Jerome has an exam tomorrow. He hasn't studied all semester and is
cramming his studying all into one night. Jerome is using
practice.
massed
spaced
constant
variable
Which activity is the BEST example of a closed skill?
playing tennis
driving a car
playing a video game
playing a particular piece on the piano
Which activity is an example of a cognitive skill?
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Question 2
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Question 3
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using an escalator
buttoning one's jeans
organizing one's daily schedule
opening a car door
People with Parkinson's disease:
can be treated with deep brain stimulation.
have trouble with mirror-reading tasks.
usually begin experiencing symptoms in their twenties.
have abnormally high levels of dopamine.
An expert is someone who:
is able to master a skill with very little effort.
has a natural ability to perform a skill.
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Question 5
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combines natural ability with lots of practice to perfect a skill.
performs a skill better than most people.
Rats with damage to the basal ganglia:
have trouble learning to navigate a basic radial maze.
have trouble learning to navigate a radial maze in which only the illuminated
arms contain food.
cannot learn to find the platform in a water maze.
have trouble performing skills necessary to find food in a basic radial maze.
Electronic technologies such as
are enabling people who are limited in
the ability to see or hear to partially regain function in these sensory
modalities.
sensory prostheses
motor prostheses
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Question 7
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transcranial prostheses
deep brain stimulation
After the events of Columbine, certain video games came under heavy
criticism for their violent content, especially the use of guns. The
perpetrators spent hours playing specific video games as "practice." If the
criticism is true and video games played a role, which learning ability would
explain what the shooters were doing by playing the video game?
transfer specificity
learning set formation
identical elements theory
motor program
A person's genetically endowed ability to perform a skill better than most is
known as a gift or a(n):
task.
expertise.
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Question 9
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habit.
talent.
Unlike deep brain stimulation where the electrodes stimulate the brain, the
motor prostheses electrodes:
collect information from neurons and transmit those signals.
deliver electrical impulses to a specific body part.
provide researchers with information on a specific limb.
stimulate the release of dopamine.
The acquisition of the ability to learn a new task rapidly based on frequent
experiences with a similar task is known as:
motor learning program.
transfer specificity.
identical elements theory.
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Question 11
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learning set formation.
Which statement does NOT demonstrate that nonhumans can learn cognitive
skills?
Chimpanzees in the wild have learned how to use stones to crack nuts.
Dolphins can learn to repeat whatever action they had performed most
recently when instructed to do so by a trainer.
In the lab, experimenters have taught primates and other animals to use
various tools.
Dogs salivate at the sound of a can opener being used.
Which memory system maintains information temporarily using active
rehearsal?
sensory
long-term
short-term
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iconic
What does the word-length effect demonstrate about working memory?
The central executive is required for storing long words.
The visuospatial sketchpad is used when long words are remembered.
The phonological loop can store only short words.
The phonological loop holds verbal information for only a short time.
Evan must study for two exams and write a term paper. He needs to decide
how to distribute his work during the day, including how much time to spend
studying each subject, when to work on the term paper, how much he needs
to accomplish before taking a break, and so forth. The task Evan's central
executive is MOST concerned with in this example is:
controlled updating of short-term memory buffers.
setting goals and planning.
task switching.
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Question 15
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stimulus selection and response inhibition.
Which statement is TRUE regarding the phonological loop?
If the material is rehearsed, it can be held in the phonological loop for about
2 seconds.
If the material is not rehearsed, it disappears from the phonological loop
after about 2 seconds.
If the material is rehearsed, it can be held in the phonological loop for about
10 seconds.
If the material is not rehearsed, it disappears from the phonological loop
after about 10 seconds.
April takes a dance class in which the first exercise the class does is always
the same. But one day, the dance instructor changed the first exercise. Out
of habit, April persisted in doing the exercise she was used to, until she
realized everyone else was doing something different. The task her central
executive is MOST concerned with in this example is:
controlled updating of short-term memory buffers.
setting goals and planning.
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Question 17
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task switching.
stimulus selection and response inhibition.
The Stroop task demonstrates that:
working memory is enhanced when information is in conflict.
working memory is impaired when information is in conflict.
reading is an attentional process.
reading is an automatic process.
Which task is an example of one that would activate your dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex?
rehearsing a phone number you just looked up
memorizing the definition of a new word by repeating it to yourself
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Question 19
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remembering who told you about a major news event
remembering where you parked your car
In a delayed-response task, Fuster found that monkey prefrontal neurons
fired only:
when a particular object was initially displayed.
during a delay period when the monkey had to remember the location of an
object.
during a delay period when the monkey had to remember an object but not
its location.
after the monkey had chosen an object in the correct location.
Which part of the brain is activated when a person tries to remember past
events?
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
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Question 21
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orbital prefrontal cortex
medial prefrontal cortex
Permanent or near-permanent storage of memory that lasts beyond a period
of conscious attention is known as:
sensory memory.
long-term memory.
cognitive control.
short-term memory.
Suppose Rudy runs into his friend at the mall, who then asks him to come to
a party that weekend. In order to remember the time and location of the
party, Rudy repeats it over and over to himself until he can pull out his phone
and enter it into his calendar. In his rehearsal, he is using the:
visuospatial sketchpad.
phonological loop.
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Question 23
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long-term memory.
haptic memory.
Which memory task is likely to be the MOST difficult following damage to the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
remembering the name of someone one recently met
recognizing one's third grade teacher after many years
remembering to send a card on one's mother's birthday
remembering which friends one already invited to a party
Bradley was overjoyed when he learned that he was accepted into a top
medical school. His heart rate and blood pressure increased, and he started
to
b
r
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a
the
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r
e
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
.
A
cco
r
d
i
ng
to
the
J
am
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s
–L
a
ng
e
the
o
r
y
o
f
e
mo
ti
o
n:
Bradley felt happy, which led to the physiological changes he experienced.
Bradley determined that his physiological changes were due to being
accepted, and he labeled the changes as "happiness."
Bradley's physiological changes led him to consciously experience
"happiness."
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Question 25
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Bradley took into account both his physiological changes and the fact that he
was accepted in determining that the emotion he felt was "happiness."
Physiological responses that correlate with the emotion of fear:
are present in humans but not in nonhuman animals.
prove the existence of emotions in nonhuman animals.
are consistent with the existence of emotions in nonhuman animals.
are very different in humans than in nonhuman animals.
The chief glucocorticoid in humans is:
epinephrine.
glucocorticoid.
cortisol.
serotonin.
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The idea that stimuli simultaneously and independently evoke both emotions
and arousal, with neither causing the other, is known as:
the Cannon–Bard theory.
the two-factor theory.
the
J
ame
s
–
La
ng
e
the
o
r
y
.
a somatic theory of emotion.
Neurons in the
have been shown to increase their response to a CS
after it is paired with a fear-invoking US.
basolateral nucleus of the amygdala
central nucleus of the amygdala
thalamus
basal ganglia
Question 30
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Question 29
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A rat that is placed in a pool of water can learn to locate and climb onto a
submerged platform in order to get out of the water. This is an example of:
conditioned escape.
learned helplessness.
conditioned avoidance.
perseveration.
A
cco
r
d
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ng
to
the
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am
e
s
–L
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e
the
o
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n,
the
:
conscious feeling of an emotion leads to the bodily responses associated
with that emotion.
bodily responses associated with an emotion leads to the conscious feeling
of that emotion.
cognitive assessment of an emotional situation leads to the conscious feeling
of that emotion.
conscious feeling of an emotion leads to the cognitive assessment of that
emotional situation.
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Flashbulb memories:
remain highly accurate over time.
are relatively immune to inconsistencies.
are held with very high confidence.
are nearly perfect photographic records of the event.
The defense membrane used by the brain that controls the passage of
substances from the blood into the central nervous system is referred to as
the:
epinephrine block.
stress hormone.
blood–brain barrier.
norepinephrine block.
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Question 33
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Question 34
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Jumping and screaming in response to an unidentified loud noise are
controlled by the
path from the thalamus to the amygdala; being able
to calm yourself down once you realize it was only your cat is controlled by
the
path.
direct; direct
indirect; indirect
direct; indirect
indirect; direct
According to cognitive expectancy theories of avoidance, animals make a
decision based on:
how strong the conditioned fear is to the conditioned stimulus.
a comparison of expected outcomes for responding and not responding.
whether the CS was successfully avoided on the previous trial.
how strong the US is.
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Question 36
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Which statement has been suggested as a mechanism by which the
hippocampus affects fear learning in the amygdala?
The hippocampus receives signals from the central nucleus and epinephrine
from the adrenal glands.
The hippocampus receives signals directly from the central nucleus and
brainstem.
The hippocampus receives signals from the basolateral nucleus and
glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands.
The hippocampus receives signals from the basolateral nucleus and
norepinephrine from the brainstem..
