LIBERTY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Crossroads and Convictions: Navigating Church-State Issues in a Relativistic World
ETHC101-B01
Introduction to Ethics
by
Havana N. Randall
June 24, 2024
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES..............................................................................................................2
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE:.........................................................................................2
RIGHT TO PRACTICE ANY FAITH OR NO FAITH:..........................................................................2
RELIGIOUS NEUTRALITY OF THE STATE:.....................................................................................3
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM:..................................................................................................................3
ETHICAL APPLICATION..........................................................................................................4
OBJECTIONS................................................................................................................................6
1
Crossroads and Convictions: Navigating Church-State Issues in a Relativistic World
Introduction
In our diverse and multifaceted world, the debate surrounding the relationship between
church and state is a topic of profound interest. As a follower of Christ, I am deeply compelled to
delve into this intricate relationship using the lens of Christian ethics juxtaposed with the
perspective of relativism. Christian ethics is firmly grounded in the teachings of the Bible, such
as the passage in Mark 12:17 (NIV): “Render to Caeser the things that are Caeser’s and to God
the things that are God’s.” Serves as a steadfast moral guide that transcends societal and cultural
disparities. On the other hand, relativism acknowledges the array of moral beliefs across diverse
cultures, delivering a more adaptable approach to ethical quandaries.
This endeavor seeks to comprehend church-state matters comprehensively, informed by
the interplay of these contrasting ethical frameworks. The objective is to discern approaches that
honor religious freedom, which I perceive as a divine endowment, and secular governance while
preserving a delicate equilibrium that upholds the dignity and rights of all individuals,
irrespective of their religious convictions. This multifaceted approach aims to shed light on the
intricacies of church-state issues in our contemporary world. The relationship between church
and state encompasses various ethical principles and stances, each with its ramifications and
complexities
2
Ethical Principles
Separation of Church and State:
Firstly, the principle of the separation between church and state, the First Amendment of
the U.S Constitution, prohibits both the federal and state governments from interfering with the
free exercise of religion while at the same time precluding the possibility of government
establishing a national religion1: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”2. Article 6 of the same document further forbids
any “ religious test…as qualification to any office or public trust.”3 These laws explicitly prevent
the government from partnering with or discriminating against any faith tradition;
simultaneously, they guarantee universal religious freedom and ensure the equal status of
religious communities from state interference or control.4 However, the interpretation and
application of this principle have been subjects of ongoing debate. Some argue that it has been
used to marginalize religion and expression in public life. In contrast, others contend that it is
essential for maintaining a pluralistic society where all faiths are respected.
Right to Practice Any Faith or No Faith:
One important ethical issue is the right to practice faith or not at all. This right is
fundamental to religious freedom, protected by the First Amendment, as mentioned previously.
However, it is frequently challenged by those who define Christian Nationalism as an “ ideology
that idealizes and advocates a fusion of American civic life with a particular type of Christian
1 Saiya, N. (2022).CThe global politics of Jesus : a Christian case for church-state separation. Oxford
University Press., Pg. 127
2 First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution passed by Congress September 25, 1789. Ratified December 15,
1791.
3 (see Footnote 3).
4 (see Footnote 1).
3
identity and culture.”5 Those who endorse Christian nationalist beliefs are more likely to believe
that religion belongs in the public sphere, that America has a unique role in God's plan, and that
America should be a Christian nation, which aims to incorporate religion into public schools and
opposes the separation of church and state.
Religious Neutrality of the State:
The principle of Religious Neutrality of the State is also at stake. This principle states that
the state should remain neutral in matters of religion and should not favor any religion.6
Nevertheless, this principle is frequently contested by those advocating for a more substantial
presence of religion in public life.
Religious Freedom:
Lastly, there is the principle of Religious Freedom. This principle states that everyone has
the right to practice their faith freely without interference from the state. However, this principle
is often challenged by those who argue that religious freedom should be limited in the interest of
other societal goals, such as equality and public safety.
These ethical principles and positions are often at odds, leading to complex, contentious
debates about the appropriate relationship between church and state. Despite these challenges,
these principles and positions are essential for balancing religious freedom and secular
governance. They reflect the ongoing struggle to reconcile the diverse beliefs and values of our
society with the principles of democracy and the rule of law,
5 Whitehead, A. L., Perry, S. L., & Baker, J. O. (2018). Make America Christian Again: Christian
Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election. Sociology of Religion : A
Quarterly Review., 79(2), 147–171.
6 Koppelman, A. (2013).CDefending American religious neutrality. Harvard University Press.
4
Ethical Application
Applying a Christian ethic provides a clear and comprehensive framework when
considering the church and state issue. Understanding the foundational principles of Christian
ethics and how they shape our understanding and approach to this issue is crucial.
Christian ethics is a blend of both virtues and principles.7 The ethical principles of
Christianity are based on the teachings of the Bible and the life and lessons of Jesus Christ.
These principles stress the importance of love, justice, mercy, and respect for the dignity and
worth of every individual. They serve as the foundation for our actions and decisions, including
how we handle matters related to the church and state relationship.
One of the most significant principles in Christian ethics is the concept of "Give back to
Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's" (Mark 12:17)8This principle suggests a
distinction between the religious and secular realms and implies a form of separation between
church and state. However, it does not advocate for a complete disconnection. Instead, it calls for
Christians to fulfill their responsibilities in both realms while recognizing their ultimate
allegiance to God.
The command to love our neighbors as ourselves (Mark 12:31) is a crucial principle that
demands respect and consideration for the rights and beliefs of others, regardless of their faith or
lack thereof.9 In the context of church-state issues, this principle firmly guides us to uphold
7 Rae, S. B. (2018)., p. 68., Moral choices : an introduction to ethics (4th edition.). Zondervan.
8 New International Version Bile (2011) Mark 12:17
9 Witte, J. (2020). Historical Foundations and Enduring Fundamentals of American Religious Freedom.CStudies in
Christian Ethics.,C33(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0953946819896075
5
religious freedom and pluralism, guaranteeing the freedom of all individuals to practice their
faith without hindrance.
Furthermore, Christian ethics demand an unwavering commitment to justice and righteousness.
In the realm of church-state affairs, this mandate fervently advocates for laws and policies that
unwaveringly uphold the dignity and rights of all individuals, irrespective of their religious
beliefs. Simultaneously, it necessitates staunchly opposing laws and policies that perpetuate the
marginalization or discrimination of certain groups based on their religion.
In conclusion, Christian ethics is not simply a set of abstract principles. It guides our
approach to church-state issues, directing us to uphold the principles of love, justice, and respect
for all individuals. It demands a balance between fulfilling our responsibilities in the secular
realm and maintaining our ultimate allegiance to God. It strongly advocates for religious freedom
and pluralism and insists on justice and righteousness in our laws and policies. This approach
enables us to navigate the complexities of church-state issues in a manner that unequivocally
aligns with our Christian values and commitments.
Objections
Relativism is a philosophical standpoint that argues that there are no absolute truths or
universal standards of validity. Instead, the value of viewpoints is determined by their subjective
and relative nature, shaped by individual perception and contextual considerations.10 This
concept presents significant challenges when juxtaposed with Christian ethics, particularly in the
10 Stenmark, M., (2018). Relativism as a Challenge to Religion: Christianity, Truth and the “Dictatorship of
Relativism.” Relativism and Post-Truth in Contemporary Society, 177-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-
96559-8_11
6
relationship between the church and the state. The clash between relativism and Christian ethics
arises from the differing approaches to moral absolutes and the understanding of truth, posing
complex questions about the intersection of religious beliefs and governance.
The ethical principles of Christianity, rooted in the teachings of the Bible, emphasize the
existence of absolute and unwavering moral truths. These truths are believed to be universally
applicable and derived from God's nature and intentions. Conversely, relativism contends that
ethical principles are not absolute but influenced by cultural, historical, and personal
circumstances.11
Significant divergence can often emerge in discussions concerning the relationship
between the church and the state. For example, the separation of church and state concept is a
fundamental tenet in contemporary democratic societies.12 This principle is based on the belief
that religious doctrines should not influence public policy. It is worth noting that this principle
can be interpreted as an embodiment of relativistic ideology, as it embraces the coexistence of
diverse belief systems within a society.
According to relativism, imposing Christian ethics as the standard for public policy may
be problematic because it could potentially violate the rights of individuals who align with
different moral or religious frameworks.13 This argument is rooted in the belief that no single
moral or religious perspective can be universally applicable and that diverse perspectives should
be considered and respected in public policy.14 However, it is essential to note that this does not
11 See Footnote 11
12 Fisher, D. (2024, June 24). Establishment clause: Separation of church and state. The Free Speech Center.
https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/establishment-clause-separation-of-church-and-state/
13 See Footnote 11
14 See Footnote 11
7
necessarily imply an inherent conflict between Christian ethics and the principles of a pluralistic
society.
Many advocates of Christian ethics advocate for an approach that carefully considers the
moral principles of Christianity in guiding personal behavior and decision-making. They
emphasize the importance of respecting religious diversity and individual freedom alongside
these ethical principles.15 This nuanced approach seeks to balance adhering to Christian values
with recognizing and honoring the beliefs and freedoms of others.
In summary, the contrasting perspectives of relativism and Christian ethics regarding
moral truth led to a complex and intricate interaction, particularly in church and state matters.
Navigating these differences requires a delicate balance that respects individual freedoms,
promotes social harmony, and allows for diverse moral and religious viewpoints to coexist. This
challenge underscores the multifaceted nature of ethical discourse and the need for thoughtful
consideration in addressing societal moral and religious disparities.
15 See Footnote 13
Bibliography
American Library Association. (n.d.). First Amendment and censorship.
https://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/censorship
Fisher, D. (2024, June 24). Establishment clause: Separation of church and state. The Free
Speech Center. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/establishment-clause-separation-
of-church-and-state/
Koppelman, A. (2013).CDefending American religious neutrality. Harvard University Press.
Mark 12:17 (NIV). (n.d.). Bible Gateway. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?
search=Mark+12%3A17&version=NIV
Rae, S. (2018).CMoral choices: An introduction to ethics. HarperCollins Christian Publishing.
Saiya, N. (2022).CThe global politics of Jesus : a Christian case for church-state separation.
Oxford University Press Incorporated
Stenmark, M., (2018). Relativism as a Challenge to Religion: Christianity, Truth and the
“Dictatorship of Relativism.” Relativism and Post-Truth in Contemporary Society, 177-
196. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96559-8_11
Upenieks, L., & Hill, T. D. (2024). Christian nationalism, religious struggles, and the structural
amplification of emotional distress. Social Science Quarterly., 105(1), 5–24.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13327
Witte, J. (2020). Historical Foundations and Enduring Fundamentals of American Religious
Freedom.CStudies in Christian Ethics.,C33(2), 156–167.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0953946819896075
Whitehead, A. L., Perry, S. L., & Baker, J. O. (2018). Make America Christian Again: Christian
Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election. Sociology of
Religion : A Quarterly Review., 79(2), 147–171.
