LIBERTY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF School of Arts and Sciences Online
Submitted to Dr. Catherine Roberts
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of
INDS-600
Interdisciplinary Research
by
Rykeem Hunter
September 18, 2021
1
Introduction
Step 1: How does cross-cultural competence affect Business Diplomacy?
Primary AOS (Executive Leadership) & Secondary AOS ( International Relations)
EL= Executive Leadership / IR=International Relations
Annotated Bibliography
(EL1) Guerrero, E. G., Fenwick, K., & Kong, Y. (2017). Advancing theory development:
exploring the leadership-climate relationship as a mechanism of the implementation of cultural
competence. Implementation Science, 12http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1186/s13012-
017-0666-9
Organizational climate is the view perception that employees have about their
Organization. Lack of cultural competence has affected overall business outcomes. This paper
analyzes transformational Leadership's effect on organizational climate with an emphasis on
cultural competence. Moreover, examining the relationship between culture and Leadership
displays strategic thinking to produce a desire for each Organization. The other purpose of this
study is to explore and detect the disparity of health outcomes between whites and other ethnic
minority groups. The study used mainly quantitative approaches with five primary methods:
Experimental, survey, statistical, path, and mathematical modeling with a control variable of
funding, licensing, and professionalism. This combination of methods helps create a holistic view
and includes input from the study's group. Moreover, the analysis contained three hypotheses
concerning transformational leadership effectiveness on organizational climate and
implementation rate. The result of the study supported that transformational Leadership is the
appropriate style of leadership style to use to implement cultural competence in an organization
to change the climate of the Organization
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The disciplines represented in the study are anthropology, psychology, sociology,
economics, and business leadership. The psychological lens studies the effects of culture on the
mental constructs that inevitably determine human behavior, which collectively determines the
Organization's climate. The anthropological lens is that culture is the system/program that each
individual follows. Each system or program verifies tiers of priorities in each patient's decision-
making in the health care system. If not subjected to another ethos, this system can generate bias
that increases the probability of disparities in health conclusions. The disparities now invade the
social disciplines due to statistical data confirming a higher degree of subjection to adverse
outcomes of minorities. The social learning theory suggests that people learn by doing. This
implicates that a lack of demonstration causes disparities. So by exhibiting the desired behavior,
it will create an emulating effect to the Organization, which will influence the organizational
climate. The business insight comes from leadership theory which in this study os the Klein and
Sorra innovation theory premises that to implement innovation pillars are support, rewards,
absence of obstacles, and commitment from the Organization to produce a practical
implementation of innovation, which in this study is cross-cultural competence. This study
provides support to my research paper by context to the above question. The study highlights the
necessity of culture in business and its complexities of implementation.
Furthermore, the result of the study illustrated posited effects of leadership implementation of
cultural competence. Lastly, diplomacy at its root is negotiation. Negotiation occurs internally
just as much externally in an organization. Much diplomatic training occurs in the states before
any individual aspires to perform on the international level.
(EL2) Elena Shliakhovchuk (2021) After cultural literacy: new models of intercultural
competency for life and work in a VUCA world, Educational Review, 73:2, 229-
250, DOI: 10.1080/00131911.2019.1566211
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This paper examines the relationship between cultural literacy and globalization. Globalization
is expanding with the increasing connection between different countries. This article updates the
world's cultural literacy ideology, terminology, application, and implementation in the VUCA
(volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity). This structure of learning can be
incorporated into strategic thinking. The purpose of the study is to update and present a new
canvas called cultural literacy. Cultural literacy is also coined as cultural intelligence. The two
terms are interchangeable. The quantitative approach methods used for the study were statistical
analysis, classification, and mathematical modeling. The disciplines are psychology, political
science, economics, business leadership, sociology, and anthropology—one of the theories used
in globalization business leadership.
The theory examines the interconnectedness of the world. Globalization predicts that the world
will become enmeshed over time. This entangled will require a meshing of training cultures,
leading to the innovation of education systems—the solution to the entangled enhancement of
cultural intelligence. Globalization theory is essential and has the empirical evidence to validate
the concept & idea. The weakness of the insight is that it is a broad topic and requires some form
for narrowing to tackle each issue it can cause. The study is important to research because it
illuminates the supply and demand relationship of global leaders that are essential in the next
generation labor market.
(EL3) Ridgley, Stanley. n.d. "Cultural Consonance vs. Cultural Dissonance: The Role of
Culture in Institutional Success and Failure." Accessed September 1, 2021.
http://www.jgbm.org/page/34%20Stanley%20K.%20Ridgley.pdf.
Cultural Consonance vs. Cultural Dissonance (jgbm.org)
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This paper makes a comparison between cultural connection and cultural disconnection.
Analyzing the effects of culture on business, economic, political, and society; highlights the
power of culture. Moreover, this paper highlights the influence of westernization from its culture,
models, and economy. Furthermore, one country's success does not mean it will happen in other
countries without integrating its culture in its solutions. The study aims to stress the importance
of business to be embedded in the nation's culture each one is in. It illustrates culture in
comparison to the soil profile. There are typically five layers to soil: O, A, B, C, R horizon. This
can also be known as Hummus, Topsoil, subsoil, parent material, and bedrock since regions
differentiate soil, weather, history, etc. Taking a business from the environment and forcing its
way into the ecosystem can lead to severe failure or economic collapse.
The disciplines represented in the study are political, earth, human, economic, social,
and cultural sciences. If omitted or disregarded, cultural consonance can create a policy that
can go against the axiologies of people, which can lead to rebellion. In the study, the Ceo Yukon
attempted to enforce his western ideologies into the Russian government by lobbying the
policymakers ( Stanley p.3). This resulted in him trying to maximize tax reductions and his
imprisonment. The Russian culture is a traditional bureaucracy high in Power distance and high
in the Undercetainty index. So by him trying to apply the democracy and capitalist approach to
Russian culture created a position of resistance due to not matching the countries culture
paradigms.
Moreover, the qualitative approach used mainly a textual analysis with a sprinkle of intuition
and experience (Repko p. 62). The theories used were especially Hofestde cultural value
framework model & Organization artistic method. These models have been used to understand
organizational culture and dynamics. This study supports my paper by showing the integration
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of culture and business with the cultural framework model. Moreover, the qualitative data
combines the component of the international relations of the research questions and displays the
result of failed business diplomacy.
(EL4) Fachrunnisa, Olivia and Belia Mulyaningtyas. "Cross-Cultural Competence and
Neuroticism Characters to Manage Ethnocentrism with Global-Oriented Leadership as
Moderating Variable." Bisnis & Birokrasi 23, no. 3 (09, 2016): 111-9,
http://ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-
journals%2Fcross-cultural-competence-neuroticism-characters%2Fdocview
%2F2253828429%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D12085.
This paper examines the effect of cross-culture competence and Leadership. With its
geographical focus on Indonesia. This paper examines the impact of the culture of ethnocentrism
and leaders' interaction across global communication. Moreover, the report explores the
personality traits that have shown the most optimal results and success across multinational
organizations. Furthermore, the purpose of the study is to measure the effects of ethnocentrism
on expatriates in Indonesia. In other words, the study is measuring the impact of cultural bias on
Global Leadership in the middle east. The quantitative method used for this study is experiments,
mathematical modeling, and surveys. The five-point Likert style ranged from strongly agree to
disagree ( Fachrunnissa p.114). Disciples in the survey were anthropology, economics, business,
and sociology. Based upon the methods used in this study, the insight, in my opinion, displayed
bias. The study only reviewed the expatriates of cultural competence. The study could have
examined the worker's cultural competence of the expatriate's worker. It could be possible that
civilians could behave experienced neuroticism due to the expatriate's leadership style and
ethnocentrism. The study fits perfectly into my research question due to its explanation of cross-
cultural competence in expatriates. Employees who are functioning business diplomats will more
than likely be expatriates who will experience periods of ethnocentrism.
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( EL5) Aisha, Atya Nur, Iman Sudirman, Joko Siswanto, and Made Andriani. "A Competency
Model for SMEs in the Creative Economy." International Journal of Business 24, no. 4 (Fall,
2019): 369-92, http://ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fcompetency-model-smes-creative-
economy%2Fdocview%2F2319723138%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D12085.
This journal explains the effects of competence(area & elements) in creative economies ( Arts,
culture, industrial knowledge & entrepreneurial innovation). Focusing on middle
management, this article highlights the models that improve business productivity in
creative economies. These models are transferrable to a plethora of cross-cultural sectors of
life. This study examines and specifies cultural elements that will help middle management
exceed within this creative economy. The study highlights the relevant growth and projected
growth of this industry, valued at 743 billion dollars. The Indonesian economy comprises 16
sectors; some examples are apps, architecture, interior design, product design, advertising,
publishing, television radio, etc. The disciplinary approach is a mixture between quantitative
and qualitative. The methods are statistical data analysis, textual analysis, and interviews.
The study disciplines are art, creative economics, business, sociology, psychology, and
international relations—the disciplinary insight roots down to how each disciple affects
culture Indonesia creative economy.
An example is that cultural competency improves the creative industry by creating compelling,
viable products in demand in the marketplace, such as e-commerce. This study is important
to my paper due to its effects on the creative economy. Technology is the vehicle for
expressing culture, which is the heart of worldviews. This worldview has a significant
impact on the profits and losses of each country. Business performance is subject to the flow
of the economy. Since technology has a thriving economy of scale, many businesses will set
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their flag in the soil where profits are achievable. Business diplomacy is needed to establish
partnerships. Lack of the understands different culture is lead to the success of failure of the
business.
( EL6)Walker, Jennie L. "Do Methods Matter in Global Leadership Development? Testing the
Global Leadership Development Ecosystem Conceptual Model." Journal of Management
Education 42, no. 2 (April 2018): 239–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562917734891.
With the expansion of globalization, they're in demand due to trade with multinational
companies. There is an increasing demand for global competent Leadership and a lack of supply
of such Leadership. Has created a void in the marketplace. Business Education programs in this
study examine the development process it takes to build Global Leaders and the competency
skills needed to succeed in the market. Moreover, this study is positioned in an important market:
the education system, precisely the collegiate level. The study result concluded that methods are
essential to Global leadership development ( Walker p.261).
Furthermore, the self-efficacy theory of growth has been shown as the essential difference
between the successful development of Global Leadership or its malfunction. The study uses both
a qualitative and quantitative approach. The methods used are questionnaires, surveys,
statistical analysis, mathematical models. The disciplines in this study are business, economics,
psychology, international relations. The cumulative insights are the necessity of competency and
its significance in the formulation of complex solutions. This study is essential to my research
because it gives an educational dimension to the study. Moreover, having this dimension will
help provide a complete viewpoint, but more importantly, it can give an actual solution based
upon empirical evidence.
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( EL7) Fey, Natalia: "How global leaders learn from international experience: reviewing and
advancing global leadership development: Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 13, 129–172
How Global Leaders Learn from International Experience: Reviewing and Advancing Global
Leadership Development | Emerald Insight (liberty.edu)
CH005-9781839095931 129..172 (liberty.edu)
This paper studies the relationship between International Experience and Global
Leadership. Unlike many studies that are based solely on theory and statistics. This paper studies
the experience of actual leaders who perform international business. The results show how this
experience and the cultures affect the leader's development over time. Moreover, the study
deciphers which types of international affairs ( IE) helps experimental learning vs. theory
learning mechanisms. Henceforth, this study provides future companies with latticework data to
support future design programs that help leaders gain International experience with travel
training initiatives. The disciplines included in this journal article are international relations,
economics, and business leadership. The discipline insight shows that IE has expanded the
intellectual capital of global leaders due to emerging themselves in the experience of the
country's way of life. This, in turn, gives the real-life experience of the economics business and
relational exchanges that can help drastically improve the leader's attitude. The recurring theory
referenced in the study was the transformative leadership theory. This TLT theory is used in this
study as the vehicle to implement the IE. This study is essential to the research due to its
emphasis on international experience. International experience positions the global leader to be
exposed to cross-cultural relations.
( EL8) Dan Wang, Taiwen Feng, Susan Freeman, Di Fan, Cherrie Jiuhua Zhu,
Unpacking the "skill – cross-cultural competence" mechanisms: Empirical evidence from
Chinese expatriate managers, International Business Review, Volume 23, Issue 3,2014,
Pages 530-541,ISSN 0969-5931, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.09.001.
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(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969593113001248)
Typical papers study the effect on culture regarding working efficiency with different ethnicities.
Understanding culture is just the beginning of knowledge and by itself lacks the implementation
nation for success. Moreover, this paper gives qualitative examples such as meeting deadlines
and approaches in collaborations with work projects. Studies show that many business deals fail
to a lack of team cooperation which could be prevented if Cross-cultural competence is
understood. Moreover, this study's primitive focus is on china's expropriates. The reason for
highlighting this importance is to show the reach cross-cultural competence has in other
countries. The two disciplines used in this article are international relations and international
business. Methods of research are survey-oriented quantative designs used to test the author's
hypothesis with a total of 521 potential respondents. This data, plus the cross-cultural theory,
shown that CCC elicits self-reflection, current ideologies, and learning mechanisms. This study
is essential to my research questions due to eliminating business diplomacy business by staying
in one geopolitical region. By studying china expands and validates the need for future study of
cross-cultural competence.
(EL9) Johnson, James P., Tomasz Lenartowicz, and Salvador Apud. "Cross-Cultural Competence
in International Business: Toward a Definition and a Model." <i>Journal of International
Business Studies</i> 37, no. 4 (2006): 525-43. Accessed August 31, 2021.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3875168.
This paper analyzes the relationship between cross-cultural competence and international
business or failure. The quantitive studied revealed that 40% to 55% percent of managers who
are positioned overseas return to the states. This cost the company from $250,000 to a 1 million
a year. The study correlates the cultural competence and the return rate of the managers. It
shows a positive relationship between increased competence, which lowers the attrition rate—
the disciplines in this field international relations with the sub-disciplines being business,
communications, and psychology. The resulting study insights show that cultural competence has
been ascribed to the high or levels of business achievement. The theory illustrated in this study is
cultural competency concerning international business. The reason for this study in studying
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how to cross-culture affects international trade. Furthermore, generating multiple insights from
experts scholars help improve the validity of the research question and the interdisciplinary
approach.
( EL10) Saner, Raymond, Lichia Yiu, and Mikael Søndergaard. "Business Diplomacy
Management: A Core Competency for Global Companies." <i>The Academy of Management
Executive (1993-2005)</i> 14, no. 1 (2000): 80-92. Accessed September 5, 2021.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4165610.
This paper examines the relationship between business and international relations, which
is termed business diplomacy. In a globalized market, there is a need for multinational firms to
have an inept knowledge of diplomacy. Many of the countries display an authoritarian style
which means the government rules a steep portion of the businesses in the country. Having a
level of competent knowledge affects the strategic diplomacy needed to participate in Global
Trade. Moreover, this study aims to formulate a viable innovative career that merges
international relations and business. The disciplines used in this study are business,
international relations, law, policy, cultural anthropology, and psychology. The purpose should
choose this study, and this generates the actual concept of my research question. Diplomacy is
management, with the main functions being used are negotiation and meditation. Additionally,
this study explains the importance of cross-culture with business diplomats, satisfying the first
part of the research question. Lastly, the study clarifies the gap between business professionals
and non-stake holders and the solution to wedge the two together.
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(ELL) Bibliography
(NEW) Desai, Darshan, and Rahul Bedi. "Negotiations and Model Diplomacy Simulations: A
Case Study of Circular Innovations in a Business School." Journal of Higher Education
Theory and Practice 17, no. 8 (12, 2017): 30-5, http://ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?qurl=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fnegotiations-model-
diplomacy-simulations-case%2Fdocview%2F1991592291%2Fse-2%3Faccountid
%3D12085.
( New) Falcão, P., Ramalho, N. and Nobre, M. (2020), "Stakeholder management: the new role
of business diplomacy," Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-
print. https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1108/JBS-01-2020-0016
This study analyzes a very well-known topic in business: stakeholder management, This type of
management is exclusively about establishing, maintaining, and evolving relationships. The
study highlights the transition between acute relationship perspective into long-term relational
perspective. Furthemore, employees in public relations are usually responsible for maintaining
the image in the public eye and the relationship between other businesses depending on the scope
of practice given by the employer. The discipline in this study is stakeholder management, public
relations, and business. Arthur used a qualitative approach to the study by performing a
comparative analysis of the job function of public relations and business diplomats. The study
results show a common point where the two ends meet on the chart that finds harmony.
Moreover, with the demand businesses face from globalization, there is a need to integrate fields
to minimize risk. This study identifies with the research question and illustrates the future
obstacles the business diplomate will face.
(New) (2020), "The ideal blend of public relations and business diplomacy: Increasing the
effectiveness of stakeholder management," Strategic Direction, Vol. 36 No. 12, pp. 27-
29. https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1108/SD-10-2020-0176
(New) Demir, Firat. "Effects of Cultural Institutes on Bilateral Trade and FDI Flows Cultural
Diplomacy or Economic Altruism?" The World Economy. 43, no. 9 (2019): 2463–2489.
( IR1) Anne Lise Bjørnstad, Pål Ulleberg. (2017) Is Established Knowledge About Cross-
Cultural Differences in Individualism–Collectivism Not Applicable to the Military? A Multi-
Method Study of Cross-Cultural Differences in Behavior. Military Psychology 29: 6, pages 477-
490.
Cross-cultural differences affect multiple disciplines. From a military phycology lens,
this paper helps the reader understand the effect on culture with military personal. Many
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diplomats are usually performing their functions for the U.S government under the military
branches. Lack of understanding cultural differences can put the diplomat or military
professional in a position of compromise. The purpose is meant to provide a clear framework of
understanding of negotiation and the meditation for diplomacy. The study condenses sixty years
of cumulative research into one file for individuals interested in the field. The methods utilized in
this qualitative approach are textual analysis, interviews, and hermeneutics. The study result
uncovers the need for the further integrative study of the interplay between negotiators and
mediators. The data represented has a multi-disciplinary perspective but did not establish a
common ground to provide an integrative perspective. The primary discipline represented in this
study mainly is international relations which are categorized under political science. Political
science examines the power of influence in governmental systems. This study displays the effect
of the negotiator, mediator relationship and its impact on the nation-state. The secondary
disciplines article is business, economics, psychology—the diplomatic verdict influences all
disciplines in ordinances, treaties, partnerships, mergers, etc.
Two theories that were discussed in the study are prospect theory and bargaining theory.
Prospect theory, in a nutshell, says that between perceived gain and loss, a person will more
likely choose a perceived increase. The perceived failure brings about emotional pain, vs.
perceived gain brings almost unrestrained joy. Human nature dictates avoidance of uncertainty (
Hofstede 2016). Bargaining Theory is the process of negotiation of goods and services, which is
usually seen in labor-management,
This study gives me the technical information that will be used to provide the reader with
a linear progression of thinking towards diplomacy. Meditators, also classifed as aribtrators in
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international law, typically handle disputes between organizations like multinational
companies(MNC's). So, in a nutshell, it can be view as business diplomacy.
(IR2) Druckman, Daniel, and James A. Wall. "A Treasure Trove of Insights: Sixty Years of JCR
Research on Negotiation and Mediation." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 9 (October
2017): 1898–1924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002717721388.
Negotiation has been happening since the inception of time. With bargaining, evolution has
created a timeline for understanding. A primary function of diplomats is negotiation. Specific
techniques produce certain outcome-based results. Moreover, each method requires a certain
level of cultural competence and Strategic thinking to execute each phase. The purpose of this
study gives the reader the most informed information regarding conflict resolution. The
disciplines used in this journal are psychology, international relations, diplomacy, and
Leadership. The result of the study was meant to justify the need for negotiation and meditation
from the JCR perspective. The insight showed that this field showed be studied more, and if so,
will continue to provide the study material needed to help aspiring diplomatics career-minded
individuals have a solid foundation. The purpose of this study is to make sure the diplomatic
aspect of the research question is back by the tenure of insight that has stood the rigors of
critique.
( IR3) Cross-cultural competence in the context of NGOs: bridging the gap between 'knowing'
and 'doing.' https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1080/09585192.2016.1276469
This paper studies the Project manager's experience completing overseas assignments.
Culture's effect on the project manager's effectiveness is immediately noticeable. Moreover, the
lack of cultural sensitivity created a division between the teams and emotions such as fear and
hesitation between the co-workers, which affected deadlines. This is the power of having a gap
between knowing and doing for NGOs.Moreover, the study highlights the effect of culture with
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extradites mental acumen and possible neurocritism. The disciplines used in this study are
international relations and culture. The theory is inter-cultural awareness. The reason for
choosing this study is having multiple sources of international relationships.
Furthermore, due to globalization, business diplomats and NGO relationships will need
to be established. NGO's overtime can become gatekeepers that MNC will get through to achieve
their business goals. This study matches my two areas of study, which are international relations
and Executive Leadership. Both of these areas of study play off each other.
(IR4) Hart, Alexander, Mariana Toma, Fadi Issa, and Gregory R. Cottone. 2019. "Absence of
Cultural Awareness Training in International Non-Governmental Organizations." Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 34 (5). Cambridge University Press: 486–88.
doi:10.1017/S1049023X19004837.
This paper focuses on cultural awareness training in NGOs. Many of the NGOs are the
organizations that provide Global Aid to non-western countries. The studies correlate the length
of cultural awareness to the size of stay of the NGO worker's assignments. Moreover, the lack of
cultural awareness shows a natural bias to implement western ideology and culture to diagnose
international indivduals, resulting in incorrect prognoses. Different cultures have different
systems to help them interpret diagnoses for their civilizations. The discipline used in this study
is political science, with its sub-disciplines as international relations and public policy. Non-
Governmental organizations provide additional support to help the government when temporary
staff. The disciplinary insight showed that since NGOs pick people who reside in the country for
deployment, it gives the company access to exclude cultural awareness. This study is essential
for my paper due to business diplomats' interactions with NGOs in other countries, by the
diplomat displaying the cultural intelligence necessary to perform effective communication. The
diplomat can gain a competitive advantage by establishing partnerships with the people who
serve the disadvantaged. Moreover, in some countries, NGOs have solid political backing and
influence governmental law.
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( IR5) Hajjar, Remi M. "Military Warriors as Peacekeeper–Diplomats: Building Productive
Relationships with Foreign Counterparts in the Contemporary Military Advising Mission."
Armed Forces & Society 40, no. 4 (October 2014): 647–72.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X13493275
International relations focused on building relationships between countries. This paper
examines the theoretical framework necessary to enter communications with other countries.
Moreover, the frame is meant for diplomats and all military personnel responsible for interacting
with foreigners. A significant component of this framework is cross-cultural competence,
illustrated in the triangle relationship between the American military, Foreign Military, and
countries linguists. If any of the three parts display ineffective communication, it can result in an
uprising of war versus creating peace. Also, any decision made by the military will usually affect
the home country and its civilians. So effective resolutions between multiple countries can
prevent the loss of the greatest commodity in the world-human life. The disciplines used in this
article are military psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology: international relations, law,
policy, and economics. The qualitative method used in this study is textual analysis and
heremuantics. The disciplinary insights revealed that cultural intelligence had been undervalued
in the military sector, which now reviewing history shows increased error due to systematic bias.
The reason this study is essential to my research is the diplomatic structure presented. Before
explaining the importance of business diplomacy, one must clearly articulate a foundational
understanding of diplomacy. If this step is omitted, it can open the door for bias and omission of
the evolution and the need to combine the two fields.
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Bibliography
