SOCI 349 - Sociology of Disability
Introduction
Social disability is a sub-discipline centered on disability studies from the standpoint of social,
cultural as well as political dimensions. Although the medical model is closely related to the
current model of disability, the sociological paradigm is different in the sense that it concerns
attention to the environment and how disabled people are regarded in society and institutions. In
this type of consideration of life-related social factors and essences such as Discrimination,
Acceptance, and Availability, this approach means looking at the life of the disabled.
Importance of Studying Disability
Exploring the concept of disability is highly significant for several reasons extending beyond the
etymological aspect; these reasons include the moral and social value, educational, and applied
aspects. In other words, It encourages the principles of non-discrimination by upholding the
rights of persons with disabilities as equal to those of other people. It means that, eliminating
stigma and myths about disabilities is possible to make environment and people more accepting
and diverse. It plays a significant role in helping people with disability to lead better lives,
through better designs of public places, available services and health facilities as well as proper
provision of health care services which takes into consideration the disabled.
In the scholastic domain, the awareness of disabilities fosters disadvantaged and unique learners
to be incorporated into educational environments that are favorable for development of the whole
individual, as well as the youth develops sympathy towards fellow individuals with the
conditions. For the healthcare providers, social workers, educators and other related workers, it
help in delivering better support and services to the people with disabilities and for the
advocates, who have the knowledge of the human rights and the disability, can make a change
and put pressure on policies for the disabled so that they can have better lives.
Secondly, there are numerous incentives and advantages economically, and sociologically to
embracing the study of disability. Non-stigmatization of people with disabilities is possible in the
course of employment practices that improve organizational productivity and innovation. The
general economic growth can also be boosted by their enhanced ability to fully participate in the
economy. On the ethically to conduct human action, it is ethically proper to support the rights of
persons with a disability and efforts towards building a more humane society.
Science and medicine are another crucial sector where the operation of studying disabilities has
significant input. Further investigations in nature, development, implementation, and testing of
nascent treatments, devices, and methods can help enhance quality of life, enhancing society’s
knowledge of human anatomy, behavior, and interactions. Community as well as culture is
positively impacted as owning with the struggles faced by people with disabilities provides a
voice that adds to the cultural tapestry of people making communities more inclusive and
harmonious.
Its Evolution
Since the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, disability was not a concept viewed as an enemy of
the people and the human race which should be strangled, but everything indicated that it was as
deserving of charity./ The private agencies that were meant to cater to the needs of the disabled
people of London were religious facilities that offered care to the disabled but the care was
provided in line with the patriarchal view that disabled people were not meant to be integrated
into society./ For example, society believed that the disabled were too weak and subhuman for
social independence which is why all they deserved were sympathy and handouts.
It was also the period of building enlightenment and development of sciences in the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries that contributed to the medicalization of disability./ There was also a
social change, where instead of people with disabilities being looked at as cripples that require a
cure, they were seen as an equal part of the community and society./ This was the period that saw
the formation of asylums or institutions through which delegates especially the disabled were
isolated and managed./ These institutions were sometimes established under humanistic
overheads to protect and cater to the inhabitants but in a real sense, these were institutions that
saw the inhabitants as objects of torment and despair.
Key Milestones in Disability Rights Movements
The disability rights movement has made significant strides over the past century, marked by
several key milestones:The struggle for the civil status for those with a disability still goes on at
the onset of the twenty-first century It has and will remain a crucial area of concern in civil
liberties in the course of the previous 100 years as manners of the following milestones:
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (United States): This act barred discrimination of the
disabled in the following ways; It banned any Federal department Any program that is
funded by the Federal government from Discrimination in employment promotion and in
any way that affects the federal employees who are funded by the Federal government;
Any program that is executed by contractors in regards to the Federal government.//
Therefore, other than that section 504 of the act may have been more relevant given the
fact that it was the one to establish a foundation for the other disability acts that were to
be formulated in the future./
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 (United States): It bans the
discharge of individuals with disabled in employment of state and local govt and its
programs and services, learn, travel, communicating and every facet of social and
economic life; it aims to ensure equal chances of protected persons with disability.// he
greatest achievements of disabled persons./
The Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 (United Kingdom): This act also built the
enhancement to the ban on discriminating a person with any type of disability or another
in employment, products and services, educational and transport services./
The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) of 2006: This
type of convention is between nations and was designed to put some sort of check or
measure on the rights of and value of a person with disabilities.// It also places on the
parties of the convention the obligation to: Protect the right of people with disability to
ensure that they are also recognized as human beings and be treated fairly and equally as
dictated by the section on the rights of the Persons with Disabilities where aspects of the
constitution were amended to protect disabled individuals./
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 1975 (United States):
Before it was known as Education for All Handicapped Children ACT, this ACT gives a
right to every child with a handicap, which ensures that he has to go to public school as
like any other child and have to learn./
Disability Discrimination Act (Australia) of 1992: This act makes it historic for any
person to be discriminated against for a disability in the aspects of employing, education,
access to business premises and facilities, acquisition and spare and services, occupying
and supplying of premises and accommodation and joining and membership of club and
societies./
Cultural Beliefs and Practices
Stigma and Stereotypes Associated with Disability
There are several challenges that a disabled person faces when interacting with society and
controlling his surroundings./
Stigma
Social Stigma: This is a prejudice process and worthlessness perceptive based on deviance from
the normative physical and mental status.// It can manifest in cases of rejection like in
discrimination issue, rejection by fellow friends, and verbal or written harassment./
Internalized Stigma: Like in the case of gender role perception, many disabled people get to
suffer from such indignities, low self-esteem and feelings of isolation.// This can also be taken
internally and it leads to some of the health complications which are accorded to psychological
state of a person.
/
Structural Stigma: Stigma is also shown to exist at the structural placement embracing the
container of the precursors in organizations/people and institutions/ agencies that have
discriminating norms/attitudes through which people with mental illness receive poor/unequal
standards of service delivery embrace poor health, inaccessible environment and discriminating
policies./
Stereotypes:
Negative Stereotypes: Some more hazardous stereotype beliefs are those representing the
provider of profound or assimilation individual or the burden of disability.// These stereotyped
assumptions could give way to either patriarchal perceptions regarding the structural
independence of women or the lack of it, or inadequacies in the structural environment./
Positive Stereotypes: However, a result of stereotyped messages such as the ‘‘ superscript,’’
means that one has to feel that the expectations are high and it is only socially acceptable to be
part of this minority group if of they disable person who has been able to ‘‘overcome’’ the
disability or if ‘‘doing more than the disabled’’ is not good./
Pity and Heroism: To deny disabled people their right to live normal productive lives and
instead treat them as mere pitiful cases that deserve pity for the mere fact of living a wretched
life or mere existing.//
Nurse: It is against the structures that they encountered and their existence when they are
employed as nurses in any care environment./
Disability and Identity
Formation of Disability Identity
Disability identity is a product of specific psychological processes such as the level of perceived
acceptance and rejection by other persons in their social world.
Personal Factors:
This is a combination of Personal experience, parent and family, and early socialization
experiences. All the abilities of disabled people cannot agree to the mere word of disability in the
same way./ The ones who may end up being assimilated may end up having what may be
referred to as internalized hetero sexism which is prejudice towards homosexuality that one is
subconsciously taught from the discriminating norm./
Social Factors
The disability identity not only involves a few socially related experiences but also allows a
person to interact with his/her family, friends, and other people in society./// this implies that
experiences such as getting surprised by parents, and/or other important figures in one’s lead to
the possession of positive views about one’s self, whereas negative experiences like minimizing
interaction and/or prejudice assist in the formation of negative views about one’s self.//This point
also has another positive practical suggestion that means that the instances of other disabled
people who have no complexes and who are satisfied in their careers doing professional jobs
may prove quite helpful in creating the right approach to the given kind of disability
perception./// This is where examples are gotten and such aspects as, the issue of diversity and
inclusion of the minorities in such facets of life as media, etc.//
Cultural Factors:
These are different ways in which disability is represented and constructed at the cultural level,
the different stories of disability and all those para-textual activities that contribute to those
‘framing’ processes, is precisely what produces subjectivity./// In addition, when societies come
up with the right measures that may enable the individual to accept the INAD as one of his
strengths it will play positives in the enhancement of realistic and positive self-identity but
whenever societies mirror or conduct behaviors that are uncomfortable to the disabled the same
will have negative ways of shaping up the self-image of the individual with disability.//
Disability Pride and Activism: Riders or assumptions accompanying social/cultural ideas
include for instance Disability Pride; the idea will enable an individual to claim disability and
actual rights for the disabled./// Community activation also creates an opportunity to establish an
identity and at the same time a channel through which the person could be of much more utility
to the rest of society.// may also comprise the family and the friends considered as ‘near,’
business and church, workplace and school, village and more.//
They have to be backed by their societies or groups because they help in enacting out the lives
and disabled people’s identities./// These are authors of the feelings and the interpersonal
communications and occasionally moral support regarding this or that awkwardness/happiness.//
Family Support:
Emotional Support: They stay with a significant magnitude in the capacity that they provide
counseling help that might assist people handle physically impaired episodes./// Also it is
expected and good that all the children with disability MUST and should feel self-contained
citizens who is given the rights emancipated to be special and so, the process has to start with a
positive family attitude towards disability.//
Advocacy and Resources: The families of disabled children and relatives have to be offered
those services, possession of traits and other avenues to requirements since they have an
effective way of ensuring that other members of society with disabilities have been heard.///
Similarly, these sources provide information and assistance to the disabled and aid in putting any
individual who wishes to reach out to disability support services in touch.//
Peer and Community Support
Peer Networks: Other support services are peer support organizations and disabled person
organizations since fellow human beings do need the company of other human beings when they
are sick./// It is crucial in strengthening social contacts as the organizations help individuals
receive care from other individuals in similar positions.//
-/ Community Organizations: They are places that might be very helpful for a disabled person in
a way of consultation, education or hobbies and are often linked with state and nonprofit
organizations for disabled people./// These are thus organizations that are ‘equilibrative’ in the
implied sense of regulating someone’s feelings of identification.//
Online Communities
Virtual Support: Here SNS is the Social Networking Sites which has been described as social
media groups and forums that are primarily offline but in some cases, if not most of the time, are
cyberspace wherein the fellowship, information sharing and support that the disabled need to
interact, share information and be supported are found./// These communities seem to have much
to offer towards the preservation of the individuals especially in the areas that pertain to physical
contact to assist in the difficulties that might be ailing a few friends or entire families that are
possibly related or could live next door.//
Information Sharing: In addition, it is crucial to state more that there are many types of
Disability Rights sources, technologies, and real-life stories that are available on the internet.///
Personal Narratives and Lived Experiences
Both Light and K bruises established that prior and /or preliminary experiences with disability as
reported by persons with disability are very critical to this identification of disability.//// They use
real-life examples of the disable and they don’t make the audience aware that disability is a
relative concept and its relevance within the framework of the aforementioned civilization
become augmented; thereby helping to bolster the tone of the societies.///
Narratives of Resilience and Agency:Day by day Kathleen, the movie and the reality of a
woman struggling to strive for what she wanted for herself.
Empowerment through Storytelling: Roy, suggests that the ability input towards personal
narratives can enable disabled persons to rise from the victim position in society and can write
their narrative.//// Such are normally positive and portray people with disabilities as independent
successful and capable of maneuvering their condition which behavior counteracts the notion
that the one who suffers from this able is unworthy of sympathy and empathy in fact decreases
the tip negative aspect of having a disability.///
-/ Visibility and Awareness: Some are used as an awareness and in conveying information of the
disability in any situation of the society.//// So, they still retain, in one way or another, the
function of providing the population with information and the activity directed at the further
increase in the spheres of concern of the enlarged constituency and approvals./
/
Diversity of Experiences
This places other social differences such as race, gender, sexual orientation and class, using
different characters for a single and unique story of the show.//// That is why the conception
being offered here is a many conception, a segmental and interlocking conception and, therefore,
the conception of modernist experiences/stances.///
Parts. One may find it constructive to make use of definitions originally coined by scholars,
activists or advocates in the disability community and the social model of disability which posits
disability as socially constructed and the fact that every person with a condition manages it
distinctly.//// Negative focusing and development of illustrations pre-judgment and suffering,
although the identified construct also helps in success and achievement.//// Hence, one might
argue concluding that it is high time to admit such diversity to be valuable as all of them
originate from the ground of disability.///
The learning policy and its objectives entailed and the consequences it brings to the learning
practices in question. Vernacular renders such a climate for invitation and appeals as true of the
stories that are submitted into everyday exists and realities and those for the sharing of:
subjective, personal, affected, reasonable, emotive, and ‘Angst’.//// When constructing the profile
of the policy, the student of policy incorporated human interest into the policy and made what
used to be arcane and complicated policy theories in the policy interesting to the policy
makers.///
-/ Informing Practices: It codifies the ability to make the changes necessary and to exclude, or
say, that these occasional considerations originate from gender bias, on the other hand, while it
helps people to get good educational systems, health care, and job for everybody.///
Disability in Various Social Institutions
Inclusive Education:
inclusive education is when an effort is made to ensure that Children with disabilities go to a
regular school.// The aim is that of leveling with regards to the education of their children, and
the idea is to seek a way by which these kids can mix with other children of the like kind./
Disabling children forced to sit in those little special education classes or bet called integration
shows the world of disabled children and their compatriots, non-disabled, this diversity and how
they should embrace it.// It encourages courteous recognition of multiple otherness, margining
and readiness of learners in various schools for diversity in all forms./
Special Education:
special education was understood to be a learning that happens in another setting where the
teacher takes several measures that would be helpful to the disabled students.// They may be
organized in a pull-out captive or within formally prescribed general education inclusive of co-
losers./
These programs are significant to the extent that they attempt to ensure that these children who
have learning disabilities are provided with the necessary assistance and/or things that they
require although on the other hand it may also be significant in a way that it may lead to
seclusion and categorization of the children with learning disability if well coordinated.//
Another conflict is the one existing between the identification and definition of needs that any
student may require or the general need that students in general may require in a given setting./
Workplace Discrimination:
Employment discrimination; This is where people with disability are not offered equal
employment as that of normal employees Discrimination in remunerations; whereby people with
disability are not paid as they are supposed to be Discrimination in promotion opportunities;
whereby people with disability are not promoted to higher positions within the organization
Discrimination in intention free environment; whereby people with disability are not provided
with an environment that is free from jokes and other nasty treatment on account of their
disability . This causes economic losses because of either loss of jobs or limited job prospects
instead of; insecurity further; impact onwell being.// It also leads to social exclusion assuming
that if the disabled persons are confined to this particular scope they do not belong in society./
Accommodations:
Reasonable Accommodations: Because of the laws that have been passed there is always legal
compliance whereby the employer has the legal responsibility of providing the disabled
personnel with the necessary tools as required so that they can perform their duties as require.//
This may mean a modification of more tangible aspects of the working environment such as
moves within human geography or shifts, and the available of factors that facilitate work for the
worker./ The Constitutional and Civil liberties together with what employers owe their
employees may not get to offer these requirements because of ignorance to this or lack of
perception. What employers fail to give these requirements is ignorance, no feeling of
surmounting each cost or merely maintaining.// Among these, the challenges include the capacity
to ensure the reinforcement and the informational advertisement of affirmative action programs
among minorities and female candidates and the creation of a setting that is capable of
supporting affirmative action among those disadvantaged groups./
Policies:
Legal Frameworks: Some governments have formulated legislation that require the disabled
workforce be given such and such rights and that makes governments feel that people should
adjust accommodations to suit disability./ Some of the legislation include The Americans with
disabilities act (ADA) in the United States of America and the equality Act in the United
Kingdom.// These laws afford legal redress to the litigant to undertake discrimination based on
the feature of disability./
Inclusive Practices: While equal opportunities and non or appropriateness of discrimination
based on the protected categories requires legal frameworks more so for compliance, the
proactive management of diversity encompasses conscious efforts to appreciate diversity.// This
also includes Diversity sensitive training and proper staffing that must not discriminate against a
disabled candidate as required by the law and; Formation of disabled employees associations
also known as employee resource groups in the firm./
Disabilities inHealthcare
Physical Accessibility:
In a healthcare setting, some amenities do not amply for physically impaired people like a ramp,
an assessment-accessible washroom and examination tables among others.// This may include,
dropping disabled people so that they cannot survey you for care they require and which they are
privileged to receive at a particular moment./
Therefore, for better understanding, specific population groups such as the sensory or cognitive
impaired are probably to have the lowest capability to recount developments to their caregivers.//
These are some of the problems this can present: effluxes,osis, lack of due attention, and wrong
diagnosis./
Quality of Care:
Discrimination and Bias: Disability can be the root of discrimination for the health care
providers hence providing poor quality services.// It is critical to share the current level of
awareness of disability with practicing healthcare people and students or any other intended
occupations./
Inadequate Training: In response to this, what emerged was the concept that as the healthcare
practitioners were making their responses, most of them seemed to have very little understanding
and or awareness of a disabled patient’s management requirements in as much as their health
was concerned.// This may result into inefficiency in the delivery of health services and in the
process realization of severe health complications among the patients./
Disability Rights and Legislation
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA):
-/ Introduction: ADA was signed into law by George H. W Bush on July 26, 1990./ It is a civil
rights statute that safeguards disabled persons and offers them equal rights like any other person
in various spheres of life it covers employment, schools and transport and any other place that is
restricted by the public from going.
Its key provisions
Employment./ Prohibits discrimination in every phase of the employment process concerning the
use of the application in the employment process, a resource for hire, discharge, promoting,
demoting, determining wages and salary rates and offering of any fringe benefits, or in any other
step or aspect of employment.
Public services :This Act prohibits discrimination on the grounds of color, race, ethnic origin,
sexual orientation, gender identity, or marital status regarding public amenities and places,
facilities that are owned or controlled by the state and local governments as well as public
transportation systems.
Public Accommodations./ Assures that the same degree of opportunity to gain entry to places
like restaurants and take out eatables, hotel/motel accommodations, movie theatre and stores,
offices of doctors, pas and medical stores, supermarkets and grocery stores, other retail food
stores, museums and libraries, parks and recreation facilities, private elementary, secondary, or
other similar types of a proprietary, fiscal daycare center.
Telecommunications./ It only obliges telephone and Internet service providers to provide a
nationwide system of telecommunications relay services following the goal of assisting people
with hearing or communication difficulties to telephone
/
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
It is one of the basic human right instruments designed to assist the UN with its work. It was
adopted by UN General Assembly on December 13 in the year 2006 and opened for signature on
30th of March in year 2007.// This reaffirms how all people – regardless of the kind of disability
they have to endure – should have all rights for being person and all liberty that is inherent in the
core tenet of liberalism./
Its main goal is to establish, promote and coordinate the defense and institutions of human and
civil rights of disabled individuals./
Article 18 of CFLA also ensures an individual’s right to education with special reference to the
right to education for all forms of education./ Closely, it provides an equal opportunity to work
for persons with disability as any other person and guarantees them equal treatment like other
persons./ Consequently, identification is not solely identification with one side or the other of the
political voter but also with motives, which prompt him into political and public activity.//
Therefore, it means to guarantee civil and political representation of persons with disability, and
to ensure such persons are enabled to exercise people’s rights in political and public processes./
Current Challenges Disability Advocacy
Employment Barriers: Yet, having surveyed various laws that have guaranteed disabled
persons’ rights one finds that disabled persons have faced some difficulties within their
employers’ places of work; this include; being discriminated on disability, no provision
for disability where it exists or fewer opportunities for promotion as a result of disability./
Healthcare Access: These working conditions include: Transportation and appointment/
mobility, adequate training, information/ knowledge, and problems to do with pay./
Social Inclusion: Lack of acceptance has been a problem and is still currently strongly
contributing towards all types, extents and forms of disability; suppression, stereotyping,
discrimination, and quality of life.// Other types likewise justify social impedance to
integration for the growth of recognized members in society./
Policy Implementation: This is because as much as countries need to approve legislation
to do with rights of the disabled, actually implementing the legislation as well as
enforcing full compliance with the laws is an entirely different thing.// Notably, after the
policies are developed, more commitment and achievement of funds and promotion needs
to be incurred to foster the accomplishment of policies as constructive responses to the
emerged social ailments./
Future Directions:
Strengthening Employment Protections: This is why further campaigning should employ
strategies that amplify employment discrimination additionally and. It should also be noted that
the methods should also be able to curb discrimination of people with disabilities (ventures) as
well as socialist employers.// This especially means that while one has to ensure that he or she
has policies that do not permit discrimination the employer also has to factor in offering some
forms of accommodation to some of the employees./
Improving Healthcare Accessibility: Advocacy for disabled people in the future should
therefore seek to achieve the provision of training for healthcare practitioners since there is a
need to sensitize several of them to be properly positioned to address such patients as well as
addressing factors that hinder physical access to health facility and provide the health services
and support which such people require./
Promoting Social Inclusion: They can assimilate and be taught to become useful citizens again
but they are still seen as outcasts and they have to re-enter society.// These can be some of the
positive changes in attitudes that can be observed: Learning from Mass Media; hosting of
Asperger syndrome individuals into the community as active participants; and Portrayal of
Asperger syndrome individuals in the movies./
Enhancing Policy Implementation: Interpreting it into practice, it means that Why Advocacy
has to listen to the issue of the sensible compliance and realization of the disability rights laws.//
These recommendations include; The governments should ensure that they provides enough
resources towards the policies for the disabled, should provide able research on such policies,
and should also involve the disabled in the formulation of such policies./
Global Advocacy and Collaboration: A very powerful form of cooperation and collaboration is
in between sectors and it is very vital specifically while in an endeavor to advance the conditions
of the disabled in all the nations.// Among the initiatives, which are to be implemented the
following are the ones that will shed light on the commonly used strategies to foster the change
in other states’, which can help support the budding movements; those, which will help in
actively campaigning for the ratification of the CRPD, can help in introducing the positive
changes internationally./
Case Studies from Various Countries
United States - Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA):
Two of the legislation that have been greatly discussed are the Americans with Disabilities Act
or the ADA which was passed in 1990 and which has been described as a civil rights bill as it has
helped bring about the necessary change in society especially with regards to the employment of
individuals living with disabilities as they are now treated like other citizens of United States of
America./// It has also been extended to physical accesses among people in public facilities,
employment, education etc.//
Challenges: In so many organizations, though, there is still a lot more that can be done since
employment and accessibility compliance, as well as other legal ramifications of ADA
compliance are far from being well optimized.//
United Kingdom - Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) and Equality Act:
Legislation: They were then the DDA of 1995 and then the Equality Act of 2010, which seems
to be an attempt at amending the previous act to protect disabled persons and allow
discrimination against disabled persons and for disability access provisions./// There is areas of
such laws for instance some provisions state that employers, service providers and public
functionaries are to make the adaptations where necessary for persons with disability.//
Progress: Therefore, concerning civil liberty and looking at the negative aspect of accessibility
in public areas and rights of disabled persons, the UK has not feature negatively./// But I bet
against these barriers, we are still coming across them perhaps employment discrimination and
any other related affairs of stigmatization.//
South Africa - Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act:
Promotion of Black People’s Interests and Prevention of the arbitrary Discrimination against
them Act: The main aim of this act is to prevent discrimination through legislation in South
Africa.
Legal Framework: PEM/UAD South African Act no. 4 of the year 2000 known as Promotion of
Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination 4 of 2000 Discrimination akin to targeting the
disabled. Among the measures that can be given to the examples of the progressive work of the
country in the sphere of inclusion and accessibility, the following legislative achievements.
Among the measures that can be related to the examples of the progressive activities of the
country in the sphere of inclusion and accessibility at the legislative level the following can be
listed:
Challenges: In as much as it will secure the constitutional legal regime granting the existence of
disabled persons, it is not very hard to categorize such personalities as they are; helpless, living
in poverty, in worst health ever, with no social justice, and literacy, employment or jobless, in
South Africa.
Japan - Barrier-Free Movement
Initiatives: The Japanese adopted an idea that they aptly referred to as the ‘Barrier-Free’ policy
which was aimed at increasing the accessibility of the disabled.// It is mostly within public
transport areas and also within areas that the public has access to, such as buildings and
structures.// This led to the promotion of cooperation between the various government
departments, business entities and other non-governmental organizations in the promotion of this
cause for the disabled./
Cultural Factors: -/ From the structure of disability defined above, collectivism and cooperation
that is valued in the Asian society is visible, making this a better example of the collectivism
than the two groups mentioned above.// Issues like permission and right for certain type of work,
disability, relationships, pregnancy, gender, race, and age remain some of the experienced issue
