DYNAMICS OF DEMAND - GRIEVANCES, EFFICACY, IDENTITY, EMOTIONS, AND
SOCIAL EMBEDDEDNESS
Introduction
This chapter focuses on the demand side of protest - the grievances a movement is fighting
for. Demand is the engine of a protest movement. The chapter builds a theory of demands
by looking at grievance formation, identity, emotions, and social embeddedness. Together
these compose a movement's mobilization potential - the citizens who sympathize with the
cause.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Grievances
Grievances are feelings of injustice about how authorities are handling an issue.
Three types of grievances:
Illegitimate inequality - relative deprivation
Suddenly imposed grievances - unexpected threats like a new highway
Violated principles - moral outrage when values are violated
Strong motivators:
Group and double deprivation
Procedural injustice
Emotional component of grievance
Violated principles
Political cynicism
Efficacy
Grievances alone don't explain protest. Efficacy explains why some aggrieved people
protest and others don't.
Efficacy is the belief participation will help redress grievances. More efficacy means
more likelihood to participate.
Political cynicism reduces efficacy. Trust in government reduces grievances.
Efficacy is especially important when political opportunities are closed. Social
embeddedness generates efficacy.
Identity
Protest participation involves collective identity. Group identification is a powerful
motivator.
Identification makes people think, feel, and act as group members.
Politicized identity emerges through a sequence of politicizing events. Grievances
raise consciousness, an enemy is blamed, and claims are made.
Dual identity - identifying with subgroup and larger group - encourages moderate
action. Losing superordinate identity can lead to radicalism.
Emotions
Emotions are central in protest at all stages - recruitment, participation,
disengagement.
Anger is associated with efficacy and leads to normative protest. Contempt arises
from hopelessness and leads to radical protest.
Group-based emotions like anger require identification with the group.
Emotions accelerate and amplify motivations, translating them faster into action.
Social Embeddedness
Relationships provide space to create and spread critical discourse and oppose
authorities.
Political discussion in networks provides information and encourages participation.
Social capital (structural, relational, cognitive components) facilitates mobilization.
Most nonparticipants come from disapproving environments, while most
participants come from approving ones. Both influence motivational dynamics.
Social media reduces coordination costs, enables organizing without organizations,
and makes social networks visible.
Conclusion
Together grievances, efficacy, identity, emotions, and social embeddedness compose a
movement's mobilization potential. Understanding their dynamics is key to explaining
protest participation.
