Hebrew Paradigms
for
Elements of Hebrew I and II
(TTOT 603, 604; BHEB 101, 102)
Paradigm 1: The Subject Pronouns................................................................................................ 1
Paradigm 2: The Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) with lj;q'......................................................... 1
Paradigm 3: The Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) with rm;v' ........................................................ 1
Paradigm 4: The Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) with lj;q'..................................................... 2
Paradigm 5: The Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) with rm;v' .................................................... 2
Paradigm 6: The WCI (Waw-Consecutive with “Imperfect”) with rm;v'..................................... 2
Paradigm 7: The Noun................................................................................................................... 3
Paradigm 8: Adjective Phrases ...................................................................................................... 3
Paradigm 9: Nouns with Pronoun Suffixes (Possessive)............................................................... 4
Paradigm 10: The Noun ba' (Father) ............................................................................................ 5
Paradigm 11: Some Other Irregular Nouns ................................................................................... 5
Paradigm 12: Prepositions with Pronoun Suffixes ........................................................................ 6
Paradigm 13: Independent Object Pronouns.................................................................................. 7
Paradigm 14: Demonstratives and Demonstrative Phrases ........................................................... 7
Paradigm 15: Adjectives and Demonstratives in Sentences.......................................................... 7
Paradigm 16: The Qal (Active and Non-Stative) Participle with lj;q'........................................ 8
Paradigm 17: The Qal (Active and Non-Stative) Participle with rm;v'........................................ 8
Paradigm 18: The Imperative with lj;q'....................................................................................... 8
Paradigm 19: The Imperative with rm;v' ...................................................................................... 8
Paradigm 20: The Negative Particles............................................................................................. 8
Paradigm 21: The Final He Root, Qal Pattern............................................................................... 9
Paradigm 22: The Verb hy"h' in the Qal Pattern .......................................................................... 10
Paradigm 23: The Initial Yod Root, Type B, Qal Pattern ............................................................ 11
Paradigm 24: The Root %l;h', Qal Pattern (Analogous to Initial Yod, Type B)......................... 12
Paradigm 25: The Middle Vav Root, Qal Pattern (bWv)............................................................. 13
Paradigm 26: The Middle Yod Root, Qal Pattern (~yfi)............................................................. 14
Paradigm 27: The Initial Aleph Root, Qal Pattern (rm;a') .......................................................... 15
Paradigm 28: The “Doubled” Root, Qal Pattern ......................................................................... 16
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page i
Paradigm 29: The Root aAB, Qal Pattern ................................................................................... 17
Paradigm 30: The Root !t;n" in the Qal........................................................................................ 18
Paradigm 31: The Root xq;l' in the Qal ..................................................................................... 19
Paradigm 32: The Initial Yod Root, Type B, Hiphil Pattern (dr:y")............................................. 20
Paradigm 33: The Root %l;h' in the Hiphil Pattern .................................................................... 21
Paradigm 34: The Middle Weak Verb, Hiphil Pattern (bWv) ..................................................... 22
Paradigm 35: The Initial-Nun Verb in the Hiphil (*dgn) ............................................................ 23
Chart 1: The Regular Verb, Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) ....................................................... 24
Chart 2: The Regular Verb, Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) ................................................... 25
Chart 3: The Regular Verb, Imperative ....................................................................................... 26
Chart 4: The Infinitives of the Regular Verb............................................................................... 26
Chart 5: The Participle of the Regular Verb, Qal Pattern............................................................. 27
Chart 6: The Participle of the Derived Patterns ............................................................................ 27
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page ii
Paradigm 1: The Subject Pronouns
~he / hM'he they (m) aWh he
hN"he they (f) ayhi she
~T,a; you (mp) hT'a; you (ms)
!Tea; / hn"Tea; you (fp) T.a; you (fs)
Wnx.n:a} we ynIa} / ykinOa' I
Paradigm 2: The Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) with lj;q'
Wlj.q' they killed lj;q' he killed
hl"j.q' she killed
~T,l.j;q. you (mp) killed T'l.j;q' you (ms) killed
!T,l.j;q. you (fp) killed T.l.j;q' you (fs) killed
Wnl.j;q' we killed yTil.j;q' I killed
Paradigm 3: The Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”) with rm;v'
Wrm.v' they kept rm;v' he kept
hr"m.v' she kept
~T,r.m;v. you (mp) kept T'r>m;v' you (ms) kept
!T,r.m;v. you (fp) kept T.r>m;v' you (fs) kept
Wnr.m;v' we kept yTir>m;v' I kept
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 1
Paradigm 4: The Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) with lj;q'
Wlj.q.yI they (m) will kill ljoq.yI he will kill
hn"l.joq.Ti they (f) will kill ljoq.Ti she will kill
Wlj.q.Ti you (mp) will kill ljoq.Ti you (ms) will kill
hn"l.joq.Ti you (fp) will kill ylij.q.Ti you (fs) will kill
ljoq.nI we will kill ljoq.a, I will kill
Paradigm 5: The Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”) with rm;v'
Wrm.v.yI they (m) will keep (rAmv.yI) rmov.yI he will keep
hn"r>mov.Ti they (f) will keep rmov.Ti she will keep
Wrm.v.Ti you (mp) will keep rmov.Ti you (ms) will keep
hn"r>mov.Ti you (fp) will keep yrIm.v.Ti you (fs) will keep
rmov.nI we will keep rmov.a, I will keep
Paradigm 6: The WCI (Waw-Consecutive with “Imperfect”) with rm;v'
Wrm.v.YIw: then they (m) kept rmov.YIw: then he kept
hn"r>mov.Tiw: then they (f) kept rmov.Tiw: then she kept
Wrm.v.Tiw: then you (mp) kept rmov.Tiw: then you (ms) kept
hn"r>mov.Tiw: then you (fp) kept yrIm.v.Tiw: then you (fs) kept
rmov.NIw: then we kept rmov.a,w" then I kept
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 2
Paradigm 7: The Noun
Absolute State
~ysiWs horses (mp) sWs horse (ms)
tAsWs mares (fp) hs'Ws mare (fs)
Construct State
yseWs horses of (mp) sWs horse of (ms)
tAsWs mares of (fp) ts;Ws mare of (fs)
Paradigm 8: Adjective Phrases
With Nouns Marked Normally for Masculine and Feminine
~ybiAj ~ysiWs good horses bAj sWs a good horse
tAbAj tAsWs good mares hb'Aj hs'Ws a good mare
~ybiAJh; ~ysiWSh; the good horses bAJh; sWSh; the good horse
tAbAJh; tAsWSh; the good mares hb'AJh; hs'WSh; the good mare
With Nouns Marked Abnormally for Masculine and Feminine
~ybiAJh; ~yvin"a}h' the good men bAJh; vyaih' the good man
tAbAJh; ~yviN"h; the good women hb'AJh; hV'aih' the good woman
~ybiAj tAba' good fathers bAj ba' a good father
tAbAJh; tAcr"a]h' the good lands hb'AJh; #r<a'h' the good land
Note: The fem. pl. “women” is marked as though masc. pl. in Hebrew: ~yvin" .
The masc. pl. “fathers” is marked as though fem. pl. in Hebrew: tAba' .
The noun for “land” or “country” is an unmarked fem.: #r<a, .
The adjective in each case will have the expected form.
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 3
Paradigm 9: Nouns with Pronoun Suffixes (Possessive)
Masculine Singular Nouns (or Unmarked Feminines)
~s'Ws their (m) horse AsWs his horse
!s'Ws their (f) horse Hs'Ws her horse
~k,s.Ws your (mp) horse ^s.Ws your (ms) horse
!k,s.Ws your (fp) horse %seWs your (fs) horse
WnseWs our horse ysiWs my horse
Feminine Singular Nouns
~t's'Ws their (m) mare Ats'Ws his mare
!t's'Ws their (f) mare Ht's'Ws her mare
~k,t.s'Ws your (mp) mare ^t.s'Ws your (ms) mare
!k,t.s'Ws your (fp) mare %tes'Ws your (fs) mare
Wntes'Ws our mare ytis'Ws my mare
Masculine Plural Nouns (or Feminine Nouns Marked Like Masculine Nouns)
~h,yseWs their (m) horses wys'Ws his horses
!h,yseWs their (f) horses h'ys,Ws her horses
~k,yseWs your (mp) horses ^ys,Ws your (ms) horses
!k,yseWs your (fp) horses %yIs;Ws your (fs) horses
WnyseWs our horses ys;Ws my horses
Feminine Plural Nouns (or Masculine Nouns Marked Like Feminine Nouns)
~h,yteAsWs their (m) mares wyt'AsWs his mares
!h,yteAsWs their (f) mares h'yt,AsWs her mares
~k,yteAsWs your (mp) mares ^yt,AsWs your (ms) mares
!k,yteAsWs your (fp) mares %yIt;AsWs your (fs) mares
WnyteAsWs our mares yt;AsWs my mares
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 4
Paradigm 10: The Noun ba' (Father)
Note: The nouns xa' (brother) and hP, (mouth) follow a similar paradigm.
Absolute and Construct
tAba' fathers ba' father
tAba] fathers of (construct) ybia] father of (construct)
Singular with Possessive Suffixes
~h,ybia] their (m) father wybia' his father
!h,ybia] their (f) father h'ybia' her father
~k,ybia] your (mp) father ^ybia' your (ms) father
!k,ybia] your (fp) father %ybia' your (fs) father
Wnybia' our father ybia' my father
Plural with Possessive Suffixes
~t'Aba] their (m) fathers wyt'Aba] his fathers
* 3fp *3fs
~k,yteAba] your (mp) fathers ^yt,boa] your (ms) fathers
* 2fp *2fs
WnyteAba] our fathers yt;Aba] my fathers
*Unattested for ba' , but cf. h'yx,a; (her brothers) and %yIx;a; (your [fs] brothers).
Paradigm 11: Some Other Irregular Nouns
(yven>a;) ~yvin"a] men vyai man
(yven> ) ~yvin" women ( yTiv.ai = my wife, tv,ae) hV'ai woman
(tAcr>a;) tAcr"a] lands (ycir>a; = my land) #r<a, land, earth
(ynEB.) ~ynIB' sons (!B,) !Be son
(tAnB.) tAnB' daughters (yTiBi = my daughter) tB; daughter
(yrE[') ~yrI[' cities ry[i city
~yviar" heads vaOr head
tAmve names ~ve name
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 5
Paradigm 12: Prepositions with Pronoun Suffixes
The Preposition l (Pattern Like the Singular Noun)
~h,l' to them (m) Al to him
hN"hel' / !hel' to them (f) Hl' to her
~k,l' to you (mp) ^l. *to you (ms)
hn"k,l' **to you (fp) %l' to you (fs)
Wnl' to us yli to me
*In “pause,” the form coincides with the fs form: %l' . **Occurs only once: Ezekiel 13:18.
The Preposition -la, (Pattern Like the Plural Noun)
~h,ylea} unto them (m) wyl'ae unto him
!h,ylea} unto them (f) h'yl,ae unto her
~k,ylea} unto you (mp) ^yl,ae unto you (ms)
*!k,ylea} unto you (fp) %yl;ae unto you (fs)
Wnyleae unto us yl;ae unto me
*Reconstructed form (but cf. !k,yle[] , Ezekiel 23:49).
The Preposition !mi
~h,me / hM'heme from them (m) WNM,mi *from him
!heme / hN"heme from them (f) hN"M,mi from her
~K,mi from you (mp) ^M.mi from you (ms)
NA from you (fp) %Memi from you (fs)
WNM,mi *from us yNIM,mi from me
*WNM,mi = either “from him” or “from us”
The Preposition k
~heK' / ~h,K' / hM'heK' / ~h,AmK. like them (m) WhmoK' like him
!heK' / hN"heK' like them (f) h'AmK' like her
~k,K' / ~k,AmK. like you (mp) ^AmK' like you (ms)
NA like you (fp) NA like you (fs)
WnmoK' like us ynImoK' like me
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 6
Paradigm 13: Independent Object Pronouns
~t'ao them (m) Atao him
*!h,t.a, them (f) Htao her
~k,t.a, you (mp) ^t.ao you (ms)
NA you (fp) %t'ao you (fs)
Wnt'ao us ytiao me
*!t'ao in Ezek. 16:54; hn"t'ao in Exod. 35:26 (cf. Ezek. 34:21); and !h,t.Aa in Ezek. 23:47.
Paradigm 14: Demonstratives and Demonstrative Phrases
Near Demonstratives
hL,ae these (c) hz< this (m)
taOz this (f)
Far Demonstratives
~he / hM'he those (m) aWh that (m)
hN"he those (f) ayhi that (f)
Demonstrative Phrases
hL,aeh' ~ysiWSh; these horses hZ<h; sWSh; this horse
~heh' ~ysiWSh; those horses aWhh; sWSh; that horse
hL,aeh' tAsWSh; these mares taOZh; hs'WSh; this mare
hN"heh' tAsWSh; those mares ayhih; hs'WSh; that mare
Paradigm 15: Adjectives and Demonstratives in Sentences
~ysiWSh; ~ybiAj The horses are good. sWSh; bAj The horse is good.
~ysiWSh; hL,ae These are the horses. sWSh; hz< This is the horse.
~ysiWSh; hM'he Those are the horses. sWSh; aWh That is the horse.
tAsWSh; tAbAj The mares are good. hs'WSh; hb'Aj The mare is good.
tAsWSh; hL,ae These are the mares. hs'WSh; taOz This is the mare.
tAsWSh; hN"he Those are the mares. hs'WSh; ayhi That is the mare.
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 7
Paradigm 16: The Qal (Active and Non-Stative) Participle with lj;q'
~ylij.qo ones (m) killing, killers ljeqo one (m) killing, a killer
tAlj.qo ones (f) killing, killers hl'j.qo / tl,j,qo one (f) killing, a killer
Paradigm 17: The Qal (Active and Non-Stative) Participle with rm;v'
~yrIm.vo ones (m) keeping,
keepers
rmevo one (m) keeping, a keeper
tArm.vo ones (f) keeping, keepers hr"m.vo / tr<m,vo one (f) keeping, a keeper
Paradigm 18: The Imperative with lj;q'
Wlj.qi Kill! (2mp) -lj'q. / ljoq. Kill! (2ms)
hl'j.q' Kill! (2ms, “emphatic”)
hn"l.joq. Kill! (2fp) ylij.qi Kill! (2fs)
Paradigm 19: The Imperative with rm;v'
Wrm.vi Keep! (2mp) -rm'v. / rmov. Keep! (2ms)
hr"m.v' Keep! (2ms, “emphatic”)
hn"r>mov. Keep! (2fp) yrIm.vi Keep! (2fs)
Paradigm 20: The Negative Particles
!yae: nouns and participles (WNn<yae [3ms or 1cp], hN"n<yae , ^n>yae , %nEyae , yNIn<yae , ~n"yae , ~k,n>yae )
rABB; ~yIm; !yae : There is no water in the pit. rzE[o !yae : There was no one helping.
~k,l' !tenO yNIn<yae : I am not giving to you.
aOl: verbs or a verbless predicate: rmov.yI aOl (he will not keep); aWh bAj aOl (he is not good).
la;: volitive verbs: rmov.Ti-la; (do not keep); hv'Abae-la; (let me not be put to shame).
yTil.bil.: infinitives: WNM,mi-lk'a] yTil.bil. (not to eat from it).
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 8
Paradigm 21: The Final He Root, Qal Pattern
The SC (“Perfect”)
WnB' they built hn"B' he built
ht'n>B' she built
~t,ynIB. you (mp) built t'ynIB' you (ms) built
!t,ynIB. you (fp) built tynIB' you (fs) built
WnynIB' we built ytiynIB' I built
The PC (“Imperfect”)
Wnb.yI they (m) will build *hn<b.yI he will build
hn"yn<b.Ti they (f) will build **hn<b.Ti she will build
Wnb.Ti you (mp) will build hn<b.Ti you (ms) will build
hn"yn<b.Ti you (fp) will build ynIb.Ti you (fs) will build
hn<b.nI we will build hn<b.a, I will build
*Jussive !b,yI , wci !b,YIw: **Jussive !b,Ti , wci !b,Tiw:
The Imperative
WnB. Build! (2mp) hnEB. Build! (2ms)
hn"yn<B. Build! (2fp) ynIB. Build! (2fs)
The Participle
~ynIBo ones building (mp) hn<Bo one building (ms)
tAnBo ones building (fp) hn"Bo one building (fs)
The Infinitives: Absolute = AnB' or hnOB' ; Construct = tAnB. (tAnb.li)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 9
Paradigm 22: The Verb hy"h' in the Qal Pattern
The SC (“Perfect”):
Wyh' they were hy"h' he was
ht'y>h' she was
~t,yyIh/ you (mp) were t'yyIh' you (ms) were
* *you (fp) were tyyIh' you (fs) were
WnyyIh' we were ytiyyIh' I was
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
Wyh.yI they (m) will be *hy<h.yI he will be
hn"yy<h.Ti they (f) will be **hy<h.Ti she will be
Wyh.Ti you (mp) will be hy<h.Ti you (ms) will be
*** ***you (fp) will be yhiT. / yyIh.Ti you (fs) will be
hy<h.nI we will be hy<h.a, I will be
*Jussive yhiy> , wci yhiy>w: **Jussive yhiT. , wci yhiT.w:
***Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Imperative:
Wyh.wI / Wyh/ Be! (2mp) / And be! hyEh.w< / hyEh/ Be! (2ms) / And be!
* * (2fp) yyIh] Be! (2fs)
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle:
* * (mp) * * (ms)
* * (fp) hy"Ah one being (fs)
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible. The fs ptcp. is a h.l. in Exodus 9:3.
The Infinitives: Absolute = hyOh' / Ayh' ; Construct = tAyh/ / tAyh.li (~t'Ayh.Bi = when they were)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 10
Paradigm 23: The Initial Yod Root, Type B, Qal Pattern
The SC (“Perfect”): These forms are “regular.”
Wdr>y" they went down dr:y" he went down
hd'r>y" she went down
~T,d.r:y> you (mp) went down T'd.r:y" you (ms) went down
!T,d.r:y> you (fp) went down T.d.r:y" you (fs) went down
Wnd.r:y" we went down yTid.r:y" I went down
The PC (“Imperfect”): In these forms the root letter yod is elided.
Wdr>yE they (m) will go down drEyE he will go down
hn"d.r:Te they (f) will go down drETe she will go down
Wdr>Te you (mp) will go down drETe you (ms) will go down
hn"d.r:Te you (fp) will go down ydir>Te you (fs) will go down
drEnE we will go down drEae I will go down
The Imperative: In these forms the root letter yod is elided.
Wdr> Go down! (2mp) *drE Go down! (2ms)
hn"d.rE Go down! (2fp) ydir> Go down! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = hd'r>
The Participle: These forms are “regular.”
~ydir>yO ones going down (mp) drEyO one going down (ms)
tAdr>yO ones going down (fp) hd'r>yO / td,r<yO one going down (fs)
The Infinitives: Absolute = dAry" ; Construct = td,r< (td,r<l' ; yTid.rIB. = when I go down)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 11
Paradigm 24: The Root %l;h', Qal Pattern (Analogous to Initial Yod, Type B)
The SC (“Perfect”): These forms are “regular.”
Wkl.h' they went %l;h' he went
hk'l.h' she went
~T,k.l;h] you (mp) went T'k.l;h' you (ms) went
*!T,k.l;h] you (fp) went T.k.l;h' you (fs) went
Wnk.l;h' we went yTik.l;h' I went
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The PC (“Imperfect”): In these forms the root letter yod is elided.
Wkl.yE they (m) will go *%leyE he will go
hn"k.l;Te they (f) will go *%leTe she will go
Wkl.Te you (mp) will go %leTe you (ms) will go
**hn"k.l;Te you (fp) will go ykil.Te you (fs) will go
%lenE we will go %leae I will go
*wci %l,YEw: , %l,Tew: **Only in Ruth 1:11.
The Imperative: In these forms the root letter yod is elided.
Wkl. Go! (2mp) (-%l,) *%le Go! (2ms)
!'k.le / hn"k.le Go! (2fp**) ykil. Go! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = hk'l. ; **Only in Ruth 1:8, 12.
The Participle: These forms are “regular.”
~ykil.ho ones going (mp) %leho one going (ms)
tAkl.ho ones going (fp) *hk'l.ho / tk,l,ho one going (fs)
*Only in Jeremiah 3:6.
The Infinitives: Absolute = %Alh'; Construct = tk,l, (tk,l,l' ; ATk.l,B. = when he went)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 12
Paradigm 25: The Middle Va v Root, Qal Pattern (bWv)
The SC (“Perfect”):
*Wbv'_ they returned bv' he returned
*hb'v'_ she returned
~T,b.v; you (mp) returned T'b.v; you (ms) returned
**!T,b.v; you (fp) returned T.b.v; you (fs) returned
Wnb.v; we returned yTib.v; I returned
*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach) **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
WbWvy" they (m) will return †*bWvy" he will return
**hn"yb,WvT. / hn"b.voT' they (f) will return †*bWvT' she will return
WbWvT' you (mp) will return bWvT' you (ms) will return
hn"yb,WvT. / hn"b.voT' you (fp) will return ybiWvT' you (fs) will return
bWvn" we will return bWva' I will return
*Jussive = bvoy" , bvoT' †wci = bv'Y:"w: (wayyāšob), bv'T'w:
**Reconstructed based on other roots and analogy with the 2fp.
The Imperative:
WbWv Return! (2mp) *bWv Return! (2ms)
**hn"b.vo Return! (2fp) ybiWv Return! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = hb'Wv **Ruth 1:8, 11, 12.
The Participle:
~ybiv' ones returning (mp) bv' one returning (ms)
tAbv' ones returning (fp) *hb'_v' one returning (fs)
*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach).
The Infinitives: Absolute = bAv; Construct = bWv (bWvl' ; ybiWvB. = when I return)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 13
Paradigm 26: The Middle Yod Root, Qal Pattern (~yfi)
The SC (“Perfect”):
Wmf'_ they put ~f' he put
*hm'f'_ she put
~T,m.f; you (mp) put T'm.f; you (ms) put
**!T,m.f; you (fp) put T.m.f; you (fs) put
Wnm.f; we put yTim.f; I put
*Note the stressed syllable (marked here with atnach) **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
Wmyfiy" they (m) will put †*~yfiy" he will put
**hn"m.feT' they (f) will put †*~yfiT' she will put
WmyfiT' you (mp) will put ~yfiT' you (ms) will put
**hn"m.feT' you (fp) will put ymiyfiT' you (fs) will put
~yfin" we will put ~yfia' I will put
*Jussive = ~fey" , ~feT' †wci = ~f,Y"w: , ~f,T'w:
**Reconstructed form, unattested in the Hebrew Bible (but cf. hn"l.gET' , let them rejoice).
The Imperative:
Wmyfi Return! (2mp) *~yfi Put! (2ms)
** ** (2fp) ymiyfi Return! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = hm'yfi **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle:
~ymif' ones returning (mp) ~f' one putting (ms)
†tAmf' ones returning (fp) †*hm_'f' one putting (fs)
*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach).
† Reconstructed form, unattested in the Hebrew Bible (but cf. tArv', female singers).
The Infinitives: Absolute = ~Af (cf. !yBi , byrI / bAr); Construct = ~Wf (~Wfl' ; ~yfi = rare;
ymiWfB. = when I put); other middle yod infinitive constructs = !yDi (to judge), byrI (to contend),
tyvi (to put), ryvi (to sing), x:yGI (to burst forth), x:yfi (to meditate).
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 14
Paradigm 27: The Initial Aleph Root, Qal Pattern (rm;a')
The SC (“Perfect”): Here the initial aleph acts like an ordinary guttural.
Wrm.a' they said rm;a' he said
hr"m.a' she said
~T,r>m;a] you (mp) said T'r>m;a' you (ms) said
**!T,r>m;a] you (fp) said T.r>m;a' you (fs) said
Wnr>m;a' we said yTir>m;a' I said
*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach).
**Reconstructed from post-biblical Hebrew.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
Wrm.aOy they (m) will say *rm;aOy he will say
hn"r>m;aOT they (f) will say *rm;aOT she will say
Wrm.aOT you (mp) will say rm;aOT you (ms) will say
** **you (fp) will say yrIm.aOT you (fs) will say
rm;aOn we will say rm;ao I will say
*wci = rm,aOYw: , rm,aOTw: **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Imperative: Here the initial aleph acts like a guttural, but with a chateph-segol.
Wrm.ai Say! (2mp) rmoa/ Say! (2ms)
* 2fp yrIm.ai Say! (2fs)
* Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle: These forms are regular.
~yrIm.ao ones saying (mp) rmeao one saying (ms)
tArm.ao ones saying (fp) hr"m.ao / tr<m,ao one saying (fs)
The Infinitives: Absolute = rAma'; Construct = rmoa/ / rmoa] (rmoale ; rmoa/B,).
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 15
Paradigm 28: The “Doubled” Root, Qal Pattern
The SC (“Perfect”):
*WBs; / Wbb.s' they surrounded bb;s' he surrounded
*hB's; / *hb'b.s' she surrounded
** ** *t'ABs; you (ms) surrounded
** ** ** **
*WnABs; we surrounded ytiABs; I surrounded
*Form reconstructed from other roots of similar type. **Form unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
WBsoy" they (m) will surround bsoy" / bSoyI he will surround
hn"yB,sut. they (f) will surround *bsoT' / bSoTi she will surround
WBsoT' you (mp) will surround bSoTi you (ms) will surround
** ** (2fp) *yBiSoTi / *ybis.Te you (fs) will surround
bson" we will surround bSoa, I will surround
*Form reconstructed from other roots of similar type (cf. z[oT' < zz[; yliz>Te < llz; yMiDoTi < ~mD;
bQoa, < bbq). **Form unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Imperative:
WBso Go around! (2mp) bso Go around! (2ms)
* * (2fp) yBiso Go around! (2fs)
*Form unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle: These forms are regular.
~ybib.so ones surrounding (mp) bbeso one surrounding (ms)
*tAbb.so ones surrounding (fp) *tb,b,so one surrounding (fs)
*Reconstructed form based on other roots of similar type.
The Infinitives: Absolute = *bso (cf. bqo < bbq); Construct = bso / bbos. (bsol' ; bbos.li ; ~B'ruK.
= when they multiply, < bbr).
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 16
Paradigm 29: The Root aAB, Qal Pattern
The SC (“Perfect”):
WaB' they came aB' he came
*ha'B'_ she came
~t,aB' you (mp) came t'aB' you (ms) came
** ** taB' you (fs) came
WnaB' we came ytiaB' I came
*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach). **Unattested in biblical Hebrew.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
Waboy" they (m) will come aAby" he will come
hn"ya,boT. / hn"aboT' they (f) will come aAbT' she will come
WaboT' you (mp) will come aAbT' you (ms) will come
* * (2fp) yaiAbT' you (fs) will come
aAbn" we will come aAba' I will come
**Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Imperative:
WaBo Come! (2mp) *aAB Come! (2ms)
** ** (2fp) yaiAB Come! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = ha'OB **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle:
~yaiB' ones coming (mp) aB' one coming (ms)
tAaB
'
ones coming (fp) *ha'_B' one coming (fs)
*Note the stressed syllable (marked with atnach).
The Infinitives: Absolute = aAB; Construct = aAB (aAbl' ; AaboB. = when he came)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 17
Paradigm 30: The Root !t;n" in the Qal
The SC (“Perfect”):
Wnt.n" they gave !t;n" he gave
hn"t.n" she gave
~T,t;n> you (mp) gave T't;n" you (ms) gave
* * (2fp) **T.t;n" you (fs) gave
WNt;n" we gave yTit;n" I gave
*Unattested in biblical Hebrew. **Ezek. 16:33, 36
The PC (“Imperfect”):
WnT.yI they (m) will give !TeyI he will give
* * (3fp) !TeTi she will give
WnT.Ti you (mp) will give !TeTi you (ms) will give
* * (2fp) ynIT.Ti you (fs) will give
!TenI we will give !Tea, I will give
*Unattested in biblical Hebrew.
The Imperative:
WnT. Give! (2mp) *!Te Give! (2ms)
** ** (2fp) ynIT. Give! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = hn"T. **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle, Active: These forms are regular.
~ynIt.nO ones giving (mp) !tenO one giving (ms)
* * (fp) * * (fs)
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle, Passive: These forms are regular.
~nIWtn> ones given (mp) !Wtn" one given (ms)
tAntun> ones given (fp) * * (fs)
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Infinitives: Absolute = !Atn"; Construct = tTe (ttel' ; ATtiB. = when he gives)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 18
Paradigm 31: The Root xq;l' in the Qal
The SC (“Perfect”): These forms are essentially regular.
Wxq.l' they took xq;l' he took
hx'q.l' she took
~T,x.q;l. you (mp) took T'x.q;l' you (ms) took
* you (fp) took T.x;q;l' you (fs) took
Wnx.q;l' we took yTix.q;l' I took
*Unattested in biblical Hebrew.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
**Wxq.yI they (m) will take xQ;yI he will take
* *they (f) will take xQ;Ti she will take
**Wxq.Ti you (mp) will take xQ;Ti you (ms) will take
* you (fp) will take **yxiq.Ti you (fs) will take
xQ;nI we will take xQ;a, I will take
*Unattested. **The dagesh is omitted from the q when it has only a shewa under it.
The Imperative:
Wxq. Take! (2mp) *xq; Take! (2ms)
** 2fp yxiq. Take! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = hx'q. **Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle, *Active: These forms are regular except for the furtive patach.
~yxiq.l{ ones taking (mp) x:qel{ one taking (ms)
** fp * fs
*The passive participle occurs once in the mp: ~yxiqul. (Proverbs 24:11).
**Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Infinitives: Absolute = x;Aql'; Construct = tx;q; (tx;q;l' ; ATx.q;B. = when he took)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 19
Paradigm 32: The Initial Yod Root, Type B, Hiphil Pattern (dr:y")
In all forms the root letter yod becomes cholem-vav (A).
The SC (“Perfect”):
WdyrIAh they brought down dyrIAh he brought down
hd'yrIAh she brought down
~T,d.r:Ah you (mp) brought down T'd.r:Ah you (ms) went down
*!T,d.r:Ah you (fp) brought down T.d.r:Ah you (fs) went down
Wnd.r:Ah we brought down yTid.r:Ah I went down
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
WdyrIAy they (m) will bring down †dyrIAy he will bring down
*hn"d.rEAT they (f) will bring down dyrIAT she will bring down
WdyrIAT you (mp) will bring down dyrIAT you (ms) will bring down
*hn"d.rEAT you (fp) will bring down ydiyrIAT you (fs) will bring down
dyrIAn we will bring down dyrIAa I will bring down
*Unattested in biblical Hebrew. †Jussive = drEAy ; wci = dr<AYw: .
The Imperative:
WdyrIAh Bring down! (2mp) dyrIAh Bring down! (2ms)
*hn"d.rEAh Bring down! (2fp) ydiyrIAh Bring down! (2fs)
*Unattested in biblical Hebrew.
The Participle:
**~ydiyrIAm ones bringing down (mp) dyrIAm one bringing down (ms)
*tAdyrIAm ones bringing down (fp) *td,r<Am one bringing down (fs)
*Reconstructed on the basis of analogy and post-biblical Hebrew.
**Reconstructed on the basis of other initial-yod roots.
The Infinitives: Abs. = drEAh ; Cstr. = dyrIAh (dyrIAhl. ; AdyrIAhB. = when he brings down)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 20
Paradigm 33: The Root %l;h' in the Hiphil Pattern
In all forms the root letter he becomes cholem-vav (A).
The SC (“Perfect”):
* 3cp %yliAh he brought
*3fs
* 2mp * 2ms
* 2fp * 2fs
* 1cp yTik.l;Ah I brought
*Unattested in biblical Hebrew.
The PC (“Imperfect”):
WkyliAy they (m) will bring †%yliAy he will bring
* 3fp * 3fs
* 2mp * 2ms
* 2fp * 2fs
* 1cp ††%yliAa I will bring
*Unattested in biblical Hebrew. †Jussive = %leAy ; wci = %l,AYw: . ††Wci = %leAaw" .
The Imperative:
Wkyliho Bring! (2mp) %leAh Bring! (2ms)
* 2fp ykiyliyhe Bring! (2fs)
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Participle:
* mp %yliAm one bringing (ms)
tAkyliAm ones bringing (fp) * fs
*Unattested in the Hebrew Bible.
The Infinitives: Abs. = unattested ; Cstr. = %yliAh (%yliAhl. ; AkyliAhl. = to bring him)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 21
Paradigm 34: The Middle Weak Verb, Hiphil Pattern (bWv)
The SC (“Perfect”):
Wbyvihe they restored byvihe he restored
hb'yvihe she restored
***~t,boveh] you (mp) restored **t'Abyvih/ you (ms) restored
* 2fp * 2fs
Wnboyvih/ we restored ytiAbyvih] I restored
*Unattested in biblical Hebrew, but see Atabeh]w: (2 Sam 14:10) and !T,mih]w: (Exod 1:16).
**See also T'p.n:he (< @Wn, Exo 20:25). ***See also ~t,Acypih] (< #WP, Ezek 34:21).
The PC (“Imperfect”):
Wbyviy" they (m) will restore †*byviy" he will restore
**hn"b.veT' they (f) will restore †*byviT' she will restore
WbyviT' you (mp) will restore byviT' you (ms) will restore
*** 2fp ybiyviT' you (fs) will restore
bWvn" we will restore byvia' I will restore
*Jussive = bvey" , bveT' †wci = bv,Y"w:, bv,T'w:
**See also hn"ya,ybiT. (< aAB , Lev 7:30; hn"m,yhiT. < ~Wh , Micah 2:12).
***Unattested, but see hn"m.yqiT' (Jer 44:25, an unexpected form).
The Imperative:
Wbyvih' Restore! (2mp) *bveh' Restore! (2ms)
** 2fp ybiyvih' Restore! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = hb'yvih' . **Unattested in biblical Hebrew.
The Participle:
~ybiyvim. ones restoring (mp) byvime one restoring (ms)
tAbyvim. ones restoring (fp) hb'yvim. one restoring (fs)
The Infinitives: Absolute = bveh'; Construct = byvih' (byvih'l. ; Abyvih]l; = to restore him)
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 22
Paradigm 35: The Initial-Nun Verb in the Hiphil (*dgn)
*Root is reconstructed, since the nun never actually appears in any form.
The SC (“Perfect”):
WdyGIhi they told dyGIhi he told
hd'yGIhi she told
*~T,d.G:hi you (mp) told T'd>G:hi you (ms) told
NA 2fp *T.d.G:hi you (fs) told
*Wnd.G:hi we told yTid>G:hi I told
*Reconstructed by analogy with other roots (cf. T.[;G:hi from [gn, ~T,l.C;hi from lcn, Wnl.C;hi).
The PC (“Imperfect”):
WdyGIy: they (m) will tell †*dyGIy: he will tell
**hn"d.GET; they (f) will tell †*dyGIT; she will tell
WdyGIT; you (mp) will tell dyGIT; you (ms) will tell
NA (fp) ydIyGIT; you (fs) will tell
dyGIn: we will tell dyGIa; I will tell
*Jussive = dGEy" †wci = dGEY:w: , dGET;w:
**Reconstructed by analogy (cf. hn"[.B;T; in Psalm 119:171, root [bn).
The Imperative:
WdyGIh; Tell! (2mp) *dGEh; Tell! (2ms)
**hn"d.GET; Tell (2fp) ydIyGIh; Tell! (2fs)
*“Emphatic” imperative = hd'yGIh; (more common). **Reconstructed by analogy.
The Participle:
~ydiyGIm; ones restoring (mp) dyGIm; one telling (ms)
*tAdyGIm; ones restoring (fp) td,G<m; one telling (fs)
*Reconstructed by analogy (cf. tAqyVim; , Ezek. 3:13, root qvn).
The Infinitives: Absolute = dGEh;; Construct = dyGIh; (dyGIh;l., cf. AtACh;B. = when he struggled,
root hnc, Psalm 60:2 [Heb. numbering, part of the title]).
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 23
Chart 1: The Regular Verb, Suffix Conjugation (“Perfect”)
Hophal Hiphil Hitpael Pual Piel Niphal Qal
lj;q.h' lyjiq.hi lJeq;t.hi lJ;qu lJeqi lj;q.nI lj;q' 3ms
hl'j.q.h' hl'yjiq.hi hl'J.q;t.hi hl'J.qu hl'J.qi hl'j.q.nI hl'j.q' 3fs
T'l.j;q.h' T'l.j;q.hi T'l.J;q;t.hi T'l.J;qu T'l.J;qi T'l.j;q.nI T'l.j;q' 2ms
T.l.j;q.h' T.l.j;q.hi T.l.J;q;t.hi T.l.J;qu T.l.J;qi T.l.j;q.nI T.l.j;q' 2fs
yTil.j;q.h' yTil.j;q.hi yTil.J;q;t.hi yTil.J;qu yTil.J;qi yTil.j;q.nI yTil.j;q' 1cs
Wlj.q.h' Wlyjiq.hi WlJ.q;t.hi WlJ.qu WlJ.qi Wlj.q.nI Wlj.q' 3cp
~T,l.j;q.h' ~T,l.j;q.hi ~T,l.J;q;t.hi ~T,l.J;qu ~T,l.J;qi ~T,l.j;q.nI ~T,l.j;q. 2mp
!T,l.j;q.h' !T,l.j;q.hi !T,l.J;q;t.hi !T,l.J;qu !T,l.J;qi !T,l.j;q.nI !T,l.j;q. 2fp
Wnl.j;q.h' Wnl.j;q.hi Wnl.J;q;t.hi Wnl.J;qu Wnl.J;qi Wnl.j;q.nI Wnl.j;q' 1cp
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 24
Chart 2: The Regular Verb, Prefix Conjugation (“Imperfect”)
Hophal Hiphil Hitpael Pual Piel Niphal Qal
lj;q.y" 5lyjiq.y: lJeq;t.yI lJ;quy> lJeq;y> ljeQ'yI ljoq.yI 3ms
lj;q.T' lyjiq.T; lJeq;t.Ti lJ;quT. lJeq;T. ljeQ'Ti ljoq.Ti 3fs
lj;q.T' lyjiq.T; lJeq;t.Ti lJ;quT. lJeq;T. ljeQ'Ti ljoq.Ti 2ms
ylij.q.T' yliyjiq.T; yliJ.q;t.Ti yliJ.quT. yliJ.q;T. ylij.Q'Ti ylij.q.Ti 2fs
lj;q.a' lyjiq.a; lJeq;t.a, lJ;qua] lJeq;a] 1ljeQ'a, ljoq.a, 1cs
Wlj.q.y" Wlyjiq.y: WlJ.q;t.yI WlJ.quy> WlJ.q;y> Wlj.Q'yI Wlj.q.yI 3mp
hn"l.j;q.T' hn"l.jeq.T; 3hn"l.J;q;t.Ti hn"l.J;quT. hn"l.Jeq;T. 2hn"l.j;Q'Ti hn"l.joq.Ti 3fp
Wlj.q.T' Wlyjiq.T; WlJ.q;t.Ti WlJ.quT. WlJ.q;T. Wlj.Q'Ti Wlj.q.Ti 2mp
hn"l.j;q.T' hn"l.jeq.T; hn"l.J;q;t.Ti hn"l.J;quT. hn"l.Jeq;T. hn"l.j;Q'Ti hn"l.joq.Ti 42fp
lj;q.n" lyjiq.n: lJeq;t.nI lJ;qun> lJeq;n> ljeQ'nI ljoq.nI 1cp
1Also ljeQ'ai . 2Rarely hn"l.jeQ'Ti . 3Also hn"l.Jeq;t.Ti .
42fp forms are rare. Only 17 instances are attested in the OT for any verb root in any pattern,
including both PC and wci forms (Bible Works for Windows™).
5Jussive ljeq.y: , wci ljeq.Y:w: .
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 25
Chart 3: The Regular Verb, Imperative
Hophal Hiphil Hitpael Pual Piel Niphal Qal
* ljeq.h; lJeq;t.hi * lJeq; ljeQ'hi ljoq.
2ms
* yliyjiq.h; yliJ.q;t.hi * yliJ.q; ylij.Q'hi ylij.qi
2fs
* Wlyjiq.h; WlJ.q;t.hi * WlJ.q; Wlj.Q'hi Wlj.qi
2mp
* hn"l.jeq.h; hn"l.J;q;t.hi * hn"l.Jeq; hn"l.j;Q'hi hn"l.joq.
2fp
*Passives by nature are not normally put in the imperative. There are no pual imperatives in the
Hebrew Bible, but there are two hophal imperatives, one in Jeremiah 49:8 and one in Ezekiel
32:19. In these two cases the subject is not expected to actively carry out the command but to
show the result of an action performed against it.
Chart 4: The Infinitives of the Regular Verb
Hophal Hiphil Hitpael Pual Piel Niphal Qal
ljeq.h' ljeq.h; lJeq;t.hi lJoqu lJeq; * **lAjq' Infa
lj;q.h' lyjiq.h; lJeq;t.hi * lJeq; ljeQ'hi ***ljoq. Infc
* lyjiq.h;l. lJeq;t.hil. * lJeq;l. ljeQ'hil. ljoq.li Infc + l
Alj.q.h'B. Alyjiq.h;B. AlJ.q;t.hiB. *†AlJ.quB. AlJ.q;B. * Alj.q'B. Infc (+ b)
+ suffix
*Not attested in biblical Hebrew.
**The spelling ljoq' is also attested frequently.
***The spelling lAjq. is also attested frequently.
†Only one example found in the Hebrew Bible: AtAN[u (his being afflicted; Psa 132:1).
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 26
Paradigms for Hebrew I & II, page 27
Chart 5: The Participle of the Regular Verb, Qal Pattern
Qal Passive Qal Active GN
lWjq' ljeqo ms
hl'Wjq. hl'j.qo / tl,j,qo *fs
~yliWjq. ~ylij.qo mp
tAlWjq. tAlj.qo fp
*The optional ending with —â is available for any fs participle but is less common. It is required
with the qal passive participle and with all participles from middle weak roots.
Chart 6: The Participle of the Derived Patterns
Hophal Hiphil Hitpael Pual Piel Niphal GN
**lj'q.m' lyjiq.m; lJeq;t.mi lJ'qum. lJeq;m. lj'q.nI
ms
tl,j,q.mu tl,j,q.m; tl,J,q;t.mi tl,J,qum. tl,J,q;m. tl,j,q.nI
*fs
~ylij'q.mu ~yliyjiq.m; ~yliJ.q;t.mi ~yliJ'qum. ~yliJ.q;m. ~ylij'q.nI mp
tAlj'q.mu tAlyjiq.m; tAlJ.q;t.mi tAlJ'qum. tAlJ.q;m. tAlj'q.nI fp
*The optional ending with —â (e.g., hl'j.q.nI) is available for any fs participle but is less
common. It is required with all participles from middle weak roots.
**Another form is lj'q.mu.
