LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 1
Literature Review Assignment
Royal P McHenry
Helm School of Law/Government- PLCY-804
Liberty University
September 30, 2025
Key words: homelessness, mental health, housing, treatment, politics Abstract
The disparities of homelessness, from a religious view "For there will never cease to be
poor in the land. Therefore, I command you, you shall open wide your hand to your brother, to
the needy and to the poor, in your land” (Deuteronomy 15:11). “Policymakers must integrate a
faith base operation into political platforms for the common practice of saving lives” (Garcia &
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 2
Brown, 2022 p 2), for world leaders from Brazil’s President: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Canada’s
Prime Minister: Justin Trudeau; France’s President: Emmanuel Macron; Germany’s Chancellor:
Olaf Scholz; India’s Prime Minister: Narendra Modi, Japan’s Prime Minister: Fumio Kishida,
Russia’s President: Vladimir Putin, United Kingdom’s Prime Minister: Rishi Sunak to the United
States’s President: Donald J. Trump. “The United States of America ranks in the top ten richest
countries in the world” (Islam, 2025), with over 771, 480 homeless human beings. (De Sousa, &
Henry, 2024)
Introduction
These scientific approaches, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, have long
been the focus of studying the phenomena (Taherdoost, 2022). With respect to the meanings of
unmet needs for the homeless and under-privileged (Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor, & Tindal,
1994; Denzin & Lincoln, 2005a), biblical acknowledgments of the homelessness, "Blessed are
you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are you who hunger now, for you
will be satisfied. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh" (KJV, Luke 6:20-2). This
literature review will identify research designs/methods, key findings and strengths/weaknesses
of the research approaches of Human Rights: This review maintains the texts of numerous
conventions, declarations, recommendations, resolutions, and other instruments concerning
human rights adopted by the United Nations including the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and United
National Security Council. (Landman & Carvalho, 2009; Coppedge, et al 2020).
“ Bearing in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations
relating to the achievement of international co-operation in solving international
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 3
problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian nature, and in promoting and
encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without
distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, is to recognize such development is a
comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the
constant improvement of the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals
based on their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair
distribution of benefits resulting therefrom” (Degener, & Koster-Dreese, 1995 p 2).
Research Question
It is not known to what extent the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights affects National
and international resolution of Homelessness with anxiety and depression
Background
According to Fabian et, al (2020), the independent variable and fact the world has over
1.8 billion humans are homeless due to many dependent variables of jobs, high cost of living,
mental illness, physical health disabilities and several unknown factors discovered by medical
records, censorship, collected data taken by survey and reports from the national coalition on
homeless have effects on humanity from all walks of life. After crucial research and a multitude
of scientific key findings and extensive studies declared, ending homelessness in the United
States, as well as around the world, has subconsciously remained out of reach. “Despite
hundreds of federal, state, and local plans to end homelessness, most have ended
unsuccessfully due to a range of issues, notably insufficient resources” (Colburn, Shinn, Batko,
Galvez & Kushel, 2025, p 1). “A total of 771,480 people, or about 23 of every 10,000 people in
the United States, experienced homelessness in an emergency shelter, safe-haven, transitional
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 4
housing program, or in unsheltered locations across the country. on a single night in 2024” (De
Sousa & Henry, 2024). A host of factors illuminate and contribute to the worsening of a national
humanistic housing crisis, involving a first set of variables: the lack of political effort, rising
inflation, household incomes, and the persistent systemic racism that has limited homelessness
services systems. We look toward our first set of dependent variables, such as natural disasters
that invoke homeless, as well as public health crises, “The rising numbers of people immigrating
to the U.S., and the end to homelessness prevention programs put in place during the COVID-19
pandemic,\ including the end of the expanded child tax credit, have exacerbated this already
stressed system” (de Sousa, et al, 2024, p 1), as well as nation-state wars. Definitions of
homelessness used by UN-Habitat, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Institute of
Global Homelessness, or the European Federation of Organizations Working on Homelessness
(FEANTSA) have in common to include various forms of homelessness: the second set of
variables include persons living in the streets, in open spaces or cars; persons living in
temporary emergency accommodation, in women’s shelters, in camps or other temporary
accommodation provided to internally displaced persons, refugees or migrants; and persons
living in severely inadequate and insecure housing, such as residents of informal settlements
(UN-OHCHR 2024 p 1;Santos, Baptista, & Constantino, 2025).
The UN-OHCHR investigates and sets remedies for human rights abuses worldwide,
including supporting governments in their reform policies, documenting and reporting human
rights violations, and pursuing its own reforms to enhance its presence through national
resolutions. According to Coppedge, Gerring, Glynn, Knutsen, Lindberg, Pemstein, &
Marquardt, (2020) “A major strength of Varieties of Democracy is its empirical illustration of the
conceptual and methodological concepts and the well-balanced analysis of the strengths of the
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 5
VDem project” (Coppedge, et al, 2020). The UN views the hegemonic countries' role in the
homeless crisis as an absolute violation of the principles for which they stand. “Hegemony (/hɛ
ˈdʒɛməni/ , UK also /hɪˈɡɛməni/, US also /ˈhɛdʒəmoʊni/) is the political, economic, and ⓘ
military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global” (Schenoni,
2019, p 1).
The UN-OHCHR, in accordance with Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, states: “everyone has the right to housing, homelessness that continues to be a global
concern, reported by the Special Rapporteur to the United Nations.
Homelessness represents an assault on human dignity enshrined in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights” (United Nations, 1966). In the United States, over 771,480 people,
by virtue of the definition of homeless, are without adequate support to resolve their unmet
needs.
The codification of Article 25 of the United Nations is identified in the United States
Constitution as The Preamble, written by Gouverneur Morris, and adopted by 1787 as stated:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish
Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general
Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and
establish this Constitution for the United States of America” (U.S. Const. art. I, § 1). This article
has been constantly enforced by the U. S. constitutional amendments due process and equal
protection provisions and the federal administrative guidelines pursuant to the National Human
Right to Housing Foscarinis (2004). Foscarinis, (2004) emphasizes the argument that the right to
freedom of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness embraces the right to housing in light of
promoting the general welfare (Foscarinis, 2004). For example:
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 6
“If persons are deprived of habitable housing because local building codes are not
actively enforced, the general welfare of the community is adversely affected by a
general decline in housing quality. While the phrases due process of law and equal
protection of the laws are not used in the New Jersey Constitution, the concepts are
considered to be part of Article 1.112 of the Constitution” (Matthews 1980, p 2; The
1949 Housing Act).
According to Ratcliffe, Gerecke, Batko, Rumbach, Theodos, Levy, Berger, (2025). The
Trump Administration for the Urban and Housing program has been allocated 27 billion dollars
from Congress. These funds would cover experimental research for housing developments to
include (1) building affordable housing, (2) funding for Housing and Urban Development (HUD),
(3) the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, and (4) total funding based on legislative
changes and priorities (Ratcliffe 2025).
Eric Scott Turner, selected to the Department of Housing and Urban Development
Administration, has conducted an actual mixed-method research study beginning with
qualitative interviews with residents to gather personal experiences and insights. Turner has
performed case studies on specific neighborhood challenges and solutions, a quantitative
survey to collect demographic and housing data, analyzed spatial data using Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) to visualize urban patterns, and reviewed existing literature and
policy documents. “HUD is responsible for addressing the nation’s housing needs. It is charged
with fair housing laws and oversees housing for the poorest Americans, sheltering more than
4.3 million low-income families through public housing, rental subsidy, and voucher programs”
(Licon 2024, p 2).
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 7
“The creation of new technologies and methodologies has allowed quantitative
researchers to lessen the impact of these data weaknesses: Latent variables allow
scholars to create aggregate measures from a variety of classes of quantitative data,
as well as understandings from qualitative scholars, leading to the creation of new
measures for rights other than physical integrity rights. New machine learning
techniques and algorithms are giving scholars access to greater amounts of data
than ever before, improving event counts. Expert surveys are pulling new voices into
the data-generating process and incorporating practitioners into data processes that
are too often restricted to academics. Experimental studies are furthering the field’s
understanding of the processes underlying advocacy. Drawing on the lessons of past
work, future scholars can use quantitative methods to improve the field’s theoretical
and practical understandings of human rights” (Murdie & Watson, 2021, p.1).
“Followed by family breakdown, unemployment or economic problems, and a
shortage of affordable housing. Increasingly, family violence is also seen as an
important factor” (Batterham, 2020, p 4). It is common for people in the US to think
people experiencing homelessness are less educated, lack financial support, and/or
have some mental or physical disability (ies). “The survey results indicate that many
Americans accurately perceive the characteristics of homeless people, consider
homelessness a serious problem with structural roots, and support a variety of
measures intended to solve it” (Lee, et al, 2021, p 1). As a According to traditional
theory, people in the U.S. who are perceived as people experiencing homelessness
are addicted to alcohol or drugs, lack a graduate certification, are single-parents,
and do not receive public assistance (Hobden et al, 2007).
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 8
“HUD has technical standards for conducting the PIT counts, and CoCs use a variety of
approved methods to produce the counts” (Almquist, Kahveci, Hazel, Kajfasz, Rothfolk,
Guilmette, & Hagopian, 2025). Gallup Inc. (2007) discovered “that just under a third of
Americans reported concerns of becoming homeless, while just under half had taken in a family
member or friend when they had nowhere else to go” (Gallup Inc., 2007, p 2). Another
observational study by Batterman (2020) confirms that the homeless population is more likely
than not to be from their communities (Batterham, 2020).
“Herewith is a descriptive study investigating how working adult undergraduate
students (N=115) view homelessness. Participants completed a survey assessing
perceived causes, solutions, and stigma. Participants viewed poor economic conditions,
limited availability of jobs, drug problems, and mental illness as leading causes of
homelessness. Participants saw a variety of programs as potential solutions and denied
that they would be socially distant from a formerly homeless person. Because responses
were generally positive, community integration may receive support. However, because
participants demonstrated in close-ended and several open-ended responses, stigma
reduction is discussed” (Phillips,2015, p. 1).
“The executive director of the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH 2023) is
Jeff Olivet. “USICH began in 1987 when large bipartisan majorities in Congress passed the
Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, later renamed the McKinney-Vento Homeless
Assistance Act, which was signed into law by President Reagan” (Vilsack, Pritzker, Carter,
Duncan, Moniz, Burwel, & Rogers, 2015 p 1).
“USICH began in 1987 when large bipartisan majorities in Congress passed the Stewart
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 9
B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, later renamed the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance
Act, which was signed into law by President Reagan. The law, amended and reauthorized by the
HEARTH Act in 2009, recognized the complexity of coordinating federal efforts to address
homelessness.
“Then, as now, Congress understood that homelessness is a cross-system problem that
requires cross-system solutions and that no single agency, system, sector, or jurisdiction
can end homelessness on its own. Homelessness is a life-and-death public health crisis.
Tens of thousands of people die every year due to the dangerous conditions of living
without a home” (Rubin, 2023; Olivet, 2023, p 2).
According to the latest annual Point-in-Time Count, 582,462 individuals experienced
homelessness in the United States on a single night in January 2022 (PIT 2022; Tsai, J., &
Alarcón, 2022).
“The Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development. While Black Americans comprise 12% of the overall
population, they represent 37% of the homeless population. American Indians, Alaska
Natives, and Asian Americans are even more disproportionately represented. Latinos,
who are undercounted, are also overrepresented compared to their general
population numbers. Other populations are also disproportionately affected by
homelessness, including those based on sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and
disability.
Homelessness impacts both the young and the old” (AHAR 2022; Olivet, 2022, p. 4)
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 10
“Homeless Education more than 1 million youth were identified as homeless during the
2020-2021 school year, children who make up 17% of the homeless population in the United
States are more likely to experience serious health conditions, abuse, and violence” (Bock,
Brochu, & Rubenstein, 2023). Additionally, between 31% and 46% of young people who exit
foster care experience homelessness by age 26. Older Americans who face the same rising
housing costs as everyone else, but often with fixed incomes and rising health needs are one of
the fastest-growing groups of people experiencing homelessness (Rubin, 2023).
Adults who make up half the homeless population are over 50 years of age. According to
Dworsky et, al 2013, “if nothing changes in the next 15 years, Harvard University estimates that
an additional 2.4 million will be added to the HUD 2020” (Dworsky, Napolitano & Courtney,
2013). However, unsheltered and chronic homelessness rose 3% and 16%, respectively, and are
on the rise. “The solution to public the concern about unsheltered homelessness is to make
sure everyone has a home. Health and homelessness is inextricably linked. Illness, injury, and
medical expenses can put people at risk of homelessness, and the experience of homelessness
can lead to health problems” (AHAR 2022; Bock, Brochu, & Rubenstein, 2023, p 13; Olivet,
2023, p 5).
“A job has never guaranteed a home and that is even more true today. By some
measures, half of the people living in shelters or on the streets are employed. But full-
time minimum-wage workers cannot afford even a modest apartment in any county in
America. Meanwhile, rents have risen far faster than wages. Often, evictions come too
fast, while government assistance is often too slow. Decades of growing economic
inequality have left far too many Americans living paycheck to paycheck and one
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 11
unexpected car repair or medical bill away from homelessness. Even when people can
afford a home, one is not always available. In 1970, the United States had a surplus of
300,000 affordable homes. Moody’s Analytics estimates a shortfall in housing supply of
more than 1.5 million homes nationwide” (GAP 2022; Stanley, 2024; Olivet, 2022, p. 6).
“Today, only 37 affordable units are available for every 100 extremely low-income renters,
rendering a shortage of Affordable Homes” (N LI H C 2022, p 14).
“Since the pandemic began, the number of people experiencing homelessness in the
U.S. has remained relatively flat, increasing less than 1%. Meanwhile thanks in large part
to Congressional investments in programs like the Department of Labor’s Homeless
Veterans’ Reintegration Program and the Jobs for Veterans State Grants, the
Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) Supportive Services for Veteran Families, the
Department of
Education’s Education (AHAR p 21)
For Homeless Children and Youths, HHS’s Runaway and Homeless Youth Program, and
HUD’s Youth Homelessness Demonstration Program, veteran, family, and youth homelessness
dropped 11%, 5%, and 13%, respectively, and conclusively (Stanley, 2024, p 7). “Such progress
occurred during a time of massive layoffs, skyrocketing rents, and shuttering shelters, and
lagging housing supply, which were exacerbated by the COVID 19 pandemic” (Olivet Testament
2023 p 7).
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development happened at a time of
unprecedented federal investment and collaboration. “Urban Development (HUD) approved
plans to build 10,000 affordable or supportive homes. Some of the new homes and shelters are
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 12
in hotels and motels. With the help of these federal funds, communities are renovating them
and putting them to use” (Olivet, 2022, p. 9).
In just the last year, the VA and the 105 communities that joined USICH and HUD’s
House America Initiative used the American Rescue Plan to move more than 100,000 people
out of shelters, off the streets, and into permanent homes.
During the same period, the initiative added more than 40,000 affordable homes into
the pipeline. Additionally, Congress provided $800M in ARP dedicated funding that was
dispersed within 60 days to help deliver services to ensure that students experiencing
homelessness get the services they need to ensure they are able to stay in school and thrive.
Last year, the White House released its Housing Supply Action Plan, which includes legislative
and administrative actions that represent the most comprehensive in history to help end
America’s housing shortage and in just five years. “The White House also released national
strategies to transform mental health and social services for a new federal initiative to help key
cities and states address unsheltered homelessness through dedicated federal staff, maximum
flexibility, and regulatory relief, and technical support” (Olivet 2022, p. 9).
While we are only beginning to see the impact of these commitments, the results show
that we can make progress even during the most difficult times. Challenges of the lack of
Housing Supply is the fundamental solution to homelessness, but the United States suffers from
a severe shortage of safe, affordable, and accessible rental housing.
“According to a 2021 report, in no U.S. state can a person working full-time at the
federal minimum wage afford a two-bedroom apartment at the fair market rent” (Zhang,
Cummings, Maury, & Bernstein, 2021; Olivet, 2023 p. 7).
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 13
“Inadequate Access to Quality Health Care, Education, and Supportive Services.
Culturally appropriate, readily available, and accessible supportive services, including
treatment for mental health conditions and substance use disorders often are not
available at a level to meet the need. This is particularly true in rural areas where
transportation barriers, lack of community-based supports, and large geographical
distances can inhibit access to services” (Olivet 2022 p. 11).
However, “collaboration and coordination between homelessness response and other
systems, including health, victim services, workforce development, aging- and disability-related
services, early care and education, is often not as strong as it could be” (Cogburn, 2019; Olivet,
2022, p.11).
Conclusion
“Any successes the federal government and state and local leaders have achieved in
reducing homelessness is rooted in decisions made when we were united” (Olivet 22 p.16)
I believe we can come together to build a country where no one experiences
homelessness,
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 14
Reference
Almquist, Z. W., Kahveci, I., Hazel, M. A., Kajfasz, O., Rothfolk, J., Guilmette, C., ... & Hagopian, A.
(2025). Innovating a community-driven enumeration and needs assessment of people
experiencing homelessness: A network sampling approach for the HUD mandated point-
in-time count. American Journal of Epidemiology, 194(6), 1524-1533.
https://zalmquist.github.io/publication/2024-09-05-aje
Batterham, D. (2020). Public perceptions of homelessness–a literature review. Posjećeno, 13(8),
2022. https://experts.swinburne.edu.au/2306-deborah-batterham/publications
Bock, E., Brochu, P., & Rubenstein, E. (2023). Homelessness and Disability in Public-School
Students. Pediatrics, 151(4), e2022059885. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-059885
Cogburn, C. D. (2019). Culture, race, and health: Implications for racial inequities and Population
Health. The Milbank Quarterly, 97(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/14680009
.12411.
Colburn, G., Shinn, M., Batko, S., Galvez, M., & Kushel, M. (2025). What Would It Take to End
Homelessness in the United States? Housing Policy Debate, 35(3), 569-582.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2025.2479469
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Glynn, A., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Pemstein, D., ... &
Marquardt, K. (2020). Varieties of democracy: Measuring two centuries of political
change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.DOI:10.1017/S0008423920000414
Degener, T., & Koster-Dreese, Y. (1995). Declaration on the Right to Development: Adopted by
General Assembly resolution 41/128 of 4 December 1986. In Human Rights and
Disabled Persons (pp. 423-428). Brill Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004479890
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 15
De Sousa, T., & Henry, M. Abt Global. In the 2024 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR)
to Congress, Part (Vol. 1). https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13371
Dworsky, A., Napolitano, L., & Courtney, M. (2013). Homelessness during the transition from
foster care to adulthood. American journal of public health, 103(S2), S318S323./doi/
abs/10. 2105/AJPH.2013.301455
Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press and International Studies
Association, LLC. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.509
Fabian, L., Hansen, A. L., & Engholm, M. (2020). Care and homelessness in the shadow of
planetary crisis. Marginalization and Space in Times of Covid-19: Lockdown Report, 19
33.
https://www.academia.edu/94559400/Care_and_homelessness_in_the_shadow_of_
Foscarinis, M., Paul, B., Porter, B., & Scherer, A. (2004). The Human Right to Housing: Making
the Case in US Advocacy. Clearinghouse Rev., 38, 97. https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu
/facarticles chapters/887/
Garcia, E. E., & Brown, K. L. (2022). Health promotion in religious educational settings: A mixed-
methods study. Health Education Research, 37(2), 123-138https://pmc.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10094395/
Hobden, K.L., Tompsett, C.J., Fales, A.K., & Toro, P.A. (2007). Comparing public opinion and
prevalence of homelessness in Canada to the United States. Canadian Journal of Urban
Research, 16, 76-92. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/KarenHobden/publication
/261062093_
Landman, T., & Carvalho, E. (2009). Measuring human rights. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.
4324/9780203867594
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 16
Lee, B. A., Link, B. G., & Toro, P. A. (1991). Images of the homeless: Public views and media
messages. Housing Policy Debate, 2(3),
649-682.https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1991.
Licon, G. (2024 November) What to know about Scott Turner, Trump’s pick for housing secretary
https://apnews.com/article/housing-secretary-trump-scott-turner-nfl727417b
56d0e1f85a40eaf5f7d13d42f
Mathews, Albert (1978-1980) The right to housing Black Law Journal, Vol. 6, Issues 2 & 3
(1978-1980), pp. 247-264: 6 Black L.J. 247 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hz2h07b
Murdie, A. M., & Watson, K. A. (2021). Quantitative human rights. In Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/97801908
46626.013.603
National Right to Housing https://www.nhlp.org/files/(2)%20right%20to%20housing%20
National Alliance to End Homelessness. (2022, December 14). State of homelessness: 2022
edition. https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessnessstatistic
s/state-of-homelessness-2022/
Olivet, J. Testament (2023) United States Interagency Council on Homelessness All In: The
Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness https://www.banking.senate.
gov/imo/media/doc/Olivet%20Testimony%203-8-23.pdf
Olivet, J., Wilkey, C., Richard, M., Dones, M., Tripp, J., Beit-Arie, M., ... & Cannon, R. (2021).
Racial inequity and homelessness: findings from the SPARC study. The ANNALS of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 693(1), 82-100.https://doi.org/10.11
77/0002716221991040
Phillips, L. (2015). Homelessness: Perception of causes and solutions. Journal of Poverty, 19 (1),
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 17
1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2014.951981
Ratcliffe, J., Gerecke, S., Batko, S., Rumbach, A., Theodos, B., Levy, D. K., & Berger, A. L.
(2025). The ROAD to Housing Act. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/
files/2025-05/The_ROAD_to_Housing_Act.pdf
Rubin, R. (2023). New Federal Plan to Reduce Homelessness by 25% by 2025 Includes Health
Care as Part of the Solution. JAMA, 329(8), 617-618.https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.
0643
Santos, G. C., Baptista, T. W. D. F., & Constantino, P. (2025). Crossroads of life: homeless people
and human rights. Saúde e Sociedade, 34, e250006pt.https://doi.org/10.1590
/s0104-12902025250006en
Schenoni, L. L. (2019). "Hegemony". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies.
Oxford University Press and International Studies Association, LLC.doi:10.1093/acre
fore/9780190846626.013.509
Stanley, J. W. (2024). Strategic Planning and Goal Setting in a Politicized Environment: The
Case of HUD, USICH, and Homelessness. International Journal of Public Administration,
47(13), 933-936. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2023.2290448
Taherdoost, H. (2022). What are the different research approaches? Comprehensive review of
qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method research, their applications, types, and
limitations. Journal of Management Science & Engineering Research, 5(1), 53-63.https://
doi.org/10.30564/jmser.v5i1.4538
Tsai, J., & Alarcón, J. (2022). The annual homeless point-in-time count: limitations and two
different solutions. American Journal of Public Health, 112(4),
633-637https://doi.org/10.
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 18
2105/AJPH.2021.306640
United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.https://www.ohchr.
org/sites/default/files/ccpr.pdf (open in a new window)
United Nations on Homelessness and Human rightshttps://www.ohchr.org/en/special
procedures/sr-housing/homelessness-and-human-rights
United Nations on Homelessness and Human Rights (n.d.) https://www.ohchr.org/en/special
procedures/sr-housing/homelessness-and-human-rights
U.S. Constitution Article I, § 1. https://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_a1sec1-html/
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2023). The 2023 annual homeless
assessment report (AHAR) to Congress. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default
/files/pdf/AHAR-2023-Part1.pdf
Vilsack, S. T., Pritzker, S. P., Carter, S. A., Duncan, S. A., Moniz, S. E., Burwell, S. S. M., ... & Rogers,
E. D. M. (2015). United States Interagency Council on Homelessness.https://
www.cubatrade.org/blog/2016/2/3/duiselnlulovkhacjcl3s7ua3rmh6t
Zhang, J., Cummungs, R., Maury, M., & Bernstein, J. (2021). Alleviating Supply Constraints in the
Housing Market. The White House. alleviating-supply-constraints-inthe-housing
market/33 https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/oor/2021/Out-of-Reach_2021.pdf
Part II
Literature Review Resources
1 Reference
Diane Gray, Shirley Chau, Tim Huerta & Jim Frankish (2011) Urban-Rural Migration and
Health and Quality of Life in Homeless People, Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness,
20:1-2, 75-93,
Permalink
https://doi.org/10.1179/105307811805365007
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 19
Annotation
“Homelessness can impact one's use of health and social services. Our paper provides a
descriptive analysis of the nature, prevalence, and impacts of migration amongst homeless
people in two cities. We examine experiences of 120 homeless men in Vancouver and
Kelowna in relation to their mobility and its impact(s) on housing stability, health status and
behaviors, health and social services. Data were collected for a three-year period in which
homeless participants traveled from one location (either Kelowna or Vancouver) to live in
other cities or towns. Men's reasons for moving, types of services/benefits received in each
place, reasons for leaving, and what impact(s) (positive or negative) moving had on their
ability to receive services and the effects on their health and quality of life are presented.
Our work suggests that differences may exist in reasons for moving to, or leaving a city, and
these factors may influence housing, health and behaviors.”
2 Reference
Druss, B. G. (2020). Addressing the COVID-19 pandemic in populations with serious mental
illness. JAMA psychiatry.
Permalink
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0894
Annotation
“The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will present an unprecedented
stressor to patients and health care systems across the globe. Because there is currently no
vaccine or treatment for the underlying infection, current health efforts are focused on
providing prevention and screening, maintaining continuity of treatment for other chronic
conditions, and ensuring access to appropriately intensive services for those with the most
severe symptoms.
Disasters disproportionately affect poor and vulnerable populations, and patients with
serious mental illness may be among the hardest hit. High rates of smoking in this
population may raise the risk of infection and confer a worse prognosis among those who
develop the illness.2 Residential instability and homelessness can raise the risk of infection
and make it harder to identify, follow up, and treat those who are infected.3 Individuals
with serious mental illnesses who are employed may have challenges taking time off from
work and may lack sufficient insurance coverage to cover testing or treatment. Small social
networks may limit opportunities to obtain support from friends and family members
should individuals with serious mental illness become ill. Taken together, these factors may
lead to elevated infection rates and worse prognoses in this population.”
3 Reference
Hwang, S. W., Ueng, J. J., Chiu, S., Kiss, A., Tolomiczenko, G., Cowan, L., & Redelmeier, D. A.
(2010). Universal health insurance and health care access for homeless persons.
American journal of public health, 100(8), 1454-1461
Permalink
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 20
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182022
Annotation
“Despite high levels of morbidity and mortality, homeless people face numerous financial
and nonfinancial barriers to obtaining needed health services. A 1996 nationwide survey of
homeless people across the United States found that 57% were uninsured, and lack of
health insurance was associated with significantly lower odds of using ambulatory health
care. Nonfinancial barriers have also been described. Competing priorities such as securing
adequate food and shelter may lead to delays in seeking health care. Lack of transportation
to health visits, long waiting times in clinics, and feelings of being stigmatized by health care
professionals are also obstacles frequently reported by homeless people. Lack of
appropriate health care for homeless people may contribute to deterioration in health
status, prolonged homelessness, and even death.”
4 Reference
Kar, S. K., Arafat, S. Y., Marthoenis, M., & Kabir, R. (2020). Homeless mentally ill people and
COVID-19 pandemic: The two-way sword for LMICs. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102067.
Permalink
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102067
Annotation
“Homelessness is a big challenge in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) during the public
health emergencies, viz epidemics and pandemics. A significant number of homeless patients have
some sort of mental illness, and among the homeless mentally ill people (MHIP), a considerable
number have one or more medical co-morbidities. The majority of the homeless patients with
mental illness have severe mental illnesses (Patten 2017). Currently, most of the countries across
the globe are affected by a highly contagious novel coronavirus that originated in the Wuhan city of
China and, within months, took the shape of a pandemic (Lipsitch, 2020). This article was aimed to
draw attention to how MHIP affects the spread of the pandemic and how the current pandemic
affects them. There is a need to look into the health of this marginalized population for the possible
spread of COVID-19 infection in the community. The government and other responsible
stakeholders should take a lead to screen the health condition of these homeless mentally ill
persons in the LMICs, which may be beneficial in reducing the community spread of COVID-19
infection. At the same time, there is a potential role for mental health professionals to address the
mental health issues of these patients as they are often untreated (Banerjee, 2020). As there is a
paucity of manpower in mental healthcare in developing countries, the mental health issues of
homeless mentally ill
individuals can be addressed through online consultation, liaising with general medical practitioners
(Yao et al., 2020). Early and adequate treatment of mental illnesses in these patients is likely to
improve their general physical health and degree of adherence to the precautionary measures
required during this COVID-19 pandemic.”
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 21
5 Reference
Lima, N. N. R., de Souza, R. I., Feitosa, P. W. G., de Sousa Moreira, J. L., da Silva, C. G. L., &
Neto, M. L. R. (2020). People experiencing homelessness: Their potential exposure to
COVID-19. Psychiatry research, 288, 112945.
Permalink
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112945
Annotation
“Insufficient housing quality is associated with stress and mental health impacts. Homeless
organizations have been sounding the alarm for weeks. They have been warning that the
coronavirus could cause catastrophic harm to unhoused communities amid the absence of a
coordinated strategy to aid people already struggling to survive in tents and overcrowded
shelters. Depression and stress weaken our immune systems. Individuals with low incomes
are disproportionately likely to suffer from poor mental health. As the coronavirus
continues to unleash mayhem, we could be on an economic precipice.
Background
Insufficient housing quality is associated with stress and mental health impacts. Crowding,
pollution, noise, inadequate lighting, lack of access to green spaces, and other
environmental factors associated with slums can exacerbate mental health disorders,
including depression, anxiety, violence, and other forms of social dysfunction. Method
The studies were identified using large-sized newspapers with international circulation.
Results
Experts say that people who sleep in shelters or on the streets already have lower life
expectancy, suffer from addiction, and have underlying health conditions that put them at
greater risk should they develop the virus. There are just so many competing and unmet
needs, which makes it much harder for homeless to contend with all of this. If exposed,
people experiencing homelessness might be more susceptible to illness or death due to the
prevalence of underlying physical and mental medical conditions and a lack of reliable and
affordable health care. Nevertheless, without an urgent solution, people experiencing
homelessness will remain in limbo.
Conclusions
Many people living on the streets already have a diminished health condition, higher rates
of chronic illnesses or compromised immune systems, all of which are risk factors for
developing a more serious manifestation of the coronavirus infection. Those suffering from
mental illness may have difficulty in recognizing and responding to the threat of infection.
Homeless people have less access to health care providers who could otherwise order
diagnostic testing and, if confirmed, isolate them from others in coordination with local
health departments.”
6 Reference
Marcus, T. S., Heese, J., Scheibe, A., Shelly, S., Lalla, S. X., & Hugo, J. F. (2020). Harm
reduction in an emergency response to homelessness during South Africa’s COVID-19
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 22
lockdown. Harm reduction journal, 17(1), 1-8.
Permalink
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00404-0
Annotation
“The impending lockdown generated intense interactions by UP-DFM to prepare for the
provision of COVID-19 and essential generalist primary care with partners involved in the
Community Oriented Substance Use Program (COSUP). With approximately 2000 people at
the shelter at its peak, the numbers exceeded expectations. Throughout, while government
officials tried to secure bedding, food, and toilets, the shelter was poorly equipped and
without onsite management. The COSUP clinical team prioritized opioid substitution
therapy using methadone and COVID-19 screening over generalist healthcare to manage
withdrawal and contain tension and anxiety. COSUP and its partners helped the city plan
and implement the safe re-sheltering of all Caledonian residents. Conclusion
The Caledonian shelter is an account of organizational resilience in the face of homelessness
and substance use emergencies triggered by lockdown. Through community-oriented,
bottom-up self-organization, a clinically led team navigated a response to the immediate
needs of people who are homeless and/or use drugs that evolved into a more sustainable
intervention. Key lessons learnt were the importance of communicating with people directly
affected by emergencies, the value of using methadone to reduce harms during
emergencies and the imperative of including OST in essential primary healthcare.”
7 Reference
Rufo, C. F. (2019) The “Housing First” Approach Has Failed: Time to Reform Federal
Policy and Make it Work for Homeless Americans.
Permalink
2019.https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/The-State-of-Homelessness-in-
America.pdf (accessed
Annotation
“Homelessness in America has gained national attention. According to the most recent
count, there are 567,715 homeless individuals in the United States. The COVID-19
pandemic has highlighted the importance of housing as a social determinant of health and
raises the question of whether current approaches to addressing homelessness should be
reevaluated (Rufo, 2019). Health, social, and government agencies must collaborate in a
coordinated approach when developing and implementing services within the homeless
sector. Funding is needed to ensure adequate resources, to enhance shelter space, and to
ensure harm reduction in isolation and quarantine facilities. Finally, as the pandemic slowly
becomes controlled, governments and service providers should take the opportunity to
modify the way homelessness is treated and sheltered, by focusing on long-term
treatments through permanent housing and supports. Testing kits and training on how to
recognize COVID-19 should be widely disseminated to homeless service providers and
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 23
deployed in shelters, encampments, and street outreach to quarantine and treat people
experiencing homelessness” (Leung, Ho, Kiss, Gundlapalli, & Hwang, 2008).
8 Reference
Lopez, L., & Subica, A. (2020). Homelessness, Health, and Health Care: A Scoping Review of
the Literature.
Permalink
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31524327/
Annotated
“The United States is a nation composed of 300 million people -- with an estimated 554,000
individuals experiencing homelessness on any given night (Taylor, 2019). Nationally, many
obstacles and hardships involving access to health care affect minority populations as well
as residents of most inner city and rural areas. In particular, individuals experiencing
homelessness often encounter numerous obstacles to receiving health care services
(Institute of Medicine). In one survey done nationally, it was noted that 73% of the
respondents reported at least one unmet health need. These unmet needs included the
inability to obtain needed medical or surgical care (32%), prescription medications (36%),
mental health care (21%), eyeglasses (41%), and dental care (41%) (Travis, 2010). In this
scoping literature review, we will review the state of the literature regarding homelessness
and health. In the first section, we will discuss past research describing the relationship
between homelessness and health. Then, in the second section, we will review the research
describing the relationships between homelessness and health care. Finally, we will report
on emerging
research involving COVID-19 and persons experiencing homelessness.”
9 Reference
Omerov, P., Craftman, Å. G., Mattsson, E., & Klarare, A. (2020). Homeless persons'
experiences of health and social care: A systematic integrative review. Health & social care
in the community, 28(1), 1-11.
Permalink
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12857
Annotated
“Homelessness is associated with high risks of morbidity and premature death. Many
interventions aimed at improving physical and mental health exist, but do not reach the
population of people experiencing homelessness. Despite the widely reported unmet
healthcare needs, more information about the barriers and facilitators that affect access to
care for people experiencing homelessness is needed. A systematic integrative review was
performed to explore the experiences and needs of health and social care for persons
experiencing homelessness. The following databases were searched: AMED, ASSIA,
Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Nursing and Allied Database,
PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection. Twenty-two studies met
the inclusion criteria of empirical studies with adult persons experiencing homelessness,
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 24
English language, and published between 2008 and 2018. Fifty percent of the studies were
of qualitative and quantitative design, respectively. Most studies (73%) were conducted in
the United States (n=11) and Canada (n=5). The analysis resulted in three themes: Unmet
basic human needs, Interpersonal dimensions of access to care, and Structural and
organizational aspects to meet needs. The findings highlight that persons in homelessness
often must prioritize provision for basic human needs, such as finding shelter and food,
over getting health and social care. Bureaucracy and rigid opening hours, as well as
discrimination and stigma, hinder these persons' access to health and social care.”
1
0
Reference
APA Or Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health
Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness (2018)
Permalink
DOI 10.17226/25133
Or https://www.nap.edu/read/25133/chapter/12
Annotate
“Chronic homelessness is a highly complex social problem of national importance. The
problem has elicited a variety of societal and public policy responses over the years,
concomitant with fluctuations in the economy and changes in the demographics of and
attitudes toward poor and disenfranchised citizens. In recent decades, federal agencies,
nonprofit organizations, and the philanthropic community have worked hard to develop
and implement programs to solve the challenges of homelessness, and progress has been
made. However, much more remains to be done. Importantly, the results of various efforts,
and especially the efforts to reduce homelessness among veterans in recent years, have
shown that the problem of homelessness can be successfully addressed.
Although a number of programs have been developed to meet the needs of persons
experiencing homelessness, this report focuses on one particular type of intervention:
permanent supportive housing (PSH). Permanent Supportive Housing focuses on the
impact of PSH on health care outcomes and its cost-effectiveness. The report also
addresses policy and program barriers that affect the ability to bring the PSH and other
housing models to scale to address housing and health care needs.”
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Permanent Supportive
Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People
Experiencing Chronic Homelessness. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25133.
1
1
Reference
Jego, M., Abcaya, J., Ștefan, D. E., Calvet-Montredon, C., & Gentile, S. (2018). Improving
health care management in primary care for homeless people: a literature review.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(2), 309.
Permalink
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 25
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020309
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 26
Annotated
Background: “Homeless people have poorer health status than the general population. They
need complex care management because of associated medical troubles (somatic and
psychiatric) and social difficulties. We aimed to describe the main characteristics of the
primary care programs that take care of homeless people, and to identify which could be
most relevant. Methods: We performed a literature review that included articles that
described and evaluated primary care programs for homeless people. Results: Most of the
programs presented a team-based approach, multidisciplinary, and/or integrated care. They
often proposed co-located services between somatic health services, mental health services,
and social support services. They also tried to address the specific needs of homeless people.
Some characteristics of these programs were associated with significant positive outcomes:
tailored primary care organizations, clinic orientation, multidisciplinary team-based models
that included primary care physicians and clinic nurses, integration of social support, and
engagement in the community’s health. Conclusions: Primary health care programs that
aimed at taking care of the homeless people should emphasize a multidisciplinary approach
and should consider an integrated (mental, somatic, and social) care model”
1
2
Reference
Crowley, M., Supplee, L., Scott, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2019). The role of psychology in
evidence-based policymaking: Mapping opportunities for strategic investment in poverty
reduction. American Psychologist, 74(6), 685–697
Permalink
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000466
Annotation Abstract
“Increasing efforts are being undertaken to understand how to improve the use of research
evidence in policy settings. In particular, growing efforts to understand the use of research in
legislative contexts. Although high-profile examples of psychology’s contributions to public
policy exist—particularly around antipoverty legislation—little systematic review has
quantified how the field has informed federal policy across time. Recognizing the importance
of exploring psychology’s use in policymaking, we provide an overview of psychology’s
presence in federal antipoverty legislation over the last 2 decades by reviewing the over
6,000 antipoverty bills introduced to the U.S. Congress since 1993 for mentions of psychology.
Further, to explore how psychology’s contributions are related to policymakers’ attributions
about the causes of poverty, their public statements and voting behavior is considered. Key
gaps in our scientific knowledge for informing poverty-related policy are identified.
Opportunities to enhance the relevance of psychology in poverty reduction efforts, including
the evidence-based policy movement, are described.”
1
3
Reference
Lobo, E. S. (2018). From homelessness toward self-sufficiency: A longitudinal study of families
(Doctoral dissertation, Loma Linda University).
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 27
Permalink
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2090807246?pqorigsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
Annotation
“Homeless families with children are a serious concern in the United States. On a
single night in January 2017, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD) reports that there were almost 185,000 people experiencing homelessness in
families with children. (HUD, 2017). In addition, almost 60% of these people were
children under the age of 18. California has the second-highest prevalence rate of family
homelessness, after New York, accounting for 12% of homeless families in the U.S. (HUD,
2017). Although these numbers are a decrease from previous years, the level of
homelessness remains concerning, given that homelessness has a tremendous impact on
children and families in many facets of life, from physical health to mental health, to
educational/employment possibilities (Markos & Lima, 2003; Swick, Williams, & Fields,
2014; Ziol-Guest & McKenna, 2014). Therefore, breaking the cycle of homelessness and
poverty is an important goal for families with young children.”
1
4
Reference
Basri, H., Amin, S., Umiyati, M., Mukhlis, H., & Irviani, R. (2020). Learning theory of
conditioning. Learning, 7(08), 2020.
Permalink
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hamid_Mukhlis/publication/
343395979_Learning_Theory_of_Conditioning/links/5f28012992851cd302d5a612/
Learning-Theory-of-Conditioning.pdf
Annotation
“This paper presents the learning theory of conditioning. According to conditioning theory,
learning is a process of change that occurs because of the conditions that then cause a
reaction. To make that person study, we must give certain conditions. The most important
thing in learning, according to conditioning theory, is continuous practice. Priority in this
theory is learning that occurs automatically. This theory says that all human behavior is also
the result of conditioning, that is, the result of training or habit of reacting to certain
conditions or stimuli experienced in life. The weakness of this theory is that learning only
happens automatically, and activity and personal determination are required in certain
learning, such as learning about certain skills and habituation in young children. In the
learning process, the priority is how the individual can adapt to environmental stimuli and
then this individual can react. The reaction is an attempt to create activities as well as finish
them, and finally get a result that makes changes to the individual as a new thing, and
increases knowledge. The behavioral change must be in the form of repetitive stimuli that
are beneficial to the individual and have a positive value in learning new things. Learning
aims to change the positive nature, meaning that if someone learns something new, it
depends on the stimulus around it (environmental factors that are conducive to providing
comfort in the learning process), including the activeness of the mental process that is
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 28
often trained and eventually becomes an activity that is accustomed to do. There are
factors from inside which include 1) Health, If people are always sick (headache, cold,
fever), resulting in a lack of enthusiasm for learning, and psychologically often experience
mental disorders and feel of disappointment because of conflict. 2) Intelligence and talent
factors greatly influence the progress of learning. 3) Interest and Motivation, Great interest
(strong desire) for something is a big asset in achieving a goal. Motivation is self-
encouragement, generally because of the awareness of the importance of something.
Motivation can also come from outside, namely encouragement from the environment,
such as teacher and parents. 4) How
to learn. It should be noted that learning technique, how the note is learned, and the
arrangement of study time, places, and other learning facilities.”
1
5
Reference
Wright, B. R. E. (1998). Behavioral intentions and opportunities among homeless
individuals: A reinterpretation of the theory of reasoned action. Social Psychology
Quarterly, 271-286.
Permalink
https://doi.org/10.2307/2787030
Annotation
“This article applies the social psychological theory of reasoned action to processes of
homelessness; this application extends the breadth of the theory and illuminates the study
of homelessness. The theory of reasoned action links attitudes to voluntary, unconstrained,
temporally proximate behaviors by means of behavioral intentions. It is argued here that
behavioral intentions, once formed, can also alter both perceived and actual opportunities
for behaviors, thus linking attitudes to a wider range of social behaviors. Hypotheses derived
from this intentions-altering-opportunities reformulation are tested with data about
homeless persons' intentions for leaving the streets for conventional housing. As
hypothesized, intentions for conventional housing predicted, to a significant degree, future
departures from homelessness.”
1
6
Reference
Maxey, S. (2019). Predictors of self-esteem in adults who are homeless or unstably housed
(T). University of British Columbia. Retrieved from
https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0378426
x
Permalink
Annotation
“The adverse conditions associated with living with no fixed address give rise to many
physical and mental health issues. There is a rich history of research on homelessness that
focuses on related health deficits. Emerging positive psychological literature has illuminated
the importance of identifying the personal strengths and potentialities of individuals who
are homeless. Self-esteem is a strength that has been extensively researched in positive
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 29
psychology and has been characterized as a causal force underlying many of the
psychological challenges facing people who are homeless. Indeed, self-esteem has been
identified as a predictor, mediator/moderator in relationships with other psychological
concepts critical to marginalized adults. That said, few studies have examined how
subjective quality of life (QoL), depression, and health conditions act as predictors of
selfesteem in homeless populations. Secondary data from the Quality of Life for Homeless
and Hard-to-House Individuals (QoLHHI) study (N = 239) was analyzed using multiple
regression in SPSS to determine if, and to what degree, subjective QoL, depression, and
health conditions predict self-esteem in individuals who are homeless or unstably housed.
Participants were recruited from shelters, single room occupancy (SRO) hotels, and other
services in three Canadian cities – Vancouver, Calgary, and Ottawa. Findings reveal that the
two psychological variables – subjective QoL and depression – were the only statistically
significant predictors of self-esteem in the model, with Pratt’s index showing that
depression was the most important variable. Possible implications for improving the lives of
adults who are homeless, from a positive psychological perspective, may be helpful to a
variety of professions, such as policy makers, researchers, and clinicians.”
Reference
Colburn, G., Shinn, M., Batko, S., Galvez, M., & Kushel, M. (2025). What Would It Take to End
Homelessness in the United States? Housing Policy Debate, 35(3), 569-582.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2025.2479469
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Glynn, A., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Pemstein, D., ... &
Marquardt, K. (2020). Varieties of democracy: Measuring two centuries of political
change. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.DOI:10.1017/S0008423920000414
Degener, T., & Koster-Dreese, Y. (1995). Declaration on the Right to Development: Adopted by
General Assembly resolution 41/128 of 4 December 1986. In Human Rights and
Disabled Persons (pp. 423-428). Brill Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004479890
De Sousa, T., & Henry, M. Abt Global. In the 2024 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR)
to Congress, Part (Vol. 1). https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13371
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 30
Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press and International Studies
Association, LLC. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.509
Fabian, L., Hansen, A. L., & Engholm, M. (2020). Care and homelessness in the shadow of
planetary crisis. Marginalization and Space in Times of Covid-19: Lockdown Report, 19
33.
https://www.academia.edu/94559400/Care_and_homelessness_in_the_shadow_of_
Foscarinis, M., Paul, B., Porter, B., & Scherer, A. (2004). The Human Right to Housing: Making
the Case in US Advocacy. Clearinghouse Rev., 38, 97. https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu
/fac articles chapters/887/
Landman, T., & Carvalho, E. (2009). Measuring human rights. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.
4324/9780203867594
Licon, G. (2024 November) What to know about Scott Turner, Trump’s pick for housing secretary
https://apnews.com/article/housing-secretary-trump-scott-turner-nfl
727417b56d0e1f85a40eaf5f7d13d42f
Mathews, Albert (1978-1980) The right to housing Black Law Journal, Vol. 6, Issues 2 & 3
(1978-1980), pp. 247-264: 6 Black L.J. 247 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hz2h07b
Murdie, A. M., & Watson, K. A. (2021). Quantitative human rights. In Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/97801908
46626.013.603
National Right to Housing https://www.nhlp.org/files/(2)%20right%20to%20housing%20
Ratcliffe, J., Gerecke, S., Batko, S., Rumbach, A., Theodos, B., Levy, D. K., & Berger, A. L. (2025).
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT 31
The ROAD to Housing Act. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/ files/2025-
05/The_ROAD_to_Housing_Act.pdf
Santos, G. C., Baptista, T. W. D. F., & Constantino, P. (2025). Crossroads of life: homeless people
and human rights. Saúde e Sociedade, 34, e250006pt.https://doi.org/10.1590
/s0104-12902025250006en
Schenoni, L. L. (2019). "Hegemony". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies.
Oxford University Press and International Studies Association,
LLC. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.509
Taherdoost, H. (2022). What are the different research approaches? Comprehensive review of
qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method research, their applications, types, and
limitations. Journal of Management Science & Engineering Research, 5(1), 53-63.
https://doi.org/10.30564/jmser.v5i1.4538
United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/ccpr.pdf(open in a new window)
United Nations on Homelessness and Human rightshttps://www.ohchr.org/en/special
procedures/sr-housing/homelessness-and-human-rights
United Nations on Homelessness and Human Rights (n.d.) https://www.ohchr.org/en/special
procedures/sr-housing/homelessness-and-human-rights
U.S. Constitution Article I, § 1. https://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_a1sec1-html/
