Group 1 Quiz discussion
1.
Two physical factors that affect the health of a community
Geography: can be directly influenced by altitude, latitude, and climate. Tropical
areas also have parasitic diseases as well as infectious diseases as a leading health
problem. Surviving these diseases are more difficult due to malnutrition and
inadequate food production. Can make communities less desirable to others.
Environment: Overpopulation can deplete non-renewable natural resources.
Built environments (human-made) can affect the overall health of a community
(positively or negatively) due to factors such as transportation systems, parks,
road systems, and greenhouses.
2.
Health Resources development period: Growth in health care facilities
Period of social engineering: recognition of disparity in medical services;
Medicare and Medicaid established
Period Health Promotion Act: 1979 healthy people published- 5 editions since,
healthy people 2030: health goals &objectives, defines the nation’s health plans to
improve health challenges-guides policy
3.
Negative and positive: Driving more rather than walking- causes
environmental hazards such as air pollution
Negative: Going out to eat processed foods rather than eating in
Negative: Students being on the phone more rather than sleeping
Negative: Increased caffeine usage in college students
Positive: Ordering food from trusted healthy food organizations (i.e “Hello
Fresh”)
4.
1: Reductions in child mortality 2: Access to safe water and Sanitation 3: Malaria
prevention and control 4: Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS
5.
Provides a general focus and direction for the specific needs and health goals.
Support and promote the overall nations health needs and focus on ways to help it
in the specific period (they do it every 10 years).
Promote health/prevention of disease
How the framework for healthy people is set up and organized- There is a
table that organizes the framework with a vision, mission, foundational principles,
overarching goals, and plan of action.
There are four steps that set up this framework, 1. Identify needs and priority
populations to make the case for a program. 2. Set local targets that contribute to
national success. 3. Find inspiration and practical tools by reviewing successful
programs, policies, etc. 4. Monitor national progress and use local data to inform
policy and planning.
Group Discussion Quiz 2
1.
The first federal agency is the FDA (Federal Drug Administration), which is
responsible for “protecting the public health by ensuring safety, and security of
human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, and ensuring
safety of our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.”
The second is the NIH (National Institutes of Health), this is the world’s foremost
medical research centers and the focal point for medical research in the U.S. The
NIH seeks knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the
application of knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, etc.
2.
1 Providing technical assistant to countries
2 Setting international health standards
3 Providing guidance on important health issues
4 Coordinating and supporting international response to health emergencies
5 Promote better global health
3.
The state health department promote and protect the health and welfare of their
citizens, their officer/commissioner is approved by the board of health and then is
the head of the organization.
The local health officer is like the state health commissioner who has the power to
arrest someone or impound property to protect the welfare of the citizens.
The state serves as conduits for federal funds aimed at local health problems. The
state has a head of state of the health department who may carry the title of
director/commissioner that set policy and provide direction for the state health
department.
4.
1 To raise money to fund their programs, with the majority of the money going to
fund research.
2 Provide education both to professionals and to the public.
3 To provide service to those individuals and families that are afflicted with the
disease or health problem.
4 To advocate for beneficial policies, laws, and regulations that affect the work of
the agency and in turn the people that are trying to help.
5.
The organizations mission is to promote high standards of professional practice
for their specific profession, by improving the people in the profession. The
organization provides services for its members such as, certification of continuing
education programs for professional renewal, and the publication of professional
journals and reports.
The American Public Health Association.
Week Three Quiz
1.Explain why rates are important to epidemiologists.
-Rates enable one to compare data and health events that occur at different times or in different
places.
2. What are the differences between incidence rates and prevalence?
-incidence rates are new while prevalent are existing cases.
Why is prevalence more useful than incidence rates for measuring chronic diseases?
-it is more important to know how many people are currently suffering from a chronic disease.
Furthermore, it is less important to determine the onset of the disease and more important for
how many people have it. It is more important in the terms of planning public health programs,
personnel needs, and facilities.
3.In terms of the national health surveys, list the major differences in the NHANES and BRFSS
surveys.
The main difference is the method in which they are conducting their surveys.
-NHANES mainly assess the health and nutrition factor of citizens and population. Using the
mobile examination center, the data are collected through direct physical examinations, clinical
and laboratory testing, and related procedures on a representative group of Americans.
The data includes specific conditions and diseases and data on blood pressure, serum
cholesterol, body measurements, nutritional status and deficiencies and exposure to
environmental toxins.
-BRFSS seeks to ascertain the prevalence of such high-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking,
excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity and a lack of preventive health care such
as screening for cancer. This is a state-based telephone survey of the civilian conducted by the
office of surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services at the CDC.
This data is self-reported from the civilian, since there is no other method of collecting
this data we must deal with the limitations.
4.List the top 3 leading causes of death in the U.S. in 1900 and 2017. What type of shift has
taken place to account for these differences in mortality over time?
1900
1. pneumonia, influenza
2. Tuberculosis
3. Diarrhea
2017
1. Diseases of the heart
2. Malignant neoplasm (cancers)
3. Accidents (unintentional injuries)
-The shift is infectious disease death to chronic disease deaths.
5.List the 6 criteria that are used to help determine causality between a suspected risk factor and
a specific disease. Of these, what is the difference between consistency and temporality.
1. Strength
2. Dose response
3.Consistency
4. Specificity
5. Temporality
6. Biological plausibility
Consistency holds association to the disease along with a variety of other settings while
temporality is based off if a certain behavior causes the disease.
Group Discussion Quiz 4
1.
Acute Communicable: Common cold, Pneumonia, Measles
Acute Noncommunicable: Appendicitis, Poisoning, Motor vehicle injuries
Chronic Communicable: AIDS, Lyme disease, Tuberculosis
Chronic Noncommunicable: Diabetes, Coronary heart disease, osteoarthritis
2.
Prevention and control strategies for chlamydia: 1. Avoid sexual intercourse 2.
Use condoms/protection, 3. Antibiotics
These strategies are primary prevention measures, but for antibiotics this could
be tertiary since you are treating the infection.
3.
Prevention: Planning for and taking of action to forestall the onset of a disease
or other health problem
Intervention: Effort to control the disease in progress
The one that is more desirable is prevention since you are preventing the disease
from occurring and you will be using measures to prevent from getting the
disease
4.
Quarantine: limitation of freedom of movement of those who have been
exposed to a disease and may be incubating it (exposed people but not sick yet)
Isolation: Separation of infected persons from those who are susceptible (people
who are already sick)
5.
Communicable
Primary: Antibiotics, Antivirals, Disinfectants
Secondary: Gowns, Gloves, Masks
Tertiary: The proper removal, embalming, and burial of deceased individuals,
reapplication of primary and secondary measures to prevent further cases,
preventing the reoccurrence of an epidemic
Noncommunicable
Primary: Education of health and disease, be responsible for exercise and diet,
employment, and housing
Secondary: Mass screenings for chronic diseases, case-finding measures, provision of
adequate health personnel
Tertiary: EMS, Hospitals, Physicians
Group Discussion Quiz 5
1.
1 Communities of people can develop the capacity to deal with their own
problems
2 People want to change and can change
3 People should participate in making, adjusting, or controlling major changes
taking place within their communities
4 A “holistic approach” can successfully address problems with which a
“fragmented approach” cannot cope
2.
a. Politicians, leaders of activist’s groups, business leaders
b. An example of a gatekeeper would be primary care physicians and how physicians
serve as the “initial” point of contact for patients seeking healthcare services.
3.
Step 1: Determining the purpose and scope of the needs assessment
Step 2: Gathering Data
Step 3: Analyzing the Data
Step 4: Identifying the risk factors linked to the health problems
Step 5: Identifying program focus
Step 6: Validating the prioritized need
4.
5 descriptors that define how health goals differ from health objectives:
Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time phased
Example of 1 health goal and 1 health objective:
A health goal is a future event toward which a committed endeavor is directed.
-An example would be, to help employees manage their stress.
Objectives are more precise, can be considered steps to achieve the program goal. (Who,
When, Where)
-An example would be, by the year 2020, infant mortality rates will be reduced to no more
than 7 per 1000 in Franklin County.
5.
Impact evaluation: Focuses on immediate observable effects of a program, such as
changes in awareness, knowledge, skills, attitudes, environmental surroundings, and
behavior of those in priority population.
Outcome evaluation: Focuses on the end result of the program and is generally
measured by improvements in morbidity, mortality, or vital measures of symptoms,
signs, or physiological indicators.
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