - Symptoms and causes. (2020, June 9). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved December 2, 2021,
from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/symptoms-causes/syc-
20352719Radonjic-Hoesli, S., Hoffmeier, K. S., Missalette, S., Schmid-
Grendel Meier, P., Bircher, A., & Simon, D. (2018). Urticaria and Angioedema: An Update on
Classification and Pathogenesis. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 54(1), 88–101.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8628-1
