Running head: Impact of Parenting Styles on Children
Parenting Styles – Impact on Children
Introduction
When it comes to parenting, there is a great deal of diversity among families. Cultural
backgrounds have a major impact on how the family unit exists and how children are reared. In
the last several years, the population of the United States of America has had a makeup. Changes
driven by immigration (with different cultural, ethnic, and spiritual ideologies), socioeconomic
status, and single-parent families are some of the factors that determine a variety of parenting
styles among families. As per the 2014 U.S. Census Bureau data, ¼ of children lived in single-
parent families, and three-fourths lived in households with two married parents. These patterns
differ when race and ethnicity are considered. Although children can thrive in all types of family
environments, data suggest that, on average, children living in single-parent families fare less
well than their counterparts. Broderick & Blewitt (2020) identified several distinct parenting
styles: authoritarian, permissive, and neglecting.
In educational policy and research, the role of parental involvement in children’s
education has become a central topic (Acar et al., 2021; Ribeiro et al., 2021). In this regard, for
enhancing student achievement and eliminating educational disparities, many school reforms
include initiatives to promote parental involvement (Lo et al., 2021). The role of family life and
parenting styles have a significant impact on the development and maturation of early children.
Therefore, parental self-efficacy is typically a goal of programs aimed at improving early life
experiences in order to encourage healthy parenting practices. Besides that, parents’ self-efficacy
views, according to research may be crucial to the parenting practices. There is an increased
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Running head: Impact of Parenting Styles on Children
sensitivity to learned helplessness and, as a result, a lack of drive to address problems when
parents have low self-efficacy (Qutaiba, 2011; Gindrich, 2021).
Developmental Impact
In western societies, research has consistently proven that parenting style has a direct
relationship with children’s academic achievement (Luo et al., 2021). In general, research shows
that children raised by authoritative parents have the best outcomes, whereas children raised by
authoritarian or permissive parents have the worst outcomes. A study found that parenting style
had a significant impact on children’s self-concept development. Early childhood and early
school years have long been recognized as crucial to adult well-being and success (Diniz et al.,
2021). Education that is developmentally appropriate from an early age leads to better
educational outcomes later in life (Ma et al., 2016). Despite the large quantity of studies done in
this area, there are major discrepancies in how parents are conceptualized and measured (Tazouti
and Jarlégan, 2019). Some academics define parental involvement as involvement in school
activities; others define it as parental ambitions for their children; and yet others define it as
involvement in their children’s home learning activities.
Song et al. (2022) looked at how parent participation affected the social and academic
functioning. Tan et al. (2022) studied how these parental involvement variables influenced
students’ school engagement, which is particularly relevant to this topic. Students’ engagement
was assessed by looking at their attention-getting activities, work habits, task orientation,
operating in the face of distractions, frustration tolerance, and ability to cope with failure.
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Running head: Impact of Parenting Styles on Children
Faith and Professional Perspective
As it is written in 1 Samuel 2:12; 17; 29-30, it is observed that, one of the best biblical
examples of a permissive parent is Eli the priest. His example proves the fact that just because
you know the truths of Scripture does not mean that you will automatically be a good parent. Eli
surely was not, and he paid a very high price for his failure to act in obedience to God. The
biblical role of a parent is to be a good steward of the children God has placed into their care.
Parents are responsible for caring for their children’s spiritual, emotional, and physical well-
being. The most important biblical duty of a parent is to teach their children about Jesus in action
and word.
King David is one of the best examples of an uninvolved parenting style. David was a
military man who was away from his children and served as the King of Israel for much of his
life. Primarily, David’s lack of involvement and permissiveness is seen in his refusal to discipline
his son Adonijah. Scripture declares that David “had not rebuked him at any time” (1 Kings 1:5-
6). In other words, David was totally uninvolved in the discipline of his son.
Jailani et al. (2020) states that most of the issues university students face include career
and educational issues; personal, psychological relations; social relations; and self-development.
Their study proves that there is a high need among university students to seek professional
psychological help and highlights the importance of counselling services to assist students with
their issues. To catch up and cope with these needs, it is important to impart positive attitudes
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Running head: Impact of Parenting Styles on Children
towards counselling services among them. From this study, it can be seen that parenting styles
play an important role in building positive perceptions and assertiveness. Positive attitudes
towards professional services may contribute to the effectiveness of the services rendered by the
counsellors.
Resources
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children & Families,
Early Childhood Learning & Knowledge Center (2018) Provides a booklet for parents with fun
activities to share with their children. The booklet contains activities for parents and children to
do at home, away from home, indoors, and outdoors.
Child Trends (2018) Highlights findings from Child Trends’ study of first-time parents of
young children (under age 3) and their knowledge about parenting and child development.
Increasing parents’ knowledge about their children’s development and promoting healthy
parenting are common goals of programs and services for families with young children. This is
due, in part, to evidence of a strong link between what parents know and how they behave with
their young children. Compared to parents with limited knowledge of child
development, those with more knowledge engage in higher-quality parent-
child interactions, use more effective parenting strategies, and participate in
more developmentally supportive activities with their children.
Knowledgeable parents also have more age-appropriate expectations of their
children and use less harsh, more effective discipline strategies.
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Running head: Impact of Parenting Styles on Children
References
Acar S., Chen C. I., Xie H. (2021). Parental involvement in developmental disabilities across
three cultures: a systematic review. Res. Dev. Disabil.
Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2020). The life span: Human development for helping
professionals. Pearson Education.
Diniz E., Brandao T., Monteiro L., Veríssimo M. (2021). Father involvement during
early childhood: a systematic review of the literature. J. Fam. Theory
Gindrich P. A. (2021). Teachers’ ratings of students’ learning disabilities and self-reported
learned helplessness of polish junior high school Students. SAGE
Lo C. K. M., Yu L., Cho Y. W., Chan K. L. (2021). A qualitative study of practitioners’ views
on family involvement in treatment process of adolescent internet addiction. Int. J.
Environ. Res. Public Health
Luo Y., Chen F., Zhang X., Zhang Y., Zhang Q., Li Y., et al. (2021). Profiles of maternal and
paternal parenting styles in Chinese families: relations to preschoolers’ psychological
adjustment. Child. Youth Serv
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Running head: Impact of Parenting Styles on Children
Ma X., Shen J., Krenn H. Y., Hu S., Yuan J. (2016). A meta-analysis of the relationship
between learning outcomes and parental involvement during early childhood education
and early elementary education. Educ. Psychol
Song C., Ge S., Xue J., Yao W. (2022). Physical exercise of primary and middle school students
from the perspective of educational psychology and parents’ entrepreneurship
education. Front. Psychol.
Tan C. Y., Pan Q., Zhang Y., Lan M., Law N. (2022). Parental home monitoring and support and
students’ online learning and socioemotional well-being during COVID-19 school
suspension in hong kong. Front. Psychol.
Tazouti Y., Jarlégan A. (2019). The mediating effects of parental self-efficacy and
parental involvement on the link between family socioeconomic status and
children’s academic achievement. J. Fam.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children & Families, Early
Childhood Learning & Knowledge Center (2018)
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