Course Design: A Systematic Approach
Dasha Bunks
Liberty University
PSYC 775 - Teaching of Psychology
Dr. Winn
2022
Introduction
Following the steps of a widely accepted Instructional Design (ID) model can assist
instructors in preparing and delivering meaningful and effective instruction. As Smith and Ragan
(1999) explain, “The term instructional design refers to the systematic and reflective process of
translating the principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials,
activities, information resources, and evaluation.” It is during this process that you should
consider the audience for whom the instruction is designed, what goals drive the instruction,
and which objectives students will follow to ensure they do what you want them to do.
Essentially, Instructional Design (ID) is a process that can help improve the design and
development of courses and course content. Often associated with training in business and
industry, ID has been widely used by educators to revise and modify existing courses and to
plan and implement new instruction. The process is systematic and systemic; steps are taken in
the design (planning) phase of the course that are dependent upon each other to generate a
successful product (course). One of the more tried and true ID models is ADDIE (Analyze,
Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate). The ADDIE model is presented in the following graphic.
Analyze
When using the ADDIE model, the first step is to analyze and understand all aspects of the
instructional problem. In other words, what are our learning objectives, what are the physical
or organizational limitations of the course, what are the technical requirements or limitations,
why are we teaching what we teach, who are our learners (students), and how will instruction
get our students to where we want them to be at the end of the semester? Knowing your
students, for instance, will help guide your course design, so it could be a good place to begin.
Even if the semester is about to begin or already has begun, it’s a good idea to know your
students, their characteristics, and their needs.
Knowing your students will help guide your course design and even if the semester is
about to begin or already has begun, it’s good to know something about your students.
Example
Have students take a self-assessment inventory at the beginning of the semester to better
acquaint you with the skills and knowledge they bring to the course. The inventory could
include questions related to the course content, i.e. “What events lead to the American Civil
War?” or “How many groups are represented in the Periodic Table of Elements?” or they could
be more general, i.e. “What skills do you bring to this class?”
Design
In the design phase, consider all components of instruction from beginning to the end.
When designing instruction, it often helps to work backward and think about how you will
evaluate, implement, and develop materials, methods, and media that facilitate instruction.
This is the creative and inventive phase in which you can collaborate with colleagues and be
open to new techniques and approaches. During the design phase, write learning objectives for
events and tasks required of students, determine which methods (lecture, demonstration,
group work), materials (handouts, lab equipment, artifacts, flip charts) and media (computer
multimedia, video, audio) will be incorporated into the course. Keep in mind that all materials,
methods, and media should be carefully selected based on the learning objectives. Effective
instruction should be well-planned, and nothing should be designed arbitrarily.
Example
Identify what students are supposed to learn in the course and write instructional
objectives for each of them (see the Instructional Guide section on Learning Theory for help
with this); decide what kinds of handouts and/or worksheets will be used for particular content
areas; determine how many examinations and/or quizzes will be given during the semester;
and identify which active learning techniques and activities could be used to achieve module-
and course-level objectives.
Development
Development (or production) is the step where you actually create the “things” used in
teaching: the lecture material, the website that supports the course, the handouts and
assessment rubrics that instructors and students will use, the PowerPoint presentations, and
the case study videos. You will have to decide whether to create instructional products yourself
or to employ an expert to create them. Ask yourself whether you can get by with an existing
product and if it can be modified or if you should begin from scratch. Time is of the essence at
this point, and efficient instructional design relies on best practice, from planning to evaluation.
Validate what you develop during this phase—this is sometimes called rapid prototyping
(or continuous evaluation). Validation, or prototyping, helps ensure that the delivery of your
designed material goes well and is aligned with goals and learning objectives. In essence,
prototyping keeps things running smoothly and minimizes potential problems later in the
semester.
Example
Create an active learning activity conceptualized in the design phase—i.e. prepare the
actual materials that will be used for the activity.
Implement
Implement is where the actual instruction takes place. Students rely on the expertise of
their instructors to present content in a meaningful way. At the same time, students should be
engaged in the learning process. All of the planning done in the design and development stages
is on stage in the implementation phase. This is where the instructor’s expertise shines along
with the crafted approach to teaching, whether the setting is a classroom, a lab, a field setting,
or online. Implementation, then, involves facilitation of learning.
Example
After going through the design and develop phases in preparing course materials, now is
the time to follow the plan and teach the course. It’s a good idea to keep an ongoing record of
the effective and the not-so-effective aspects of the implementation phase (this will be covered
in more detail in the next phase). These notations (known as formative evaluation) will help you
improve your delivery of subsequent material, either during the next class period or in the next
semester.
Evaluate
Evaluation happens at two levels: formative, which tells us what is occurring,
and summative, which tells us what has occurred. Formative evaluation takes place during the
planning and instruction phases and assesses what instructors and students are doing.
Summative evaluation occurs after instruction—here we can evaluate the instruction and what
the students have done. Evaluation tells us whether the students have participated in learning
and met the instructional objectives. With data in hand, instructors need to ask, “How can I
modify my instruction to improve its next presentation?”
Examples
FORMATIVE
1. Keep a notebook of what happened during the class period – how well an
activity went, the feedback received from the students, your thoughts and feelings about the
lecture or activity. Use these notes to plan new activities, lectures, and assessments.
2. Elicit feedback from students at the end of a class period, every two-to-three
weeks, or midway through the semester. This form of feedback could be as simple as a few
questions on their impression of a particular lecture or activity, questions they might have on
content, or how they feel about their own progress in the class. This information provides a
snapshot of the course and indicates whether any adjustments need to be made.
SUMMATIVE
Engage students in a project or culminating activity in which they must apply what they
have learned. If the results are less than what you had expected, determine the cause (could
the delivery method be inappropriate for the content or are students not reading the material?)
and proceed from there (have students been given adequate time to practice the material or
does the material need to be presented in a different way?).
Summary
An instructional design process like ADDIE can be used to create effective instruction
which will be meaningful for instructors and students alike. Following the basic processes and
procedures that constitute instructional design, faculty can become more efficient in
development of their courses and approaches to facilitating their students’ learning.
References
Mager, R. F. (1997). Making instruction work: A step-by-step guide to designing and developing
instruction that works (2nd ed). Atlanta, GA: CEP Press.
Mager, R. F. (1997). Preparing instructional objectives: A critical tool in the development of
effective instruction (3rd ed). Atlanta, GA: CEP Press.
Molenda, M. (2003). In search of the elusive ADDIE model. Performance Improvement.
Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Molenda/publication/
251405713_In_search_of_the_elusive_ADDIE_model/links/
5b5f098ba6fdccf0b200e5b2/In-search-of-the-elusive-ADDIE-model.pdf
Selected Resources
Smith, P. L., & Ragan, T. J. (1999). Instructional design (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Hall.
