HIEU 202 Exam 2
Textile Production
Was the first industry to mechanize. Hand and foot
machines without the use of water and steam. (ex. the fly
shuttle, the spinning jenny)
Steam Engine
Was the key breakthrough in launching the industrial
revolution. This was because it could be applied in other areas.
(Jame's Watt's steam engine solved the problem of
condensation)
Factories
New machines brought about a need for factories. (the
factory brought about many different areas of labor such as
assembly line and interchangeable parts) people such as
artisans and craftsman lost there livelihood because of
factories, but there was a need for workers within the factories.
[Factories were built in towns near centers of transportation]
Transportation Revolution
The industrial revolution led to a revolution in
transportation. There was a need for speedy transportation of
people and goods. (Canals connect to rivers and major
waterways, allowing for easier transportation) led to
steamboats
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
There was an immediate effect on ordinary people. People
steadily moved to from agriculture to industrial labor.
Communications Revolution
Samuel Morse developed the telegraph. Because of
machinery newspapers were easier to make and distribute.
Industrial Europe
Revolution spread throughout Europe, at different paces.
Belgium was after Britain. In Germany pockets industrialized
while others did not. France went through an industrial
"evolution".
The Class System
Upper: traditional landed aristocracy, new business elites
Middle: Business entrepreneurs, artisans of luxury goods,
professionals
Lower: farmers, tradesmen, craftsmen, laborers
(Wealth not birth determined one's class)
Artisans and Craftsmen
Did not fit into the middle class or the industrial workers.
(ex: tailors, printers, smiths, masons, carpenters) Many of these
occupations were threatened by the industrial revolution. Many
became skilled or semi skilled workers on the assembly line.
Luddites, named after Ned Lud were workers that would riot
and distroy the machinery.
Conservatism
Classical Liberalism
Nationalism
Socialism
Robert Owen
Cotton manufacturer who turned his mill into a "model
community". His workers were to share everything, coined the
expression "socialism" and became it's primary spokesperson.
(attempt to establish another "model community" in New
Harmony Indiana failed. (abolition of marriage and traditional
family)
Marxism/ Communism
Romanticism
Beethoven
Most important as far as taking music in a different
direction. Songs are created more for the middle class they are
now 3-4 min. in length.
Richard Wagner
He composed operas with complex musical structures.
"The father of movie music", music is meant to accompany the
story.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" delved into the
suffering of the individual. (he became a tutor for an aristocrat
and falls in love with her, the novel that he wrote was about his
love for her)-published during the enlightenment.
Mary Shelley
Frankenstein
The Congress of Vienna
-Primary problems: what to do with Napoleon's empire,
and containing future french aggression.
Allied powers came together to sort out problems.
Metternich is the architect of the peace agreement (his concern
was to contain Tsar Alexander I)
Congress of Vienna cont...
Results:
-"Kingdom of the Netherlands"
-"German Confederation" dominated by Austria and
Prussia.
-"Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia"
-Austria annexed duchies and city-states of northern Italy
-Mandated periodic conferences called "the concert of
Europe"
Metternich
-Issued the Carlsbad Decrees: Abolished the
burschenschaften (student organizations that started at German
universities as an expression of new nationalism), and
implemented tougher censorship.
-In response to the Hambach Festival he issued the six
articles: intensified surveillance of society, prohibited political
public assemblies, empowered the police authority of German
princes.
The Concert of Europe
In the public eye it became mixed with the "Holy Alliance"
The Holy Alliance
Acts to suppress revolutionary, nationalist, and liberal
movements.
Tsar Alexander I of Russia
Advertised himself as the liberator of Europe (he tries to
take as much of Europe as he can).
1815- He called for a general agreement to renounce war;
this led to an alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in
which they agreed to lend each other aid "to protect religion,
peace, and justice". Know as the Holy Alliance.
German Confederation
Consisted of 38 states, it became a weapon to repress
liberal and nationalist movements (censorship, secret police,
military intervention)
Troppau Protocol
Monarchs of Austria, Prussia, and Russia convened at
Troppau and issued a protocol asserting the rights of the allies
to intervene in revolutions.
The Zollverein
An economic union that established free trade among its
members.
The Eastern Question
The ottoman empire had serious internal problems.
-Prop up the sultans to maintain stability over the various
subject peoples of the empire?
-Exploit the situation for potential gain?
The Greek Revolt
Greeks lived under Turkish dominion. Growing nationalism
let to a revolt. Because of the revival of Romantic interest and
classical Greece throughout Europe, the Anglo-French and
Russians came to aid Greece. Britain, France, and Russia
declared Greece independent.
Louis XVIII
He sought to mediate between the French Liberals
(preserve gains of rev.), and the ultra-royalists ("turn the clock
back").
-The charter of 1814 established a constitutional monarchy
(retained some aspects of rev., national legislature, the
Assembly, but with limited authority)
Charles X
younger brother of Louis XVIII and next king. He enacted
an increasingly restrictive regime.
The French Revolution of 1830
Louis Philippe
Duke of Orleans, became "King of the French".
Belgian Revolt
1848 Revolutions
Banquets
The liberal opposition was blocked form voicing protest
through constitutional means. Leaders organized "banquets"
throughout the country to rally opposition. A large banquet was
to be held in Paris but was banned by the government. (working
class showed up for the banquets because of free food and
entertainment.) The morning after the banned banquet, Paris
crowds tore up the stones and built barricades.
June Days
The revolutionaries soon divided over conflicting goals:
-moderates= political issues such as voting rights
-radicals= far reaching reforms pf working conditions
One attempt to reform was the implementation of a
socialist plan for "National Workshops" (government controlled
workshops and factories providing guaranteed employment)
projects such as building bridges allowed many men job
opportunities until the job was over and then they were out a
job.
June Days cont...
The government terminated the national workshops and
Paris workers took up arms and began rioting. After 3 days of
rioting the army put down the uprising, 10,00 dead and injured.
A frightened French government enacted new restrictions
(freedom of the press was curbed, right to political association
was limited)
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon's nephew, Louis Napoleon had been in exile in
England
The Frankfurt Parliament
Hungarian Uprising
Franz Joseph
George IV
Rotten boroughs
Peterloo Massacre
Because of the continued recession, a mass demonstration
broke out and troops came in to stop it. 11 were killed and the
press give it the name in mocking waterloo.
Reforms of the 1820's and 1830's
Tory and Whig cabinet ministers emerged.
-free trade (better the economy)
-repeal of the combination acts (labor organizations)
-catholic emancipation act (religious freedom)
-penal reforms (less strict)
-slavery abolished in colonies
-factory act (limited child labor)
-poor law amendment act (workhouses)
Robert Peel
created Scotland yard
Reform Bill of 1832
Redistributed seats in the House of Commons by
population. Electorate was doubled.
Ramifications:
-The new middles class was in a position to increase power
and status
-expanded voting rights to working class
-opened way for more reforms
Chartism
Workingman submitted the people's charter to parliament:
-universal male suffrage
-secret ballot
-abolition of property qualifications for members for
parliament (MP)
-salaries for (MPs)
-equal constituencies for (MPs)
-annual parliaments
(rejected by parliament)
7,000 signatures
Queen Victoria
Victoria and her husband Albert were concerned with
rehabilitating the image of the British monarchy after years of
scandal by the sons of George III.
The Crimean War
Britain went to war to support Turkey against Russia.
Despite the defeat of Russia the war was a disaster. (Charge of
the light brigade)
Reform bill of 1867
the electorate was doubled again-two million males.
stopped short of universal suffrage
Gladstone and Disraeli
Gladstone- liberal
Disraeli- conservative
-took turns serving as prime minister
-reforms: the education act, order in council, employers
and workmen bill, trade union act, factory act
Decembrist Revolt of 1825
resulted from intellectuals' frustration with absolute rule;
ruthlessly crushed by many of Nicholas I
Nicholas I
(1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he
strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was
also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he
greatly feared them.
Alexander II
(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate
reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.
Alexander III
(1881) son of Alex II, increased use of secret police,
censorship, exiles to Siberia, Russianunification to suppress
non-Russians, pogroms
Nicholas II
the last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate in 1917
by the Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution of 1905
Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the
country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution
was suppressed, but it forced the government to make
substantial reforms.
Napoleon III's foreign policy
Franco-Prussian War
This was a major war between the French and the
Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of
Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a
telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into
attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German
states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating
Germany).
Paris Commune
The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the
conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own
government
Third Republic
the republic that was established in France after the
downfall of Napoleon III and ended with the German
occupation of France during World War II
Dreyfus Affair
Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for
treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided
the country
Prussian Army Reform
-Kriegsakademie= picked best for military service
-general staff= trained experts in logistics, strategy, and
tactics.
Wilhelm I
Very religious and honorable man, fought in the battle of
waterloo.
Sought to implement reform within the army (upgrade
weapons, better organization, train draftees, make service last
for 3 years)
Bismark
Born to a Junker family (old aristocracy), good at making
deals
-"Realpolitik" end justifies the means
-only wanted to go to war as a last result
Helmuth von Moltke
Chief of the General Staff, brought about changes in
warfare (soldiers can think for themselves, able men are
drafted)
Wars of German Unification
Alsace Lorraine
Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the
Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of
German defeat in WWI
German Empire's position in Europe
Kulturkampf
policy by bismarck, "Culture Stuggle", reduce power of the
catholic church.
Bismarck's Welfare State
single currency, uniform codes and regulations of justice
and for commerce
Wilhelm II
only 29 when kaiser. bombastic , strong-willed, and self-
assertive. surrounded himself with mediocrities and
sycophants. has a short arm
changes in fin de siècle Europe
socialism, feminism, industrialism, imperialism, and
militarism
