_______ means that the dream image is replaced by some other idea only remotely related to
it.
- Displacement
As an internal stimulus, _____ differ from external stimuli in that they cannot be avoided
through flight.
- Drives
Which of the following characteristics are found in people with psychological maturity? (check
all that apply.)
- Their superego moves beyond parental identification and control.
- Their ego-ideal is realistic and congruent with their ego.
- Their ego controls their id and superego.
Positive transference: permits patient to more or less relive child experiences within the
nonthreatening climate of the analytic treatment.
Negative transference: must be recognized by the therapist and explained to patients so that
they can overcome any resistance to treatment.
The ______ is brought about partly by parents’ attempt to punish or discourage sexual activity
in their young children.
- Latency stage
Manifest content: surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer
Latent content: the unconscious material of a dream
In the context of the headings under which the drives are grouped, Sigmund Freud used the
word _______ to represent energy from the sex drive.
- Libido
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following statements are true of a drive? (check all
that apply.)
- Its aim is to seek pleasure by removing an excitation or reducing a tension
- Its source is the region of the body in a state of excitation or tension
According to Sigmund Freud, a drive’s _______ is the person or thing that serves as the means
through which an aim is satisfied
- Object
Sigmund Freud believed that _______ ________ is often expressed by pre-Oedipal girls as a
wish to be a boy or a desire to have a man.
- Penis envy
The source of conscious elements called the perceptual: what is perceived through sense
organs, if not too threatening, enters into consciousness
The source of conscious elements from within the mental structure: includes nonthreatening
ideals from the preconscious as well and menacing but well-disguised images from the
unconscious.
According to Freud, identify the major heading under which the various drives can be grouped.
- Sex
- Aggression
According to Sigmund Freud, the one mechanism that helps both the individual and the social
group is known as _______.
- Sublimation
James Strachey, one of Freud’s translators, invented the term _______ to refer to what many
people now simply call “Freudian slips.”
- Parapraxes
Manifest content: surface meaning of the conscious description given by the dreamer
Latent content: the unconscious material of a dream
According to Sigmund Freud, the phase in which children take a friendly interest toward their
feces, an interest that stems from the erotic pleasure of defecating is known as the _______.
- Late anal period
Which of the following characteristics are found in people with psychological maturity?
Through hypnosis, Sigmund Freud became convinced of a __ and ___ origin of hysterical
symptoms
Psychogenic and Sexual
While using catharsis, Sigmund Freud gradually and laboriously discovered the ____ technique,
which soon replaced hypnosis as his principal therapeutic technique
Free association
When overt sexual love for members of one's family in repressed, a second type of love comes
into existence.
aim-inhibited
____ refers to the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person
sadism
____ experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by
themselves or by other
masochists
According to Sigmund Freud, the final aim of the aggressive drive is
self-destruction
According to Sigmund Freud, only the ___ can produce or feel anxiety
ego
____ anxiety is defined as apprehension about an unknown danger
neurotic
identify the type of anxiety that stems from the conflict between the ego and superego
moral anxiety
____ anxiety is closely related to fear
realistic
according to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is served by the id?
-Epigenetic principle
-Pleasure Principle
-Conservative principle
-Reality principle
pleasure principle
a true statement of the id is that it is ____
unrealistic and unorganized
the ____, or I, is the only region of the mind in contact with reality
ego
As the sole region of the mind in contact with the external world, the ___ becomes the
decision-making or executive branch of personality.
ego
the ____, or above-I, represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality
superego
The ____ develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells people what
they should do
ego-ideal
Identify a characteristic of the superego
-Ignorant of the practicability of its requirements
-chaotic
-amoral
-produces repressions by itself and is stronger than the id
Ignorant of the practicability of its requirements
According to Sigmund Freud, ___ Operates as a constant motivational force
drives
According to Freud, identify the major headings under which the various drives can be grouped.
(which apply)
-aggression
-sex
-compassion
-fear
sex and aggression
According to Sigmund Freud, a drive's impetus is
the amount of force is exerts
In the context of the sexual drive, Sigmund Freud believed that the entire body is invested with
____
libido
True or false; The ultimate aid of the sexual drive is changeable and the path by which the aim is
achieved remains constant
false
according to Sigmund Freud, ____ can take many forms, including narcissism, love, sadism and
masochism
sex
the condition in which infants are primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost
exclusive on their own ego is known as
primary narcissim
during puberty, adolescents often redirect their libido back to the ego and become preoccupied
with personal appearance and other self-interests. This condition is known as
secondary narcissism
In the context of the defense mechanisms identified by Sigmund Freud, whenever the ego is
threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by using
repression
one of the ways in which in a repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a
disguise that is directly opposite its original form. this defense mechanism is called
reaction formation
____ also is involved in dream formation, as when the dreamer's destructive urges toward a
parent are placed onto a dog or wolf
displacement
True or false; when children introject what they perceive to be their parents' values, they are
relieved from the work of evaluating and choosing their own beliefs and standards of conduct
true
Sigmund Freud defined ___ as a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical
sensation that warns the person against impending danger
anxiety
identify a characteristic of the id
-advanced
-has direct contact with reality
-illogical
-entertains only compatible ideas
illogical
The ego is governed by the ___ principle, which it tries to substitute for the pleasure principle of
the id
realiity
the ___ results from experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells people what
they should not do
conscience
Sadism and masochism possess generous components of the ___ drive
aggressive
Which of the following characteristics are found in people with psychological maturity? (all that
apply)
-their superego has remnants of antagonism or incest
-their id impulses contain traces of shame or guilt
-their ego controls their id and superego
-their ego-deal is realistic and congruent with their ego
-their superego moves beyond parental identification and control
-their ego controls their id and superego
-their ego-deal is realistic and congruent with their ego
-their superego moves beyond parental identification and control
____ refers to the fact that the manifest dream content is not as extensive as the latent level,
indicating that the unconscious material has been abbreviated before appearing on the
manifest level
condensation
James strachey, one of freud's translators, invented the term _____ to refer to what many
people now call "Freudian slips"
parapraxes
positive transference
permits patients to more or less relive childhood experiences within the nonthreatening climate
of the analytic treatment
negative transference
Must be recognized by the therapist and explained to patients so that they can overcome any
resistance to treatment
manifest content
surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer
latent content
the unconscious material of a dream
dreams of people with a traumatic experience follow the principal of ____ rather than wish
fulfillment
repetition compulsion
Sigmund Freud believed that a portion of the unconscious originates from the experiences of
people's early ancestors that have been passed on through hundreds of generations of
repetition. He called these inherited unconscious images peoples ___ _____
phylogenetic endowment
the contents of the precociousness come from two sources namely, ___ and the ___
conscious perception and the unconscious
_____ can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time
consciousness
According to Sigmund Freud, a way through which ideas can reach consciousness is through a
system, which is turned toward the outer world and acts as a medium for the perception of
external stimuli. This system is known as the _____ ______ system
Perceptual conscious
According to Sugmund Freud, the ____ level of the mind contains all those elements that are
not conscious but can become conscious either quiet readily or with some difficulty
preconscious
In the context of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory, identify the true statements about
the theory
-the theory cna be falsified easily because its research evidence cannot be explained by other
models
-the theory is neither parsimonious nor needlessly cumbersome
-the theory has moderate ability to organize knowledge into a meaningful framework
-The theory has moderate ability to generate research despite the fact that it is difficult to test
Freud's assumptions
the theory is neither parsimonious nor needlessly cumbersome
-the theory has moderate ability to organize knowledge into a meaningful framework
-The theory has moderate ability to generate research despite the fact that it is difficult to test
Freud's assumptions
Sigmund Freud believed that ____ ____ is often expressed by pre-oedipal girls as a wish to be a
boy or a desire to have a man
penis envy
The desire for sexual intercourse with the father and accompanying feelings of hostility for the
mother are known as the _____
simple female oedipus complex
Sigmund freud believed that from the 4th or 5th year until puberty, both boys and girls usually
go through a period of dormant pysychosexual development, known as
latency stage
the ____ contains all those drives, urges or instincts that are beyond peoples awareness but
that nevertheless motivate most of their words feelings and actions
unconscious
the method in which patients are required to verbalize every thought that comes to their mind,
no matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear is known as
free association
Sigmund Freud believed that a portion of the unconscious originates from the experiences of
people’s early ancestors that have been passed through hundreds of generations of repetition.
He called these inherited unconscious images people’s _____ ______
- Phylogenetic endowment.
Sigmund Freud hypothesized that people who grow into anal characters, develop anal eroticism
which then transforms in to the ____ ______ of orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy that
typifies the adult anal character.
- Anal triad
_______ anxiety is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger.
- Realistic
James Stachey, one of Freud’s translators, invented the term ______ to refer to what many
people now simply call “Freudian slips”
- parapraxes
When the prospect of taking the next step becomes too anxiety provoking, the ego may resort
to the strategy of remaining at the present, a more comfortable psychological stage. Such a
defense is called _____.
- Fixation
The aim of the destructive drive, according to Sigmund Freud, is to return an organism to an
inorganic state.
- True
_______ is a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another
person into their own ego.
- Introjection
____ becomes a perversion when Eros becomes subservient to the destructive drive.
- Masochism
Identify a purpose of psychoanalysis, according to Sigmund Freud
- To strengthen the ego
The purpose of free association is to seek pleasure without regard for what is proper or just
- False
A manifestation of Eros is ______, which develop when people invest their libido on an object
or person other than themselves.
- Love
As the ego develops, children usually give up much of their _____ and develop a greater interest
in other people.
- Primary narcissism
At the core of personality and completely unconscious is the physical region called the _____.
- Id
_____ is the only level of mental life which is directly available to individuals.
- Consciousness
According to Sigmund Freud, infants respond to others through biting, cooing, closes their
mouth, smiling, and crying during the ______.
- Oral-sadistic phase
The ____ stage is marked by a dichotomy in psychological gender development, a distinction
that Sigmund Freudhy believed to be due to the anatomical difference between the sexes.
- Phallic
Josef Breuer taught Sigmund Freud about ____, the process of removing hysterical symptoms
through talking them out.
- Catharsis
In the context of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, identify the true statements about the
theory
- The theory has moderate ability to organize knowledge into a meaningful framework.
- The theory has the ability to generate such research despite the fact that it is difficult to
test Freuds assumptions
- The theory is neither parsimonious nor needlessly cumbersome.
During the ______ phase, infants feel no ambivalence toward the pleasurable object and their
needs are usually satisfied with a minimum of frustration and anxiety.
- Oral-receptive
Sigmund Freud objected to the term ______ complex, sometimes used by others when referring
to the female Oedipus complex, because it suggests a direct parallel between male and female
development during the phallic stage.
- Electra
Regressive behavior is similar to fixated behavior in that it _____.
- Rigid and infantile
In the context of the drives as recognized by Sigmund Freud, the aim of the sex drive is _____.
- Pleasure
The period in which children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects is known as the
______ period.
- Early anal
The brain stem, and the ascending activating system in particular, is the part of the brain most
directly associated with _____ consciousness or unconsciousness in the sense of not being.
- Core
According to Sigmund Freud, during _____, the feminine nature in a male child leads him to
display affection toward his father and express hostility toward his mother, while at the same
time his masculine tendency disposes him toward hostility for father and lust for mother.
- The complete Oedipus complex
In the context of the defense mechanisms as identified by Sigmund Freud, the most basic is
_____ because it is involved in each of the others.
- Repression
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following often create feelings of anxiety, and the
anxiety in turn stimulates repression?
- Punishment and suppression
Identify a characteristic of the superego
- Ignorant of the practicability of its requirements
The basic assumption of Sigmund Freud’s dream analysis is that nearly all dreams are _____.
- Wish fulfillments
______ is the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim.
- Sublimation
During the early anal period, the ______ nature of the sadistic drive in infants is stronger than
the erotic one.
- Destructive
When the libido has passed a developmental stage, it may, during times of stress and anxiety,
revert back to that earlier stage. Such a reversion is known as _____.
- Regression
______ is defined as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies
The sexual aim of the ____ is to incorporate or receive into one’s body the object-choice, that is,
the nipple.
- Early oral activity
A defense mechanism that arises when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development,
thus making change or psychological growth difficult, is known as _____.
- Fixation
When an internal impulse provokes too much anxiety, the ego may reduce that anxiety by
attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person. This defense
mechanism is referred to as _____.
- Projection
The state of not being aware or awake is known as _____ consciousness, whereas the state of
being aware is known as _____ consciousness
- Core; extended
Which of the following statements is true about psychodynamic theories?
(a) they assume that negative experiences foster psychological growth and are part of
the human condition
(b) they hold that the unique and long-term tendencies to behave in particular ways are
the essence of human personality
(c) they emphasize that what people think, feel, and do is always an interaction between
nature and nurture
(d) they see the unconscious mind and motives as much more powerful than the
conscious awareness
(d) they see the unconscious mind and motives as much more powerful than the
conscious awareness
_____ assume that not only are people driven by a search for meaning, but also that
negative experiences such as failure, awareness of death, death of a loved one, and
anxiety, are part of the human condition and can foster psychological growth.
existential theorists
A useful theory should be parsimonious, meaning that it should be
simple
_____ focused on the importance of early childhood experience and on relationships
with parents as guiding forces that shape personality development.
psychodynamic theories
The personalities, cognitive processes, developmental histories, and social experiences
of personality theorists help shape their theories. The discipline that deals with these
factors is called
the psychology of science
Which of the following statements is true about personality theories?
(a) they are former principles that have been proven true
(b) they are useful tools of science to the extent that they are value free
(c) they originate from the historical, social, and psychological world of their originators
(d) they should not be open to falsification
(c) they originate from the historical, social, and psychological world of their originators
Which of the following theories emphasizes that what people think, feel, and do is
always an interaction between nature and nurture?
(a) learning-cognitive theories
(b) dispositional theories
(c) psychodynamic theories
(d) biological-evolutionary theories
(d) biological-evolutionary theories
If scores on an instrument that measures introversion correlate highly with a number of
other measures of introversion—for example, shyness and inhibition—then that
instrument is said to have
convergent validity
Which of the following is not a dimension used by the authors to assess a theorist's
concept of humanity?
(a) pessimism vs optimism
(b) conscious vs unconscious
(c) order vs disorder
(d) determinism vs free choice
(c) order vs disorder
Which of the following is not a function of a useful theory?
(a) it will be consistent with one's philosophy of life
(b) it serves as a guide to action
(c) it organizes observations
(d) it will generate research
(a) it will be consistent with one's philosophy of life
In Jungian psychology, repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences are
part of the
personal unconscious
In the context of Carl Jung's personality theory, which of the following statements is true
about the collective unconscious level of the psyche?
the collective unconscious refers to humans' innate tendency to react in a particular way
whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency
According to Carl Jung, the confession of a pathogenic secret in psychotherapy involves
the cathartic method
According to Carl Jung, the archetype that manifests itself as one's social role is the
persona
Which of the following statements is true about progression?
(a) it alone can help people in attaining individual growth
(b) it activates the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in the solution of most
problems
(c) it brings about too much one-sidedness and failure in adaptation if regression is
excluded
(d) it involves relying on a forward flow of psychic energy in order to adapt to the inner
world
(c) it brings about too much one-sidedness and failure in adaptation if regression is
excluded
In the context of Carl Jung's theory, the process of actualizing the various components
of personality best describes
individuation
According to Carl Jung, the unconscious can be divided into the
personal and the collective
Carl Jung would consider a person who relies blindly on thoughts and ideas that have
been transmitted from others to be an _____ type.
extraverted thinking
The side of personality that people show to the world is designated as the
persona
In Jungian theory, extraverted feeling types are more likely than other types to
become businessmen or politicians
Mahler believed that children begin to develop feelings of personal identity during which
developmental stage?
separation-individuation
Melanie Klein's conception of a "position" is different from "stage of development" in that
"positions" are
not referring to periods of time
Heinz Kohut's narcissistic needs include
the need to exhibit the grandiose self
Which of the following is a psychic defense mechanism in which infants split off
unacceptable parts of themselves, project these parts onto another object, and finally
introject these parts back into themselves in a changed or distorted form?
(a) splitting
(b) introjection
(c) incorporation
(d) projective identification
(d) projective identification
Melanie Klein's notion of the Oedipus complex differs from Freud's in that it
includes fear of parents' retaliation for phantasies of emptying their bodies
Which of the following statements is true about an introjected object according to
Melanie Klein?
(a) it is an internal thought about an external object
(b) it desires to escape from an infant's mind
(c) it loses its dynamic power to influence an infant's psychic life
(d) it is a phantasy of internalizing the object in a physical form
(d) it is a phantasy of internalizing the object in a physical form
According to John Bowlby, both humans and other primates experience separation
anxiety. The stage unique to humans is the _____ stage.
detachment
Which issue became part of a bitter debate between Melanie Klein and Anna Freud
during the 1920s and 1930s?
the idea of childhood psychoanalysis
Which of the following statements is true about Melanie Klein's view of the development
of the ego at birth?
(a) she believed that it is strong enough to use defense mechanisms
(b) she believed that it is too weak to form early object relations
(c) she believed that it is mostly organized
(d) she believed that it is too weak to feel anxiety
(a) she believed that it is strong enough to use defense mechanisms
The aim of Kleinian therapy is to
mitigate the harshness of internalized objects
Karen Horney believed that neurotics move toward people because they experience
deep feelings of helplessness
Which of the following statements is true about neurotics who adopt the philosophy of
moving toward people?
(a) they are unlikely to rate themselves according to what others think of them
(b) they are compulsively driven to appear perfect and powerful
(c) they are unwilling to subordinate themselves to others
(d) they are willing to see others as more intelligent or attractive
(d) they are willing to see others as more intelligent or attractive
Karen Horney contended that modern culture is based on _____ between individuals.
competition
For Karen Horney, psychic differences between men and women result from
cultural and social expectations
Karen Horney saw the tendency to humiliate others in order to protect oneself against
humiliation as
prestige
Which of the following statements is true about individuals who adopt Karen Horney's
neurotic trend of moving away from people?
(a) they fear competition
(b) they fear needing others
(c) they fear dependence upon others
(d) all of the answers are correct
(d) all of the answers are correct
According to Karen Horney, how does the Western society hinder people's attempts to
find love?
it rewards competitiveness
Neuroses, Karen Horney said, grow out of the "nutritive soil" of
constant, unrelenting basic anxiety
In the context of Karen Horney's list of defenses against basic anxiety, _____ acts as a
buffer against destitution and poverty and manifests itself as a tendency to deprive
others.
possession
The discipline that combines psychoanalytic concepts with historical methods is
psychohistory
According to Erikson, true intimacy can only be achieved
after identity is established
Erik Erikson defined _____ as the incapacity to take chances with one's identity by
sharing true intimacy.
isolation
Erikson believed that a child's maximum desire and readiness to learn occurs during
the school age
The psychosocial crisis of young adulthood, according to Erikson, is
intimacy vs isolation
By the end of which of Erikson's psychosocial stages should a person develop a firm
sense of ego identity?
adolescence
The inability to synthesize various self-images and values into a workable identity is
what Erikson called
role repudiation
Erikson saw the ego as developing
within a social structure.
Erikson's school age stage of psychosocial development parallels which of Freud's
stages of psychosexual development?
latency
Erikson claimed that a child who learns to do a job well during the school age will
develop a sense of
industry
Fromm believed that the therapist should try to understand the patient by using
an attitude of relatedness
Fromm believed that authoritarianism takes two forms
masochism and sadism
In the context of Erich Fromm's anthropological study of life in a Mexican village, which
of the following statements is true about productive-hoarding characters?
they usually farmed their own plot of land and relied on saving part of each crop for
seed and for food in the event of a future crop failure
Lorilee, a college junior, is extremely dependent on her mother to make both major and
minor decisions for her. According to Fromm, Lorilee's behavior is characterized by
incestuous symbiosis
For Fromm, the drive for union with another person or other persons reflects the human
need of
(a) rootedness
(b) transcendence
(c) none of these answers are correct
(d) a sense of identity
(e) a frame of orientation
(c) none of these answers are correct
In the context of the primary mechanisms of escape, identify a true statement about
destructiveness.
by employing destructiveness, destructive people acquire a type of perverted isolaton
In the context of nonproductive orientations, identify a true statement about exploitative
characters.
unlike receptive characters, they are willing to express opinions that are usually pilfered
In the context of nonproductive orientations, identify a true statement about receptive
characters.
they are characterized by positive traits such as loyalty, acceptance, and trust
Fromm believed that people relate to the world in two basic ways
assimilation and socialization
In Fromm's view, the marketing character's personal value is dependent upon the ability
to
sell himself or herself to others
According to Maslow, most people who seek therapy probably have the most trouble
satisfying their _____ needs.
love and belongingness
Maslow believed that self-actualizers
(a) are relatively indifferent to external reality
(b) frequently engage in wishful thinking
(c) have little tolerance for ambiguity
(d) are poor observers of others
(e) none of the answers is correct
(e) none of the answers is correct
Karen Horney believed that people are governed by which guiding principles?
safety and satisfaction
Maslow believed that all behavior
has a cause
Which of the following is not an assumption underlying Maslow's theory of motivation?
(a) unconscious forces lie behind much of surface motivation
(b) people in different cultures have different basic needs
(c) the whole person is motivated as a unit
(d) human needs can be arranged on a hierarchy
(e) people are continually motivated by one need or another
(b) people in different cultures have different basic needs
In the context of the characteristics of self-actualizers, which of the following statements
is true of their need for privacy in comparison with non-self-actualizers?
they are self-movers, resisting society's attempts to make them adhere to convention
Maslow assumed that
(a) motivation is usually complex
(b) all of the answers are correct
(c) people are continually motivated by one need or another
(d) people in different cultures are motivated by the same basic needs or desires
(b) all of the answers are correct
The needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are _____ needs.
conative
According to Maslow, self-actualizing people are characterized by
spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
Martyrs who sacrifice physical needs and personal safety for their beliefs and heroes
who risk their lives to save others illustrate Maslow's notion of
reversed order of needs
Maslow's feelings toward his mother were marked by
hatred and animosity
Amy, an 18-month-old child, resorts to taking her baby sister's bottle even though she
has previously been weaned. This behavior illustrates which Freudian defense
mechanism?
regression
The "royal road" to the unconscious was thought by Freud to be
dreams
The use of Freudian defense mechanisms requires an
expenditure of psychic energy
According to Freud, a girl's wish to be a boy or to have a baby
is an expression of penis envy
Which of the following terms is defined as a defense mechanism that involves the
repression of the genital aim of Eros and its substitution by a cultural or social aim?
(a) introjection
(b) fixation
(c) regression
(d) sublimation
(d) sublimation
According to Freud, male and female personality development is
similar until the phallic stage
Concerning the male and female Oedipus complexes, Freud felt
more confident of his views on the male Oedipus complex
"Freudian slips" are a product of
the preconscious and the unconscious forces
A young man gets sexual gratification by kissing and caressing women's shoes.
According to Freud, which of the following statements best describes this situation?
the sexual object has been displaced
Which of the following is a Freudian term for a person who is characterized by
compulsive neatness, stubbornness, and miserliness?
(a) hoarding character
(b) exploitative character
(c) receptive character
(d) anal character
(d) anal character
Alfred Adler felt that every individual is striving to reach the same goal of
superiority or success
Alfred Adler's notion of moving backward is similar to Sigmund Freud's notion of
regression
According to Alfred Adler, the goal toward which a psychologically healthy person strives
is
fictional, with no objective existence
Although Alfred Adler's theory is optimistic, it can be criticized for its
inability to be falsified
Alfred Adler believed that there are two general routes by which people strive. One is
the path of exaggerated personal superiority and the other is the road of
social interest
According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about people with
exaggerated physical deficiencies?
(a) they desire success more than they fear defeat
(b) they tend to be overly concerned with themselves
(c) they are usually considerate of others' feelings
(d) they reject the notion that life's major problems can be solved in a selfish manner
(b) they tend to be overly concerned with themselves
Firstborn children, according to Alfred Adler, are likely to
have intensified feelings of power and superiority
According to Alfred Adler, _____ is the dynamic force motivating all human activity.
the striving for success
"Yes, I like your idea, but I am afraid it is not feasible." Which of the following
safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario?
excuses
According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about maladjusted
people?
(a) the set too few goals
(b) they set their goals too low
(c) they set their goals too high
(d) they set too many goals
(c) they set their goals too high
Among Freud's personal qualities were
an intellectual curiosity and high moral courage.
The superego, said Freud,
strives for perfection
Freud claimed that during the Oedipal period, a boy
feels sexual love only toward his mother.
When carried to extremes, which Freudian defense mechanism can become paranoid
behavior?
projection
Freud contended that the object of the sexual instinct is
the person or thing that is capable of bringing about sexual pleasure.
After successful psychoanalytic treatment
the ego is expanded with previously repressed material
Freud believed that unconscious ideas
influence behavior even when one is unaware of them.
The most basic Freudian defense mechanism is
repression
Ashley feels uneasy after violating her personal standards of honesty and cheating on a
test. Freud might suggest that she is suffering from _______ anxiety.
moral
Robin protects herself against the threat of change by constantly clinging to objects and
behaviors left from her early childhood. It thus appears that Robin is relying primarily on
which Freudian defense mechanism?
fixation
Freud's enduring popularity is most likely due to his
gifts as a writer and his emphasis on sex and aggression
According to Freud, a teenager preoccupied with self and personal appearance is
exhibiting
secondary narcissism
Freud claimed that pleasure-seeking people with no thought of what is reasonable or
proper are dominated by the
id.
Trained psychoanalysts can interpret dreams
most accurately by asking the dreamer for his or her associations to the material.
Freud's free association technique evolved from
Breuer's cathartic method
The aim of Freud's destructive instinct is
self-destruction
Seeing deficiencies in others that one unconsciously feels within oneself is an example
of which Freudian defense mechanism?
projection
The "royal road to the unconscious" was thought by Freud to be
dreams
According to Freud, a masochist may receive sexual pleasure from
b and c.
inflicting pain on self
receiving pain inflicted by others
The paintings and sculpture of Michelangelo best exemplify Freud's concept of
sublimation
Freud's three levels of mental life are
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
Freud believed that unconscious ideas
influence behavior even when one is unaware of them.
Freud called areas of the body especially capable of producing sexual pleasure
erogenous zones
Freud's notion of the Oedipus complex is compounded, or made more complicated, by
the
bisexual nature of the child.
Freud called the nonsexual love a child has for a sibling
aim-inhibited love
Freud claimed that during the Oedipal period, a boy
feels sexual love only toward his mother.
Madison is frequently berated by his domineering employer. Madison is too timid to
confront his employer, but he takes out his frustration by mistreating his dog, children,
and wife. According to Freud, this is an example of
displacement
According to Freud, feelings of inferiority stem from the
ego-ideal
Freud's notion of the superego includes
a conscience and an ego-ideal
According to Freud, the genital period
begins at puberty.
According to Freud, male and female personality development is
similar until the phallic stage
Freud held that the pain of anxiety is most likely to result in
defensive behavior
Freud regarded precepts such as "Love thy neighbor as thyself" as
reaction formations
The transformation of instinctual drives into socially productive forces such as art,
science, and religion is what Freud called
sublimation
Which anxiety does Freud claim most nearly resembles fear?
None of these are correct:
neurotic
traumatic
moralistic
aim-inhibited
Shevrin, Ghannam, and Libet recently found that the defense mechanism of ______
might have a neurophysiologic basis.
repression
According to Freud, a psychologically healthy person has a dominant
ego
Although Freud's theory rates somewhat high on its ability to generate research, it rates
low on
falsifiability and operational definitions.
Freud said that in girls, the castration complex
takes the form of penis envy.
According to Freud, dreams have meaning on two levels. The more important level
concerns the
latent content
A compulsively neat person who is also stubborn and miserly is what Freud called an
anal character
The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to
transform unconscious material into consciousness
The "royal road to the unconscious" was thought by Freud to be
dreams
Freud claimed that an important function of repression is to
protect a person against the pain of anxiety.
Freud's notion of phylogenetic endowment refers to
our ancestor's experiences that we inherit and that form part of our unconscious.
Freud held that ideas in the preconscious originate from
both the conscious and the unconscious
The use of Freudian defense mechanisms requires an
expenditure of psychic energy
Freud hypothesized that a permissive, accepting attitude of parents during toilet training
is likely to lead to which behaviors as the child grows to adulthood?
generosity and benevolence
In Freudian psychology, the psychologically mature person would be characterized by
an ego strong enough to incorporate the ego-ideal and the id.
When carried to extremes, which Freudian defense mechanism can become paranoid
behavior?
projection
After the female Oedipus complex is resolved, Freud claimed that it is replaced by
the superego
Concerning the male and female Oedipus complexes, Freud felt
more confident of his views on the male Oedipus complex
Tyler greatly admires his geometry teacher and tries to copy his mannerisms and
lifestyle. This is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?
introjection
According to Freud, all people possess two major instincts or drives. They are
sex and aggression
According to Freud, a guilt-ridden, timid person is most likely dominated by
the superego
According to Freud, normally, in post-Oedipal identification with his father, a boy
identifies with his father's morals and ideals.
Freud believed that the id
constantly seeks to increase pleasure and reduce tension
The classical Freudian anal character possesses all of the following traits EXCEPT for?
passivity
Freud abandoned his _______ theory in 1897, the year after his father died.
seduction
The id is primarily involved in which of the following activities, according
to Freud?
thumb-sucking behavior
Freud's lifelong optimism and self-confidence may have stemmed from
being his mother's favorite child.
The apprehension one feels while in the presence of a teacher is what Freud called
_______ anxiety.
neurotic
According to Freud, a girl's wish to be a boy or to have a baby
is an expression of penis envy.
Freud believed that parapraxes, or "Freudian slips,"
revealed unconscious intent.
Freud's three levels of mental life are
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
Freud believed that boys and girls have a different psychosexual development because
of
anatomical differences between the genders
Freud believed that the superego develops from the
ego
According to Freud's theory, anxiety
instigates repression.
From a Freudian perspective, psychological maturity might be characterized by
minimal repression and maximal consciousness
Which of the following areas of psychological research have recently joined to provide
support for Freud's theory of unconscious motivation?
cognitive psychology and neuroscience
The event that eventually led to Freud's achievement of fame was his
publication of The Interpretation of Dreams
Asking a patient to verbalize thoughts, no matter how absurd, irrelevant, or
embarrassing, is the Freudian technique of
free association.
Freud suggested that the latency period was rooted in
our phylogenetic endowment.
Freud's psychoanalysis rests on which two cornerstones?
sex and aggression
In psychoanalytic theory, unacceptable drives and impulses are repressed by the
ego at the urging of the superego
The "royal road to the unconscious" was thought by Freud to be
dreams
Freud's lifelong optimism and self-confidence may have stemmed from
being his mother's favorite child
Bettelheim argued that psychoanalysis should be seen as a
human science
The function that fights against id impulses regardless of what is realistic or possible is
what Freud called the
superego
The superego, said Freud,
strives for perfection
Freud's notion of the superego includes
a conscience and an ego-ideal
In Freud's aim-inhibited love, that which is inhibited is
the sexual aspect of the instinct
Dreams of patients suffering from traumatic neuroses, or posttraumatic stress disorder,
follow the Freudian principle of
repetition compulsion.
c parapraxis.
d. aim inhibition.
e. phylogenetic endowment.
According to Freud's theory, anxiety
instigates repression.
Freud contended that the object of the sexual instinct is
the person or thing that is capable of bringing about sexual pleasure
Freud claimed that an important function of repression is to
protect a person against the pain of anxiety
Freud's free association technique evolved from
Breuer's cathartic method
Freud's hypothesis that during prehistoric times a group of brothers, denied the right to
have sexual relations with their mother or sisters, joined together to kill their father, felt
guilty, and thus instigated strong prohibitions against sexual relations with and murder of
family members could best be used to explain
the latency period
According to Freud, the ego is
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Freud called an expression of both the sexual and the aggressive instinct
masochism
Freud saw himself primarily as a
scientist
Freud believed that the ego begins to evolve from the id soon after birth. While the ego
is developing, the id
remains stationary.
A mother who has deep-seated hostility toward her only child but who shows
overprotection and hyper-concern for the physical well being of her child illustrates
which Freudian defense mechanism?
reaction formation
Which of these progressions is most consistent with psychoanalytic theory?
Punishment of a child's sexual behavior leads to suppression of sexual behavior, which
leads to anxiety, which leads to repression.
If scores on an instrument that measures introversion correlate highly with a number of
other measures of introversion-for example, shyness and inhibition-then that instrument
is said to have
convergent validity
Psychologists generally agree that personality
can be explained by several different theories
The word personality comes from the Latin word "persona," meaning
theatrical mask
The word "theory" is most closely associated with
science
Statements formed in an if-then framework are most likely
theories
A useful theory must be falsifiable, which means that
it must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support
its major tenets
A reliable test
yields consistent results
Descriptive research
contributes to expanding a theory
Any test that correlates with future behaviors is said to have
predictive validity
Which statement is most nearly true?
a theory can be practical guide for a psychotherapist
Freud called an expression of both the sexual and the aggressive instinct
masochism
Which of the following areas of psychological research have recently joined to provide
support for Freud's theory of unconscious motivation?
cognitive psychology and neuroscience
Trained psychoanalysts can interpret dreams
most accurately by asking the dreamer for his or her associations to the material
According to Freud, male and female personality development is
similar until the phallic stage
According to Freud, all people possess two major instincts or drives, they are
sex and aggression
Freud believed that the id
constantly seeks to increase pleasure and reduce tension
Freud's concept of humanity can be described as
deterministic and pessimistic
Freud believed that parapraxes or "Freudian slips,"
revealed unconscious intent
The id is primarily involved in which of the following activities, according to Freud
thumb-sucking behavior
The function that fights against id impulses regardless of what is realistic or possible is
what Freud called the
superego
Tyler greatly admires his geometry teacher and tries to copy his mannerisms and
lifestyle. This is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?
introjection
Compulsively neat person who is also stubborn and miserly is what Freud called an
anal character
According to Freud, the ego is
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Freud called areas of the body especially capable of producing sexual pleasure
erogenous zones
Freud abandoned his _________ theory in 1897, the year after his father died
seduction
Seeing deficiencies in other that one unconsciously feels within oneself is an example of
which Freudian defense mechanism?
projection
Freud's oral-sadistic stage is characterized by
the emergence of teeth
Freud believed that boys and girls have a different psychosexual development because
of
anatomical differences between genders
The aim of Freud's destructive instinct is
self-destruction
Which statement is correct, according to Freud?
repression reduces anxiety
"Freudian slips" are a product of
preconscious and unconscious forces
Freud held that the secondary process function through
ego
When carried to extremes, which Freudian defense mechanism can become paranoid
behavior?
projection
The classical Freudian anal character possesses all of the following traits except for?
passivity
An example of Freud's notion of projection might be
"I like him fine, but for some reason he hates me"
Freud's psychoanalysis rests on which two cornerstones?
sex and aggression
Freud's three levels of mental life are
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
In psychoanalytic theory, unacceptable drives and impulses are repressed by the
ego at the urging of the superego
In Freudian theory, dreams are seen as
wish-fulfillments
Freud hypothesized that a permissive, accepting attitude of parents during toilet training
is likely to lead to which behaviors as the child grows to adulthood?
generosity and benevolence
Freud's lifelong optimism and self-confidence may have stemmed from
being his mother's favorite child
According to Freud, the genital period
begins at puberty
The most basic Freudian defense mechanism is
repression
Which of the following distinguishes sublimation from the other Freudian defense
mechanisms?
sublimation is constructive to society
Madison is frequently berated by his domineering employer. Madison is too timid to
confront his employer, but he takes out his frustration by mistreating his dog, children,
and wife. According to Freud, this an example of
displacement
The transformation of instinctual drives ins socially productive forces such as art,
science, and religion is what Freud called
sublimation
Freud's enduring popularity is most likely due to his
gifts as a writer and his emphasis on sex and aggression
A mother who has deep-seated hostility toward her only child but who shows
overprotection and hyper-concern for the physical well being of her child illustrates
which Freudian defense mechanism?
reaction formation
After WWI, Freud made which revision to his theory of personality?
he placed a greater emphasis on the aggression instinct
According to Freud, a boy who feels strong hostility toward his father and sexual love for
his mother is experiencing
the simple male Oedipus complex
A man goes into a gay bar and initiates a fight with a homosexual man as a result of his
own unconscious homosexual impulses. This is an example of which Freudian defense
mechanism?
projection
Ashley feels uneasy after violating her personal standards of honesty and cheating on a
test. Freud might suggest that she is suffer from _____ anxiety
moral
Bethlehem argued that psychoanalysis should be seen as a
human science
Freud believed that the ego begins to evolve from the id soon after birth. While the ego
is developing, the id
remains stationary
Amy, an 18-month-old child, resorts to taking her baby sister's bottle event hough she
has previously been weaned. This behavior illustrates which Freudian defense
mechanism?
regression
Freud believed that instincts are characterized by all the following EXCEPT
depth
Among Freud's personal qualities were
an intellectual curiosity and high moral courage
Freud held that ideals in the preconscious originate from
both the conscious and the unconscious
From a Freudian perspective, psychological maturity might be characterized by
minimal repression and maximal consciousness
According to Freud, a masochist may receive sexual pleasure from
inflict pain on self; receiving pain inflicted by others
The use of Freudian defense mechanisms requires an
expenditure of psychic energy
Freud held that the pain of anxiety is most likely to result in
defensive behavior
According to Freud, the apprehension a person feels when physically threatened is
_________ anxiety
realistic
According to Freud, a guilt-ridden, timid person is most likely dominated by
the superego
Freud believed that a little girl's Oedipal wish for a baby is a substitute for the
phallus
The apprehension one feels while int he presence of a teacher is what Freud called
________ anxiety
neurotic
Freud said that in girls, the castration complex
takes the form of penis envy
After successful psychoanalytic treatment
the ego is expanded with previously repressed material
According to Freud, the ego's dependency on the superego results in
moral anxiety
Freud believed that a girl's superego
was not as fully developed as a boy's superego
Freud saw himself primarily as a
scientists
The event that eventually led to Freud's achievement of fame was his
publication of "The Interpretation of Dreams"
The paintings and sculpture of Michelangelo best exemplify Freud's concept of
sublimation
Adler's concept of humanity is most accurately summarized in which phrase?
people are motivated by their goals for the future
Adler believed that dreams
provide clues to solve future problems
According to Adler's theory of abnormal development, the goals of neurotic people
are overcompensations for exaggerated feelings of inferiority
Although Adler's theory is optimistic, it can be criticized for its
inability to be falsified
Adler believed that there are two general routes by which people strive. One is the path
of exaggerated personal superiority and the other is the road of
social interest
Research by Statton and Wilborn found that children who received counseling
showed more changes in early recollection than did students who did not receive
counseling
Adler would see an individual's inconsistent behavior as
a person's attempt to strive for superiority
Adler's break with Freud was due tot he fact that
Adler could not accept Freud's strong emphasis on sexual factors as motivations of
behavior
Adler believed that social interest
develops early in the mother-child relationship; is characteristic of all people to some
degree; is the English translation of "Gemeinschaftsgefuhl"
According to Adler, the behavior of psychologically healthy individuals is
motivated mostly by conscious goals and drives
Jung called the contents of the collective unconscious
archetypes
Jung's theory sees humans
as combinations of a number of opposing forces
Certain political and religious leaders rely on charisma and verbal persuasions to
influence multitudes of people. Jing would say that the spell these individuals cast over
others might be due to the __________ archetype within people
wise old man
Mythical characters such as Achilles and Superman personify which Jungian archetype
hero
Jung's notion of the collective unconscious refers to
people's tendency to react to biologically inherited response patterns from our ancestors
Symbols for Jung's great mother archetype include
trees, gardens, and plowed field
Jung's archetype of wisdom and meaning is the
wise old man
According to Jung, the archetype that manifests itself as one's social role is the
persona
In Jungian theory, extraverted feeling types are more likely than other types to
become businessmen or politicians
Jung believed that
goals and behaviors of early life are not fitting for the second half of life
Klein believed that during the female Oedipus complex, the girl
fantasized that the father's penis feeds the mother with babies
Klein contended that when introjected, dangerous objects
become internal persecutors
Mahler believed that when infants realize they cannot satisfy their own basic needs,
they
seek a symbiotic relationship with their mother
Object relations theory differs from Freud's theory in that it
places more emphasis on interpersonal relations; stresses the importance of a nurturing
mother; places less emphasis on sexual pleasure
According to Klein, the phantasies of an infant are
unconscious
Klein's conception of a "position" is different from "stage of development" is that
"positions" are
not referring to periods of time
Klein assumed that infants come into the world with
an activity phantasy life
If a hungry infant cries and kicks, Klein would say that it is
fantasizing about kicking or destroying the "bad" breast
Klein extended Freud's psychoanalysis by emphasizing
very early infancy
Bowlby's theory assumes that
the relationship between infant and caregiver becomes a model for future interpersonal
relationships
An infant remains calm when her mother exits the room, leaving her with a stranger.
When the mother returns, the infant ignores her. According to Ainsworth, this infant is
displaying the __________ attachment style
anxious-avoidant
To Klein, an introjected object
is phantasy of internalizing the object in a physical form
Klein claimed that infants used the paranoid-schizoid position to
control the good breast and fight off its persecutors
On the dimensions for a concept of humanity, Klein's theory rates lowest on
free choice and uniqueness
Klein called the fantasy that one's own feelings actually reside in another person
projection
According to Klein, the child's first model for interpersonal relations is the
breast
Klein's depressive position includes
anxiety over losing a loved object and guilt for wanting to destroy it
Among the people that Klein psychoanalyzed was
her son Erich
According to Horney, the principal difference between a psychologically healthy person
and a neurotic person is the degree of ________ with which each moves toward,
against, or away from people
compulsivity
According to Horney, neurotics differ from normals in that they
experience sever, insoluble conflicts
Horney believed that children develop _______ as a reaction to unfilled needs for love
and affection
basic hostility to their parents
Horney believed that people are governed by which two guiding principles?
safety and satisfaction
Horney believed that people combat basic anxiety by adopting which mode of relating to
people?
moving against others; moving towards others; moving away from others
which technique(s) did Horney, not use in her psychotherapy?
hypnosis
Horney criticized Freudian theory on several accounts. Which of these was one of her
major criticism
Freud's ideas on feminine psychology
According to Horney, two important intrapsychic conflicts are
self-hatred and the idealized self-image
In there need for perfection, neurotics often set up complex rules and outrageous
standards that they feel they must follow. Horney refers to this as
they tyranny of the should
Children who feel isolated form others are likely to develop Horney's neurotic trend of
moving
away from others
Parker is constantly belittling his own accomplishments. He also dreads asking others
for favors. These behaviors illustrate Horney's neurotic need
to restrict one's life within narrow borders
Horney believed that neurotics move toward people because they experience
deep feelings of helplessness
For Horney, psychic differences between men and women result from
cultural and social expectations
Horney saw neurotic behavior as protection against
basic anxiety
According to Horney, normal and neurotic individuals differ in their use of the three basic
styles of relating to people in that
neurotics only use one mode of relating to others
Horney predicted that people who experience a positive, loving relationship will move
toward self-realization
Kip seeks out powerful people to be his friends. Horney would say that Kip's needs for a
powerful partner
are needs that are neurotic
The major strength of Horney's theory is her
comprehensive description of the neurotic personality
Which of these is LEAST characteristic of people Horney regarded as neurotic?
high self-esteem
According to Horney, the principal behavior of neurotics who move away from people is
detachment
According to Horney, aggressive people assume that other people are
hostile
Horney contended that modern society is based on _________ between individuals
competition
Horney's concept of humanity was based mostly on her
clinical work with neurotic patients
Horney referred to the neurotic's compulsive drive toward actualizing the ideal self as
the neurotic search for glory
In Horney's view, neurotics
use the idealized self as the standard for self-evaluation
Horney believed that the cultural contradictions of society
lead to intrapsychic conflict
Horney insisted that the Oedipus complex
was the result of cultural forces
Tami is proud of her intellectual skills and abilities, and she is pleased when other notice
and admire her superior intelligence. These characteristics reflect Horney's neurotic
need for
personal admiration
Karen Horney, like _____________, was the youngest child of a middle-aged father,
had older siblings who were favored by her parents, and felt unwanted and unloved
Melanie Klein
According to Horney, Western society hinders people's attempts to find love by
rewarding competitiveness
Each of Horney's neurotic trends has a normal analog. The ability to survive in a
competitive society is a healthy extension of which neurotic trend?
moving against people
Those individuals who adopt Horney's neurotic trend of moving away from people
typically fear
needing others; dependence upon others; competition
Feelings of isolation, Horney said, stem from
an overly competitive society
According to Horney, the underlying cause of human neuroses is
human interrelations
According to Horney, the most destructive elements of the neurotic search for glory is
the drive toward a vindictive triumph
Neuroses, Horney said, grow out of the "nutritive soil" of
constant, unrelenting basic anxiety
According to Horney, the attempts of neurotics to find love typically result in
basic anxiety
In Horney's view, __________ is (are) largely responsible for the development of basic
anxiety and subsequent unhealthy interpersonal relations
cultural conditions
