SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
THEORIES CHART ASSIGNMENT
Theoretica
l
Approach
Founde
r &
Date
Founde
d
Counselor
’s Role (2)
Client’s
Role (2)
Key Concepts
(2)
Therapeuti
c
Technique
s (2)
Multicultura
l Strengths
(2)
Multicultura
l
Shortcoming
s (2)
Limitations (2)
Research
(1)
Psychoana
lytic
Sigmun
d Freud
in the
1890’s
(Tan,
2022)
1. To be
anonymous
and
nonjudgme
ntal;
“blank
screen.”
2. Fosters
transferenc
e where
clients
project
onto them.
(Corey,
2021)
1. Willing
to commit
for the
long term.
2.
Vulnerabl
e; open to
free
associatio
n.
(Corey,
2021)
1. Three major
systems
encompass
personality
structure (id, ego,
superego)
(Tan, 2022)
2. Conscious and
unconscious mind
is important to
understand
behavior and
personality
concerns.
(Corey, 2021)
1. Dream
analysis to
explore
recurring
dreams and
look deeper
into the
subconscio
us.
2. Free
association
to allow
open
sharing of
thoughts.
(Tan, 2022)
1. Erikson
pointed out
that social
and cultural
factors affect
people in
many
cultures.
2. Promotes
intensive
psychotherap
y for
therapists
which helps
them see their
own
biases/prejudi
ces.
1. This is not
a cost-
efficient
therapy which
may limit
1. Not
appropriate for
all
cultures/socioec
onomic groups.
2. Minimizes
environmental
factors.
(Corey, 2021)
1.
Researche
rs
investigate
d the
effectiven
ess of
psychoana
lytic
therapy in
treating
Internet
Gaming
Disorder.
Using
guided
imagery,
resistance
to
treatment,
and self-
object
transferen
ce, they
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
those seeking
help.
2. Fails at
addressing
social,
cultural, and
political
factors.
(Corey, 2021)
found that
psychoana
lytic
therapy
was
beneficial
in
addressing
the
disorder.
(Floros &
Mylona,
2023)
Adlerian
Alfred
Adler in
1911
(Tan,
2022)
1. Helps
client to
identify
and
explore
fears, such
as being
imperfect
or
disapprove
d of.
(Corey,
2021)
2. Forms a
warm,
empathic
and
encouragin
g
relationshi
1. Focus
on the
work for
their
desired
outcomes
and a
resilient
lifestyle
to provide
a new
blueprint
for their
actions.
(Corey,
2021)
2. Must
be open
and
willing to
1. Subjective
perception/interpr
etation of reality
– viewing the
world from the
client’s
perspective.
2. Social interest
and community –
viewing the way
in which the
client bonds with
others to help
them find
meaning and
purpose when
engaging with
others.
(Corey, 2021)
1.Ecourage
ment –
allows
clients to
believe
they can
make the
needed
changes in
their lives.
2.Catching
oneself –
clients are
to catch
themselves
prior to
engaging in
negative
behaviors.
(Tan, 2022)
1. Focuses on
a social
context where
clients define
themselves
within their
social
environments.
2. Focuses on
cultural
contexts
allowing
clients to
explore their
problems
from a
cultural
perspective.
1. Adler’s ideas
are vague, which
makes
researching this
approach
difficult.
2. Adler focused
on
practicing/teachi
ng his approach
instead of
documenting it.
(Corey, 2021)
1. This
article
examines
the impact
of
Adlerian
therapy on
Korean
individual
s, focusing
on coping
skills,
marriage
pressures,
and
culturally
specific
family
structures.
Findings
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
p where
the client
can trust
the
therapist.
(Tan,
2022)
discuss
personal
and
family
informati
on. (Tan,
2022)
1. Focus on
the individual
is sometimes
problematic
for clients of
various
cultures as
they view life
through their
bond with
family.
2. Some
cultures find
it
inappropriate
to share
family
information
which is
imperative to
this approach.
(Corey, 2021)
suggest
that
Adlerian
therapy
effectively
reduces
depression
and
anxiety,
even in as
little as
four
weeks of
group
therapy.
The study
also
indicates
the
potential
effectiven
ess of this
approach
in support
groups
and peer-
led
sessions.
However,
a key
limitation
is that the
results
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
were self-
reported
by
participant
s.
(Kim et
al., 2020)
Existential
Viktor
Frankl,
Rollo
May,
and
Irvin
Yalom
between
the
1940’s
and
1950’s
There
are
several
others
who
have
contribu
ted to
this
theory
as well.
1.
Understand
ing the
subjective
world of
their
clients and
assisting
them in
coming to
new
understand
ings.
2. Assist
clients in
accepting
personal
responsibil
ity for their
problems.
(Corey,
2021)
1.
Encourag
ed to
assume
responsibi
lity for
the
choices
they make
in their
world.
2.Confron
ting
ultimate
concerns
as
opposed
to just
coping
with
immediat
e issues.
(Corey,
2021)
1. Basic
dimensions of the
human condition
– self-awareness,
freedom and
responsibility,
creating your
own identity and
establishing
meaningful
relationships,
search for
meaning,
purpose, values,
and goals, anxiety
as a condition of
living, and the
awareness of
death.
2.Understanding
that humans are
ever evolving and
changing, our
1.
Dereflectio
n – turning
away from
one’s own
problems
and
focusing on
something
more
positive
and
meaningful
.
2.
Paradoxical
intention –
having the
client
exaggerate
their
symptoms
or do more
of the
1. Focus is on
the universal
human
experience
which
transcends all
cultures.
2. With such
a broad
perspective
this approach
works well in
a
multicultural
context.
(Corey, 2021)
1. Concepts
are vague,
unclear and
confusing,
leaving them
open to
interpretation
1. Clients may
want a more
direct approach.
2. Lack of focus
on specific
techniques can
make treatment
difficult.
(Corey, 2021)
1.
Researche
rs
examined
hope and
irrational
beliefs in
male
prisoners
to assess
the
effectiven
ess of
existential
therapy.
Using the
Four-
Factor
Irrational
Beliefs
Test and
the Adult
Hope
Scale, they
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
(Corey,
2021)
existence isn’t
fixed.
(Corey, 2021)
feared
behaviors.
(Tan, 2022)
and making it
difficult to
empirically
research.
2. Treatment
times may be
lengthy,
leading to
insurance
companies
not wanting
to pay and
leaving
clients with
costly
treatments.
(Tan, 2022)
found that
existential
therapy
successfull
y reduced
irrational
beliefs and
increased
hope.
(Nejat et
al., 2022)
Person-
Centered
Carl
Rogers
in the
1940’s
(Tan,
2022)
1. Be
present and
accessible
to the
client
while
focusing
on their
immediate
experience
s. (Corey,
2021)
2. Show
unconditio
nal
1. Be
vulnerabl
e, open
and
honest.
(Tan,
2022)
2. Learn
to be
more
responsibl
e for
themselve
s and gain
greater
1. Focus on
human nature and
people being
instruments of
their own change.
2. Actualizing
tendency –
striving toward
realization,
fulfillment,
autonomy and
self-
determination.
(Corey, 2021)
1.Congruen
ce –
therapist is
real, open,
genuine
and honest.
2.
Motivation
al
interviewin
g – a client-
centered
direct
approach
that focuses
1. Has an
impact on
human
relations
amongst
diverse
cultures.
2. Therapist
attempts to
understand
the client’s
phenomenolo
gical world
with interest,
1. Lacks
structure and use
of techniques.
(Corey, 2021)
2. May not be
effective in
clients who are
in crisis or have
deeper
psychological
disorders.
(Tan, 2022)
1. A
quantitativ
e
longitudin
al study
assessed
56 clients
undergoin
g 20
sessions of
person-
centered
therapy
for
psychologi
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
positive
regard for
the client.
(Tan,
2022)
understan
ding of
themselve
s. (Corey,
2021)
on the
client’s
abilities,
strengths,
resources,
and
competenci
es.
(Tan, 2022)
openness and
acceptance.
1.
Unstructured
approach that
may not be
relevant for
those seeking
a direct
approach.
2. Some
cultures view
the
autonomous
approach to
be selfish.
(Corey, 2021)
cal
distress
and
suicidal
ideation.
Findings
revealed
that
person-
centered
therapy
effectively
reduced
distress
and
facilitated
meaningfu
l change.
(Sohal &
Murphy,
2022)
Cognitive
Behavioral
Aaron
Beck in
the
1960’s
(Tan,
2022)
1. Dispute
client’s
irrational
beliefs and
encourage
engagemen
t in
activities
to counter
self-
defeating
1.
Continual
ly engage
through
completin
g
homewor
k
assignme
nts and
completin
1. A-B-C
Framework –
existence of
activating,
emotional/behavi
oral
consequences, the
belief about
existence creates
the emotional
reaction.
1. Self-
Instruction
- The
therapist
models’
self-
statements
to help the
client cope
with stress
and
1.
Personalized
focusing on
one’s
worldview
and
experiences
to drive
change.
2. An
emphasis on
1. Lacks
attention on the
emotional aspect
of treatment.
2. Too
superficial and
simplistic.
(Corey, 2021)
1. Women
with both
breast
cancer and
depression
experience
significant
symptom
improvem
ent
through
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
beliefs and
replace
their
“musts”
with
preferences
.
2. Assist
clients in
changing
their
thinking
and
minimizing
irrational
fears.
(Corey,
2021)
g goals
outside
therapeuti
c
sessions.
(Tan,
2022)
2. Take
responsibi
lity for
personal
growth
and be
open to
critiques
through
exploring
possible
tactics
and
obstacles
that could
impair
success.
(Corey,
2021)
2. Emotional
Disturbance –
tendency to make
and keep oneself
emotionally
disturbed by
internalizing and
perpetuating self-
defeating beliefs.
(Corey, 2021)
emotional
challenges.
2.
Homework
– Tasks
that are
clear,
relevant,
practical,
and
achievable
for client
success
between
sessions.
(Tan, 2022)
personal
cognition
allows this
approach to
fit with
various
cultures.
1. Focuses on
presenting
problems and
not the whole
person and
total life
context.
2. Too much
emphasis on
technique and
not enough
on the
therapeutic
relationship.
(Tan, 2022)
cognitive
behavioral
therapy. A
recent
study
confirmed
this
effectiven
ess
through
randomize
d
controlled
trials,
narrative
synthesis,
and meta-
analysis.
(Wieland
et. al.,
2024)
Choice/Re
ality
William
Glasser
in 1965
(Tan,
2022)
1. Make
evaluations
for the
client
while
challengin
1. Not
expected
to
backtrack
into the
past or
1. Focuses on the
five basic needs
of humans -
Survival, Love
and Belonging,
1. Role-
playing –
the
counselor
can
examine a
1. It is
versatile and
adaptable to
diverse
populations
1. Appears to be
easy to
implement, but it
is not.
2. Inexperience
or inadequately
1. This
study
examined
the impact
of CRT on
teenagers
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
g them to
examine
what they
are
choosing
to do.
2. Instill a
sense of
hope so
that clients
do not feel
alone and
accept that
change is
possible.
(Corey,
2021)
focus on
symptoms
.
2.
Experienc
e urgency
as time is
important
and be
ready to
take
action.
(Corey,
2021)
Power, Freedom,
and Fun.
(Corey, 2021)
2. Emphasizes a
client's ability to
choose and take
personal
responsibility for
actions and
behaviors.
(Tan, 2022)
client's
perspective
s through
working
with
various
situations
and
scenarios
and
assuming
different
roles.
2. Support
– clients
begin to
take
responsibili
ty for their
choices and
behaviors,
the
therapist
must offer
support, so
the client
follows
through
with their
actions.
(Tan, 2022)
including
children.
2. Concrete
and specific
short-term
approach that
deals directly
with client
needs and
goals.
1. Does not
significantly
deal with the
past so clients
with past
trauma may
need more
therapy.
2. Lacks
focus on the
unconscious
mind, such as
dreams, limits
its
comprehensiv
eness and
effectiveness.
(Tan, 2022)
trained therapist
may impose
their own beliefs
on clients.
(Corey, 2021)
facing
emotional
and
behavioral
challenges
to assess
its
effectiven
ess in
addressing
mental
health and
identity
crises.
Findings
suggest
that the
best
approach
to treating
behavioral
health in
teens is
fostering a
secure
school
environme
nt that
empowers
students to
take
responsibil
ity for
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
their
actions.
(Behmane
sh et al.,
2020
Solution-
Focused
Steve
de
Shazer
and
Insoo
Kim
Berg in
the
1980’s
1. Create a
climate of
mutual
respect,
dialogue,
and
affirmation
.
2. Act as a
non-expert
who allows
the client
to take
charge of
their
change.
(Corey,
2021)
1. Must
be
actively
involved.
2.
Encourag
ed to be
creative
in finding
ways to
deal with
their
concerns.
(Corey,
2021)
1. Positive
orientation –
clients are
competent and
able to find
solutions for their
problems.
2. Focus on what
is working well in
a client’s life as
opposed to what
is wrong.
(Corey, 2021)
1.
Exception
questions
which
focus on
the time
when the
problems
did not
exist in the
client’s life
in hopes
they can
find ways
to solve the
problems.
2. Therapist
feedback to
clients –
therapists
form a
summary
of the
session
focusing on
positives,
signs of
hope or
1. Emphasis
on a
collaborative
therapeutic
relationship
where the
client is
viewed as the
expert on
their own life.
2. Short-term
therapy which
can be more
cost-efficient.
1. Some
questioning
tools may be
misused to
the detriment
of the client.
2. There is a
lack of
sufficient
empirical
research on
their efficacy
1. Focus is on
client
participation
which can be
unsuccessful if
the client is
unwilling.
2. Too simplistic
with high
reliance on
specific
questioning
techniques as
opposed to
research-based
techniques.
(Corey, 2021)
1. This
article
examines
solution-
focused
therapy
with
couples,
emphasizi
ng
positive
solutions
to build
healthier
relationshi
ps. A pre-
and post-
test
measured
outcomes
in
struggling
couples,
encouragi
ng
accountabi
lity and
fostering
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
noting what
the client is
doing well.
(Corey,
2021)
and
effectiveness.
(Tan, 2022)
positive
interaction
s. Findings
support
solution-
focused
therapy as
an
effective,
strength-
based
approach
to
relationshi
p
improvem
ent.
(Khosravi
et al.,
2022)
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
References
Behmanesh, Z., Kheramine, S., Ramazani, K. H., Department of Psychology, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences,Yasuj, Iran, &
Department of Psychology, Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University,Yasuj, Iran. (2020). The effectiveness of group training
based on choice theory on identity crisis and mental health of high school male students in second grade in dogonbadan.
Armaghān-iDānish, 25(5), 642-656. 10.52547/armaghanj.25.5.642
Corey, G. (2021). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (10thed.). Cengage.
Floros, G., & Mylona, I. (2023). A Psychoanalytic approach to internet gaming disorder. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 20(15), 6542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156542
Khosravi, F., Mirzamani Bafghi, S. M., Jaafari Roshan, M., PhD student in Educational Psychology, Central Tehran University,
Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran, Associate Professor of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch,Tehran, Iran, &
Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Unit,
Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran. (2022). The effectiveness of solution-focused therapy on couples' marital adjustment in
conflicted couples.Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal, 4(4), 113-122. 10.52547/ieepj.4.4.113
Kim, E., Seo, J., Paik, H., & Sohn, S. (2020). The effectiveness of Adlerian therapy for Hwa-Byung in Middle-Aged South Korean
women. The Counseling Psychologist, 48(8), 1082–1108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000020946799
SAVARD, NICOLE COUC/CEFS 510
Nejat, H., Ziaee, A., Amarghan, H. A., & Fariborzi, E. (2022). Hope and Irrational Beliefs among male prisoners: The Comparative
Effectiveness of Existential Therapy (ET) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Electronic Journal of General
Medicine, 19(2), em349. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/11548
Sohal, A., & Murphy, D. (2022). A longitudinal analysis of person‐centred therapy with suicidal clients. Counselling and
Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12588
Tan, S. (2022). Counseling and psychotherapy: A Christian perspective. (2nd ed.). Baker Academic.
Wieland, S., Melton, S., Bastounis, A., & Carter, T. (2024). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in
women with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 52(4), 394–413.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465824000092
