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Test Study Guide
Introduction to Christian Thought (D) (Liberty
University)
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Test Study Guide
Varied interpretations of sin includes expression of animal nature, anxiety of
finiteness, existential estrangement, economic struggle, ignorance/naïveté,
denial of the idea of sin
Sin as the expression of an animal nature believes sin is traced to
the natural impulses of humans that survive from an earlier stage
Sin as the expression of human's anxiety of finiteness believes temptation is
the desire to go beyond that which is proper and possible, caught in the
paradoxical situation of freedom finitude
Sin as existential estrangement believes the human race is not at one point
unfallen and at another point fallen, we are estranged by our own choices
What is estrangement? The state of not being what one essentially is and
ought to be Sin as economic struggle believes sin is not defined as primarily
religious impurity, but as social, political and economic oppression
Sin through the lens of economic struggle is seen as the denial of
humanity of the neighbor through unjust political and economic
arrangements
Sin as the result of ignorance believes as one is more fully educated they
realize the acceptable nature of various forms of being
The denial of the idea of sin believes the teaching of sin can be
psychologically unhealthy, some psychological studies have concluded
that humans are not sinful, understanding oneself as sinful is learned
What are the theological models of human sinfulness? Pelagianism,
Arminianism and Calvinism
What do pelagianists believe? God's law could be kept perfectly by an
exercise of our free will, diminished understanding of grace and lesser view of
human sinfulness
What do Arminianists believe? Humans have a corrupt nature from
Adam but prevenient grace is extended to all people to neutralize this
What is prevenient grace? Grace God extends to all men to neutralize
Adamic corruption What do Calvinists believe? Humans are totally depraved,
there is no biblical basis for prevenient grace, man is unable to respond to God
without God Himself enlightening that person
What is the summary of the origin of sin? 1. Adam and Eve were real historical
people
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2. Satan and other angels fell before the fall of humanity
3. Satan and other angels fell in the absence of temptation
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4. Satan tempted Adam and Eve through the vehicle of a snake and they
succumbed to it
5. The historical fall of Adam and Eve has consequences on all of their children
(including us)
Why are we sinful?
What is original sin? The sinful state and condition in which every human
being is born What is actual sin? The sins of act, word or thought that
human being commit
What are the 4 interpretations of Romans 5? Adam was a bad
example- Pelagius Adam gives us a corrupt nature- James Arminius
We sinned "in" Adam-
Augustine Adam sinned for
all of us- Calvin
What is federal headship? The view that Adam sinned as our representative,
held by John Calvin, like a representative casting his vote for citizens
What does the term ignorance (in sin) mean? Shagah (Heb) Ginosko (Gre),
used when a person commits a sin in ignorance, sometimes ignorance is due to
a person's hardness of heart
What does the term error (in sin) mean? Ta'ah (Heb) Planao (Gre) to go
astray, make mistakes, appears in both testaments that various errors were
indicated as sin, some errors in innocence while other knew better
What does the term inattention (in sin) mean? Parakouo (Gre) to hear
incorrectly, refuse to listen, either a failure to listen to what God is saying or a
failure to heed what was spoken What are terms that emphasize the character
of sin? missing the mark, irreligion,
transgression, iniquity, rebellion, treachery, perversion, abomination
What does missing the mark mean? Chata (Heb) Hamartano (Gre) not
merely a failure, but a decision to fail, the offender is blameworthy
What does irreligion mean? Asebeo (Gre) describes the failure to
measure up to the standing of righteousness
What does transgression mean? Abar (Heb) to cross over, to pass by God's
commands What does iniquity mean? Awal (Heb) lack of integrity,
deviation from the correct course What does rebellion mean? Pesha (Heb)
Apeitheo (Gre) a person or a group in revolt against God Himself
What does treachery mean? Ma'al (Heb) Parapito (Gre) breach of trust
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What does perversion mean? Awah (Heb) to bend or twist, the sinner becomes
twisted and altered
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What does abomination mean?To'ebah (Heb) not something that God merely
objects to, but produces revulsion to God
What are terms that emphasize the results of sin? restlessness,
evil/badness, guilt, trouble
What does restlessness mean? Resha (Heb) agitation, to be loose or disjointed,
cause discomfort for themselves and others
What does evil/badness mean?Ra' (Heb) anything that is harmful or
malignant, something that destroys life and produces death
What does guilt mean? 'Asham (Heb) Plemmelia (Gre) the person is judged
and found culpable for the act
What does trouble mean? 'Aven (Heb) the person is full of misery, difficulty
and sorrow How can a good desire go wrong? God given desire >>
Inappropriate fulfillment of need >> Guilt/Shame
What are the 3 types of sin?Commission, omission,
imperfection What is commission? A incorrect
deed/thought done
What is omission? A correct deed/thought left undone
What is imperfection? A correct deed/thought with the wrong motivation
What does it mean that sin has no independent existence? (P1)It is the defeat of
something good, using God-given things in an incorrect way
What does it mean that sin is always related to God and His ways? (P2) The
first sin was disobedience to God's commands and the same thing can be said
about every subsequent sin
What does it mean that sin has its source in what scripture calls "the heart"?
(P3) Sin
is sourced from the center of our being, it has poisoned the very foundation of
life and will affect the rest of it
What does it mean that in includes thoughts as well as actions? (P4) The
sermon on the mount revealed that God's commands go deeper than mere
actions
What does it mean that sin includes both guilt and pollution? (P5)
Original sin
>> pollution >> actual sin >> guilt >> greater pollution >> greater guilt
What does it mean that sin is at the root a form of pride? (P6) Pride was
the primary sin that caused satan to rebel and caused Eve to be tempted
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What does it mean that sin is usually masked? (P7) 1. Sin is usually
for a "good reason"
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2. We fail to recognize our own sin
3. We often tend to cover up our sin
What does it mean that sin is both personal and social? (P8) Each individual sin
disturbs the entire human network, a persons words or actions set in motion a
set of social consequences
What does it mean that sin simultaneously involves commission,
omission and imperfection? The tree types of sin are all involved in
sinning
What does it mean that sin invites God's judgment? For God's wrath is
revealed from heaven against all godlessness and unrighteousness of people
who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth (Romans 1:18
What are Venial sins? Unimportant and involved only temporary
punishment What are mortal sins? Much more serious and will send one
to hell unless they confess
How many types of self are there? Public, private, hidden and
unknown What is public self? Known to me and others
What is private self? Known to me
What is hidden self? Known to others but not to
me What is unknown self? Not known to me
or others
What is temptation? Peirasmos (used 21 times in NT) can be translated as test
or trail What are Trails? Testing situations in which the Christian faces new
possibilites of both good and evil
Does God tempt people?No, but he tests everyone, Satan seeks to turn those
tests into temptations
When does a test become a temptation? When a person is moved to disobey
God or to doubt or blame God for his trouble
What are the 3 sources of temptation? The world, the flesh
and the devil What are 5 ways to overcome temptation?1. Look
for divine escapes
2. Store up God's word to use
3. Be alert in the place of prayer
4. Flee and fight
5. Use your time wisely
What are the results of sin on the sinner? Enslavement, flight from reality,
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denial of sin, self-deceit, self-centeredness, restlessness
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What are the results of sin in our relationship with God? Divine disfavor, guilt,
punishment, death
What are the 3 types of death?Physical, spiritual and eternal
What are the results of sin to other humans? Competition, inability to
empathize, rejection of authority, inability to love
Is suicide unpardonable?Nope!
What is the cycle of addiction? Penance >> Abstinence >> triggers >>
tempting thoughts >> SUDs >> indulgence >> defeated thoughts >>
guilt
What is the OT teaching on sin? The fall
of man Pre/post-flood sinfulness
Human corruption is universal
Human quest for righteousness will prove
futile None righteous before God
No righteous man on the
Earth We all have gone
astray
What is the NT teaching on sin? Every person needs
to repent The penalty of sin is death
Lived as sons of
disobedience The need for
re-birth
All have sinned
What is the study of sin? Harmartiology
T/F: According to the view that sin is an expression of animal nature, it is
actually through human progress that sin becomes more sinful. True
Which interpretation of sin would say that temptation is the desire to go beyond
that which is proper and possible?
A. Sin as the result of ignorance/naivete
B. Sin as existential estrangement
C. Sin as the expression of an animal nature
D. The denial of the idea of sin
E. Sin as the expression of human's anxiety of finitenessE. Sin as the
expression of human's anxiety of finiteness
T/F: Humans are caught in the paradoxical situation of freedom and finitude,
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according to the view that sin is an expression of human's anxiety of
finiteness. True
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Which view of sin would say the human race is not at one point unfallen and
at another point fallen, each moment people are estranged by their own
choices?
A. Sin as the result of ignorance/naivete
B. Sin as existential estrangement
C. Sin as the expression of an animal nature
D. The denial of the idea of sin
E. Sin as the expression of human's anxiety of finitenessB. Sin as existential
estrangement Which interpretation of sin would say that we are traced to the
natural impulses of humans that survive from an earlier stage?
A. Sin as the result of ignorance/naivete
B. Sin as existential estrangement
C. Sin as the expression of an animal nature
D. The denial of the idea of sin
E. Sin as the expression of human's anxiety of finitenessC. Sin as the
expression of an animal nature
T/F: It is the denial of the humanity of the neighbor through unjust political
and economic arrangements, according to the view of sin as an economic
struggle. True
T/F: Estrangement is the state of not being what one essentially is and
ought to be, according to the view of sin as existential estrangement. True
Which view of sin would say that sin is the ignorance of the complexity of the
world?
A. Sin as the result of ignorance/naivete
B. Sin as existential estrangement
C. Sin as the expression of an animal nature
D. The denial of the idea of sin
E. Sin as the expression of human's anxiety of finitenessA. Sin as
the result of ignorance/naivete
T/F: As one is more fully educated, they realize the acceptable nature of
various forms of being, according to the view of sin as the result of
ignorance/naivete. True
Which view of sin says the teaching of sin can be psychologically unhealthy and
that sin is learned?
A. Sin as the result of ignorance/naivete
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B. Sin as existential estrangement
C. Sin as the expression of an animal nature
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D. The denial of the idea of sin
E. Sin as the expression of human's anxiety of finitenessD. The denial of the
idea of sin T/F: All psychological studies have concluded that humans are
sinful. False
Some psychological studies have concluded that humans are not sinful.
Which passage would say that the work of Jesus is specially understood as an
overcoming of the sin committed through Adam? Romans 5
T/F: The Bible affirms a historical Adam & Eve.
True T/F: Angels
are created beings. True
T/F: The origin of sin in the Bible is not found in spirits, but in the world of
humanity. False
The origin of sin in the Bible is not found in humanity, but in the world
of spirits. THE CREATION OF THE WORLD
THE FALL OF SOME ANGELS
THE FALL OF HUMANITY
Genesis 1-3 was not based on but on to
Moses (unique among Biblical writing).
A. Divine Revelation, Living Informants
B. Living Informants, Divine Revelation B. Living Information, Divine
Revelation Which is NOT an obstacle to overcome when observing
Genesis 1-3?
A. Snakes don't typically talk
B. It was not based on living informants but on divine revelation to Moses
C. There's no garden of Eden
D. Some of the objects of Genesis 3 have a symbolic meaning (the trees) C.
There's no garden of Eden
T/F: Satan cannot use any human or animal as a vehicle of his deception.
False T/F:
Satan and the other angels fell in the presence of temptation. False
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T/F: The historical fall of Adam and Eve had consequences on all of their
children (including us). True
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Who was the Dutch theologian from the Protestant Reformation who believed
Adam gave us a corrupted nature (there was no original sin)?
A. Pelagius
B. John Calvin
C. James Arminius
D. St. Augustine C. James Arminius
What is the sinful state and condition in which every human being is born?
A. Original sin
B. Actual sin A. Original sin
What is the sins of act, word or thought that human beings commit?
A. Original sin
B. Actual sin B. Actual sin
Which reformer of the Protestant Reformation interprets Romans 5 as Adam
having sinned for all of us?
A. Pelagius
B. John Calvin
C. James Arminius
D. St. Augustine B. John Calvin
Which theologian believes that Adam was a bad example and that could chose
to not sin if we lived perfectly?
A. Pelagius
B. John Calvin
C. James Arminius
D. St. Augustine A. Pelagius
Which 5th century British monk believed that saying humans have a "sin nature"
only encourages humans to sin?
A. Pelagius
B. John Calvin
C. James Arminius
D. St. Augustine A. Pelagius
Which term for sin means to go astray and make mistakes?
Error Which term for sin means a lack of knowledge (from
Greek ginosko)?
A. Ignorance
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B. Perversion
C. Restlessness
D. Inattention A. Ignorance
Which term of sin means we know but we don't do it?
A. Error
B. Ignorance
C. Treachery
D. Inattention Inattention
Harnatano (Greek) means to the . Miss the mark
T/F: Sin is always against God, since it is a failure to hit the mark He has set for
us. True Which term for sin means to cross over, to pass by?
A. Transgression
B. Treachery
C. Restlessness
D. Perversion A. Transgression
Which term for sin usually describes a person or group in revolt, but can mean to
revolt against God Himself?
A. Evil
B. Treachery
C. Perversion
D. Rebellion D. Rebellion
Which theologian would say that we sinned in Adam?
A. Pelagius
B. John Calvin
C. James Arminius
D. St. Augustine D. St. Augustine
Which theologian would say that Adam sinned for all of us?
A. Pelagius
B. John Calvin
C. James Arminius
D. St. Augustine B. John Calvin
Which term for sin means to hear incorrectly, misunderstanding or refuse to
listen?
A. Treachery
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B. Restlessness
C. Inattention
D. Irrelegion D. Inattention
Which term for sin describes the failure to measure up to the standing of
righteousness?
A. Irreligion
B. Evil
C. Iniquity
D. Treachery A. Irreligion
Which term for sin means the deviation from the right course, lack of integrity?
A. Treachery
B. Iniquity
C. Restlessness
E. Evil B. Iniquity
Which term for sin means a breach of trust?
A. Trouble
B. Iniquity
C. Treachery
D. Restlessness C. Treachery
T/F: According to Hebrews 6:6, the bond that God has with his people or the
agreement between two parties that has been breached. True
Which term for sin means to bend or twist, and that humans become altered or
disturbed?
A. Abomination
B. Treachery
C. Guilt
D. Perversion D. Perversion
Which term for sin is something that produces revulsion to God?
A. Evil
B. Perversion
C. Trouble
D. Abomination D. Abomination
Which term for sin means to be loosed or disjointed, or agitated?
A. Evil
B. Perversion
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C. Inattention
D. Restlessness D. Restlessness
T/F: The wicked only cause comfort for themselves. False
Which term for sin means anything that is harmful or malignant, or badness?
A. Evil
B. Guilt
C. Abomination
D. Restlessness A. Evil
T/F: Evil destroys life and leads to death. True
Which term for sin means the person is judged and is found culpable for the
act and to put on in a state if blame?
A. Evil
B. Guilt
C. Trouble
D. Restlessness B. Guilt
Which term for sin means the person is full of misery, difficulty and sorrow?
A. Guilt
B. Evil
C. Treachery
D. Trouble D. Trouble
Who promoted the view that sin is the defeat of something good; sin is
the using of God-reflecting powers in an incorrect way (sin as a
privation of the good)?
A. Pelagius
B. John Calvin
C. James Arminius
D. St. Augustine D. St. Augustine
Which view of sin would say that sin is the defeat of something good?
A. Sin as the result of ignorance/naivete
B. Sin as the privation of the good
C. Sin as the expression of an animal nature
D. The denial of the idea of sin B. Sin as a privation of the good
T/F: Sin is always related to God and His ways; Psalm 51 would agree that sin
is against God. True
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T/F: Sin has its source in what Scripture calls "the heart;" sin has poisoned the
very foundation of life, all of life is bound to be affected by it. True
T/F: Sin does not include thoughts. False; sin includes thoughts as well as actions.
(Sermon on the mount reveals God's commands go deeper than mere action)
T/F: Sin includes both guilt and pollution.
True Sin is at the root a form of .
Pride
Pride was the primary sin that caused to rebel and to be
tempted. Satan; Eve
T/F: Sins only affect yourself. False; sin affects everyone.
T/F: Sin simultaneously involves commission, omission, and
imperfection.
True Which type of sin is an incorrect deed/thought that is done?
A. Commission
B. Omission
C. Imperfection A. Commission
Which type of sin is a correct deed/thought with the wrong motivation?
A. Commission
B. Omission
C. Imperfection C. Imperfection
Which type of sin is a correct deed/though left undone?
A. Commission
B. Omission
C. Imperfection B. Omission
T/F: Sin invites God's judgement. True
The church made a distinction between venial and mortal
sins.Catholic Scripture (does/does not) affirm that some sins receive greater
punishment than others. Does
sins are unimportant and involved only temporary punishment
according to the Catholic church. Venial sins
sins are much more serious and will send one to hell unless they are
confessed. Mortal sins
The word for temptation in the Greek (peirasmos) which is used 21 times in the
New Testament can be translated:
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A. Test
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B. Trial
C. Trouble
D. Both A & B D. Both A & B
are testing situations in which the Christian faces new possibilities of
both good and evil. Trials
T/F: God does not tempt anyone, but He tests everyone. True
T/F: Satan does not seek to turn testings into temptations. False
A test or trial becomes when a person is moved to disobey God or to
doubt or blame God for His trouble. Temptation
T/F: The stories of Adam & Eve and David & Bathsheba are examples of testing
successes. False
T/F: The stories of Abraham & Isaac and Job are examples of testing successes.
True. According to Matthew 4:1-4, we'd rather be (fed/fathered) than
(fed/fathered). 1. fed
2. fathered
T/Fl According to Matthew 4:5-7. we'd rather be right than vindicated in God's
time.
True T/F: We'd rather be magnified than crucified. (Matthew 4:8-11) True
