Chapter Review
Chapter 10: The three types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
Igneous: Crystalline rock formations resulting from the cooling of molten lava. Example: Granite
Sedimentary: Rocks formed by the deposition and solidification of sediment from flowing water and
wind. Sedimentary rock formations are usually layered and can contain fossils (Andrei, 2020)
(Example: Shale)
Metamorphic: Sedimentary and igneous rocks are changed into metamorphic rocks by the pressure and
heat from the earth’s crust. Example: Marble
Chapter 11: The 2006 International Astronomical Union definition of a planet states: “A planet orbits a
star and is large enough to form itself into a nearly round shape because of gravity. A planet must also
be clear of space debris (clear the neighborhood) in its orbital zone. (IAU, 2006). Pluto was designated
as a “dwarf” planet because it has not “cleared the neighborhood” around its orbit.
Chapter 12: The earth works in cycles is a good example of an earth/space science concept from the
chapter. Using the four cycles of the earth, an art class could design projects that reflect the nitrogen,
carbon, photosynthesis and water cycle. Bulletin board would have the four cycles, a description of the
project and some pictures to help with ideas. They could either draw, paint or paper mache their
interpretation of the four cycles of the earth (Teaching Earth & Space Science Concepts in Early
Childhood).
Chapter 13: James Watson and Francis H.C. Crick determined the double-helix structure of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid), the molecule containing human genes. They showed that each strand of the
DNA molecule was a template for the other (history.com) During cell division the two strands separate
and on each strand a new other half is built, exactly like the one before. They proved that DNA can
reproduce itself without changing its structure, except for rare errors or mutations.
Chapter 14: There are several functions of the circulatory or cardio-vascular system. They transport
nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells in the body and remove metabolic waste such as carbon
dioxide or nitrogenous wastes. They also protect the body against disease and aid in blood clotting to
stop bleeding. (livescience.com)
Chapter 15: I require the chapter “The Wonder Machine” to answer this question.
Chapter 16: The balloon flies because of a gas called helium, a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic,
inert, monatomic gas. (Rithner, 2018) Helium is the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table.
Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe. It was discovered on the sun before it was
found on the earth. The earth's atmospheric helium is replaced by the decay of radioactive elements in
the earth's crust. Helium gas is used to inflate blimps and balloons.
Chapter 17: Different colors are seen when light passes through a triangular prism. White light is
separated into component colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. A band of colors that can
be seen through sunlight passing through the prism is known as a spectrum. (Papiewski, 2017) The
waves of light that go into a prism are referred to as refracted, which means to change the direction of
the light. The light that comes out of the prism gets separated based on wavelengths and results.
Chapter 18: It is important to maintain a safe environment when teaching science. “You Could Hear a
Pin Drop: The Conduction of Heat” is a great activity to demonstrate the conduction of heat but there
are a few safety measures that would need to be taken in order to safely complete the activity. It would
be necessary to have a fire extinguisher, fireproof gloves and a fire escape plan that that is rehearsed
ahead of time. All equipment should be inspected to make sure it works. Conduct a lesson on safety
procedures before the heat lesson. All safety rules and procedures should be demonstrated by the
teacher. Long hair should be tied back and no loose clothing. Additional safety equipment needed
would be safety goggles and aprons. Explain to the students to not go near the flames. When all of the
procedures a have been explained, the students should be able to demonstrate they understand the
safety measures before beginning the conduction of heat activity.
References
Andrei, M. (2020) The Types of Rock. ZME Science.
https://www.zmescience.com/science/geology/types-of-rock/
International Astronomical Union (2006) IAU 2006 General Assembly. “Result of the IAU Resolution
Votes.” https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/
Teaching Earth & Space Science Concepts in Early Childhood. Study.com
https://study.com/academy/lesson/teaching-earth-space-science-concepts-in-early-childhood.html
Watson and Crick discover chemical structure of DNA. History.com
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/watson-and-crick-discover-chemical-structure-of-dna
The Circulatory System: An Amazing Circuit That Keeps Our Bodies Going. Livescience.com.
https://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html
Rithner C. (2018) Why We Need Helium Now More Than Ever. PRI.
https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-08-17/celebrating-150th-anniversary-heliums-discovery-why-we-
need-it-more-ever
Papiewski, J. (2017) How Do Prisms Work? Sciencing.
https://sciencing.com/prisms-work-4965588.html
