Running head: SPIRITUALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION IN THE WORKPLACE
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Spirituality and Job Satisfaction in the Workplace
Running head: SPIRITUALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION IN THE WORKPLACE
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Results
Descriptive statistics were carried out for this section.
Frequencies
Frequency statistics were used for the sex variable because the data was a categorical
variable. Therefore, descriptive statistics would not have been helpful as the categories are not
ordered.
Table 1
i i i i i i i i i i i i i Statistics
Sex
N
Valid
Missing
20
0
This table indicates that the total number of participants involved in the study was 20, with no
missing information.
Table 2
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Sex
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Presentation
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Female
Male
10
10
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
Running head: SPIRITUALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION IN THE WORKPLACE
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Total
20
100.0
100.0
From the output above, male participants were ten and female participants, each
representing 50% of the participants in the study.
Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive analyses of the age variable indicated that the youngest participant was 18
years old while the oldest was 56 years. The mean age of the sample was M = 40.25, SD = 12. 62
years.
Hypothesis Testing
In the current section, statistical analyses were used to test the significance of the
relationship between job satisfaction and spirituality. The study projected a significant positive
relationship between job satisfaction and spirituality based on the reviewed literature. A simple
regression was the appropriate statistical test since the dependent (job satisfaction) and the
independent (spirituality) were quantitative variables.
Table 3
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Job satisfactory
68.50
16.195
20
spirituality
90.70
26.232
20
Table 3 above shows the descriptive summary of the independent and dependent variables
of the study. Mean Job satisfaction was M – 68.50, SD = 16.20. On the other hand, the mean
spirituality among the participants was M =90.70, SD = 26.23.
Running head: SPIRITUALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION IN THE WORKPLACE
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Table 4
Model Summary
Mod
el
R
R
Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. The
error in the
Estimate
1
.642a
.412
.379
12.758
a. Predictors: (Constant), spirituality
Table 5 above summarizes the goodness of fit of the regression model. The model had a
coefficient of R2 = 0.412, which indicated the model accounted for 41.2% variation in job
satisfaction. The coefficient correlation suggests a moderate positive relationship between job
satisfaction and spirituality. An increase in spirituality with one score led to a 0.642 increase in
job satisfaction. i
Table 5
ANOVA
Model
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
2053.109
1
2053.109
12.613
.002b
Residual
2929.891
18
162.772
Total
4983.000
19
Table 4 above shows ANOVA for the regression model. The result of the ANOVA
suggests that spirituality is a significant predictor of job satisfaction, F (1,18) = 12.61, p = 0.02, at
a 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that the level of spirituality is significant in determining job satisfaction among workers.
Table 6
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
Running head: SPIRITUALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION IN THE WORKPLACE
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B
Std. Error
Beta
1
(Constant)
32.558
10.515
3.096
.006
spirituality
.396
.112
.642
3.552
.002
a. Dependent Variable: Job satisfactory
Table 5 above shows a summary of the model coefficients. The model suggests that the
job satisfaction score for absolutely non-spiritual individuals was M = 32.56, SE = 10.52. Job
satisfaction increased by 0.396 for each unit increase in spirituality. The table also indicates the
significance of spirituality in predicting jobs satisfaction.
Discussion
The study described above used a sample of ten male and ten female participants to
investigate the relationship between spirituality and job satisfaction. The study used regression
analyses to evaluate the significance of spirituality in predicting job satisfaction. The regression
results indicated that spirituality predicted job satisfaction significantly and accounted for 41.2%
of the variation in job satisfaction.
The study results align with Dennis et al. (2003), who found a positive and significant
correlation between religiousness and job satisfaction in a multinational study that included
participants from 38 countries. The study noted that religious workers view their work as a
service to others, leading to a higher satisfaction level. The result of the current study is also
supported by Horvath (2015), who found that religious bank CEOs were more satisfied with their
work than non-religious CEOs. The study attributed the positive correlation to the trust levels
cultivated by spiritual leaders leading to better job performance and, ultimately, job satisfaction.
Finally, the results are backed by Koenig and Bussing's (2010) findings. Their study found that
job satisfaction mediated the relationship between spirituality and health outcomes. Koenig and
Bussing's study found evidence suggesting that spiritual workers exhibited better physical
Running head: SPIRITUALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION IN THE WORKPLACE
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outcomes, including BMI than non-spiritual workers. The study further found that the
relationship was mediated by satisfaction.
While the study found a significant relationship between spirituality and satisfaction, its
results are limited by scales used to measure the variables. There were no tests to establish the
relationship between the validity and reliability of the measures. Therefore, there is a chance that
the scales do not measure the intended attributes of spirituality and job satisfaction.
The current study results have implications for managers and business owners worldwide.
The study suggests that job satisfaction can be improved by spiritual practice. Given the
importance of job satisfaction in improving job efficiency, managers can encourage spirituality to
improve job satisfaction. The study suggests a similar study to investigate the relationship
between spirituality and mental health outcomes. The research is imperative due to the growing
number of mental health patients worldwide.
Running head: SPIRITUALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION IN THE WORKPLACE
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References
Dennis, D., & Dennis, B. (2003). Spirituality@Work.Health. American Journal Of Health i i i i i i i i i i
Education, 34(5),297-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2003.10603566
Horvath, M. (2015). Predicting Work Outcomes from Religiosity and Perceived Calling. The i i i i
Career Development Quarterly, 63(2), 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12010
Koenig, H. G., & Bussing, A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): a five-item
measure used in epidemiological studies. Religions, 1(1), 78-85
