1
Common types of measures, highlighting examples of operational definitions for
sustainability using the standard.
Self report is a common type of measure that sets to explain and give answers to a shared
phenomenon, and its question is outlined in that the researcher tends to look for answers filling
them in the questions. For example, asking partners in a relationship how much they appreciate
their spouse, self-report measures tend to be most accurate and biased.
The observational step is another common type of measurement that operationalizes variables by
recording the observable physical character in phenomena. That can be observed with a naked
eye measure is measuring happiness in a person by monitoring how many times that person
smiles; the smile in a person can be observed in that the muscles in the person's cheeks move to
suggest that the person is happy.
The physiological measure is another common type of measurement that involves putting down
biological data in a person, such as breathing, heart rate, and even brain activities, hormonal
balance, or imbalance. An example of a physiological measure is the measurement of a person's
happiness using the electromyography machine to record the tiny movement of muscles on the
face; it detects facial expression to show the paternal movement of muscles around the cheeks.
Whether categorical or quantitative, measurement scales give examples in each categorical
and quantitative.
Nominal variables are categorical measurement scales that are measured in categories. e.g.,
knowing the levels in variables that represent the female and the male species and are blood
group A, B, AB, or d poses the rhesus factor unto which the researcher assigns numbers to each
2
category to differentiate them. The numbers help identify which classes are of the given blood
type and pose a Rhesus factor from those not.
The ordinal scale is a quantitative measurement scale that measures the quantitative variables in
a ranked order. e.g., a bookseller can classify the books in the order of how much per each kind
he has sold; that is, the books that are highly traded in more significant numbers can be ranked as
1. The others that are sold second high are classified as two. The listing goes to the books that a
lowly bought.
An Interval scale is a quantitative measurement scale in that variables are placed into equal class
intervals in that there is no definite zero. e.g., the scores of students in an exam can be put in an
interval class of 5. All students who score marks equal to that interval are placed into that class
of 30-35,36-40, 41-45,46-50,51-55,56-60. Type is shown in the rank class interval five, which is
similar in every category. Even though a student can score a zero, the zero is termed nothing.
A ratio scale is a quantitative measurement scale in which the numerical representation of the
variables represents an equal measurement. The zero in size means none. e.g., the number of
questions in an examination that are correctly answered, the height in centimeters of individuals
is variable.
Reliability and how it's different from the validity
Reliability refers to the ability of the measure to be effective in that it's consistent in the
measurement and that errors resulting from the research are roved. Inn measuring the validity of
variables, we try to see if the sizes give or produce the intended results measure what the
researcher is supposed to measure.
3
Some of the significant kinds of reliability are; test-retest reliability. Married out today can be
born again, maybe after a week or month, and the results obtained from the second test should be
consistent with the results obtained from the first results, e.g., the students who scored the
highest in test one should be the same as those in test two for consistency.
Interrater reliability is a form of reliability in that two independent researchers or individuals
come up with consistent results after conducting the survey. Therein findings should be almost
similar or similar. E.g., supposes, a surveyor is assigned to observe how many times partners in a
restaurant smile, and another one records how many times they smile on the field if the one in
the restaurant records eight times. The other in the area record eight times, and the reliability is
interrater.
Internal reliability is another mode of reliability. The different items are combined to measure
reliability, e.g., assume individuals agree and disagree on other patterns. The individual who
settles in the first pattern should also agree on the second for consistent.
Convergent validity these are theoretical correlations that are similar, while discriminatory
validity is theoretical correlations that are dissimilar.
Variables would show discriminate validity by the surveyor carrying out a questionnaire to know
people who are depressed and have health-related issues. In the survey, the individuals who are
depressed will fall in the same categories as they will answer questions almost the same in that
those with depression-related issues and those that are okay will fall in the same category.
In convergent validity, the survey can prove the results by rating the individual who is depressed
in that the individual who scores are depressed in BDI should also be depressed in CES-D. The
correlations evident in these measurements are evidence of convergent validity.
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
