PPOL 650 Briefing Paper Annotated Bibliography Assignment 2026.docx

Briefing Paper: Annotated Bibliography Assignment

Veronica Mason

PPOL 650: International Law, Policy, and Politics

Liberty University

Prof. Tamara Reid-McIntosh

February 24, 2026

Ahuvia, A. (2011). The social marketing of peace: grassroots movements, US foreign policy and

between Israel and its Arab neighbors. In the beginning, this meant that the priority would

be the negotiation of the development of a solution in the United States' foreign policy.

The second proposal involves increasing the notion that the U.S. is a neutral party in the

issue. At the end, the US should recognize that it must bring into play an important impact

over all applicable parties, including the Palestinians, Arab states, and their supporters, as

well as Israel and its supporters, to encourage these parties to reach middle-ground

compromises necessary to reach an agreement. Third, it constituted a meaningful

departure from the view of many other American pro-Israel organizations, which was that

the United

States should exclusively apply pressure on the Arab side of the crisis. In the short term,

https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/trumpsgaza-peace-proposal-how-viable-

is-it/

Amza said that Trump's 20-point Gaza peace plan is bold, complete, and wide-ranging.

legitimate.

In this article, Amza also covers the pos and cons of the structure of this 20-point proposal

plan, with the possible rejection of Hamas, who would need to completely abandon their

organization itself with the idea of disarmament, which is the most significant aspect of its

mission of armed resistance. In addition, Israel's accountability for its promises to deliver

humanitarian resources to the Gaza district could also be another stumbling block for the

plan to succeed, as Amza points out how the reality of starvation in Gaza could delay

further progress. For the plan to succeed, Hamas has to get back involved, and the U.S

It was widely accepted that President Obama was to oversee the fruitless effort to resolve

the conflict between Israel and Palestine diplomatically. Stabilizing the area and putting an

end to the conflict were two of the first fundamental options in the Policy Options in a

Time of Transition. The United States has a significant national security interest in

resolving the ongoing dispute between Israel and Palestine. To direct the parties and the

international community, a clear vision for the future of relations between Israel and the

newly formed state of Palestine is imperative. For the peace effort to make significant

progress, the US has to work with its regional allies. To combat the detrimental political

and security effects of silencing conservative voices in the area, this involvement is

Djerejian, E. P. (2024, January 24). Crafting an effective United States policy for the Middle East

Post-Gaza War. The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.

to negotiating conflict resolution and planning for peace.

The United States should formulate a vision after consulting all significant individuals in

and outside of the region. The foundation of this vision should be the establishment of a

substantial international coalition that endorses it. The following are among the

precedents in the history of Arab-Israeli negotiations that can be built upon: the Egyptian-

Israeli peace treaty; the Madrid Peace Conference, which for the first time brought Israel

and all its Arab neighbors to the negotiating table in face-to-face negotiations within a

supporting multilateral context; the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty following the Oslo

Accords; the

Clinton parameters, which dealt with territorial compromises; and the Saudi-initiated Arab

Hamzawy, A., Yerkes, S., & Selfe, K. (2026, February 9). U.S. Peace Mediation in the Middle

https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2026/02/gaza-trump-board-of-peace-

negotiationsisrael-lessons-from-oslo

This paper presents a comparative analysis of how the United States has successfully (and

unsuccessfully) used the available policies, tools, and levers to facilitate peacemaking

across four case studies: the successful Egypt-Israel and Jordan-Israel tracks, as well as the

failed Syria-Israel and Palestine-Israel tracks. The policies, tools, and levers that have been

utilized include sustained high-level leadership, facilitation and mediation, sequencing and

conditionality, incentives and inducements, security guarantees, and public diplomacy. In

conclusion, this paper offers policy recommendations for future mediation efforts,

adapted to the particular circumstances surrounding the United States' implementation of

displacement. Palestinian refugees encountered challenges to becoming citizens in the

neighboring receiving nations and became stateless people with a distinct identity. In 1949, the

United Nations created the so-called United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine

Refugees (UNRWA), which is responsible for hosting Palestinian refugees in refugee camps in

the surrounding nations. The United Nations and other international groups have insisted for

decades on the recognition of the Palestinian right to return to their homes. The Palestinian

Authority has requested that a peace agreement accompany the right to return. The persistent

conflict and disagreement between parties has caused an increase in the number of Palestinian

Power, Faith and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 1776 to the present. (2008). Middle

Eastern Studies, 44(2), 347–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200801956549

Even though almost every American knows about the Middle East today, very few know

how long or how often the region has worked with the United States. There seem to be

Kippur War.

Americans' strong religious views have often affected the country's interests. Long before

Zionism became one of the most important movements of the 20th century, many

mainstream Protestant churches in America were very dedicated to bringing the Jews

back to the Holy Land in order to fulfill biblical prophecies. A modern example of this idea

is the strong support that many Christian evangelical groups provide to Israel. The faith

topic has a big civic part in addition to its religious part.

Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft. (2024, November 26). Mind the gap: U.S.

preferences and Israel’s war conduct. https://quincyinst.org/research/mind-the-gap-u-

spreferences-and-israels-war-conduct/#

actions against the US and international law. This support directly contradicted the

Biden administration is dealing with the Iranian government, which has given the

Robinson, K. (2023, July 12). What is U.S. policy on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? Council on

Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/what-us-policy-israeli-

palestinianconflict

Between 1950 and 2018, the US gave more than $6 billion to UNRWA, the UN agency for

Palestinian refugees. However, under Trump, US help to the Palestinians started to

decrease. He ordered a cut in funding for UNRWA and a reduction in aid to Gaza and the

West Bank. U.S. citizens can sue the PA and other foreign aid recipients for alleged war

crimes under a new anti-terrorism law that Trump approved in 2019. The PA asked that

Washington cease funding because it was afraid it would face lawsuits. The Biden

administration has promised the Palestinians $500 million by 2024 (subject to legislative

approval), resuming aid to the West Bank and Gaza even while the antiterrorism statute is

still in force.

Yoo, J. (2025, February 13). The competing tensions in America’s Middle East policy. Civitas

Last week, President Donald Trump suggested ending the war in Gaza. This showed the

international order.