DSM-5 TR 1
DSM-5 TR Summaries: Initial Assignment
Naja J. Anderson
School of Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Liberty University
DSM-5 TR 2
DSM-5 TR Summaries: Initial Assignment
“All of the following information was taken from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5
th
Edition, Text Revision (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) unless otherwise noted.”
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Overview
In this subheading, I will be discussing Bipolar and related disorders which the 5 edition
th
of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual recognizes three different forms (DSM-5-TR). Bipolar I
disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder are the forms of bipolar disorders. The
defining characteristic of these disorders is the manic symptoms they all share.
Disorders
Bipolar I disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, is diagnosed when an
individual experiences at least one episode of mania during their life. Many people are diagnosed
with bipolar I disorder even if they experienced an episode of mania one-week many years prior
to their diagnosis. Some of the symptoms of bipolar I include decreased need for sleep, unusual
talkativeness, risky sexual activities, and overspending to name a few.
Bipolar II disorder is seen when a person has had at least one hypomanic episode and at
least one depressive episode during their life. Hypomanic episodes are less extreme than manic
episodes which change an individual’s functioning but do not cause serious problems. The
defining symptoms of bipolar II are the same as bipolar I symptoms which include an increase in
goal-directed activities.
Cyclothymic disorder is a chronic mood disorder where a person has frequent but mild
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symptoms of depression while simultaneously experiencing mild symptoms of mania. Some of
the defining symptoms of cyclothymic disorder are numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms
that are not considered hypomanic episodes. These symptoms do not subside for more than two
months at a time and cause distress and functional impairment.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
The risk and prognostic factors that accompany bipolar I disorder are shown to have three
different influences. These three influences include environmental, genetic, and physiological.
Environmental influences consist of social-economic status, trauma, and life changing events or
experiences. On the other hand, genetic and physiological influences refer to the individual
diagnosed with this disorder being predisposed to bipolar disorder because of their biological
make up.
Depressive Disorders
Overview
In this summary of depressive disorders, we are enlightened about major depressive
disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and disruptive mood
dysregulation disorder. This section focuses more deeply on major and persistent depressive
disorders. The shared symptom of these many depressive disorders is intense sadness and/ or the
incapability to experience pleasure.
Disorders
Major depressive disorder is an episodic disorder where the symptoms are evident for a
long period of time and then subside. Although these symptoms subside, when untreated these
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depressive episodes can last for six months or longer. The defining symptoms of major
depressive disorder are sleeping too much or too little, loss of energy, and recurrent thoughts of
death or suicide to name a few (Kring & Johnson, 2022).
Persistent depressive disorder is described as a disorder where a person is chronically
depressed more than 50 percent of the time for at least 2 years. The defining symptoms of this
disorder are feeling blue, finding little pleasure from activities, and poor self-esteem to name a
few (Kring & Johnson, 2022).
Risk and Prognostic Factors
The risk and prognostic factors of major depressive disorder are social influences,
environmental, and genetic or physiological influences. Social influences show that twice as
many girls as boys are exposed to sexual abuse in their childhood which is a stressor that can
cause depression in the future. Environmental influences include the individual’s upbringing and/
or traumatic experiences. Genetics and physiological factors show that if in the genetic makeup
there is depressive disorder, the offspring is at a higher risk of being diagnosed with depressive
disorders.
Anxiety Disorders
Overview
In this subheading, I will be discussing major anxiety disorders which are social anxiety
disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. Thees
five major anxiety disorders consist of excessively high anxiety.
Disorders
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Specific phobia is a category of anxiety disorder where an individual consistently
experiences extreme fear of an object or situation which can include flying and snakes. The
defining symptoms of this anxiety disorder is the object or situation is avoided (Kring &
Johnson, 2022).
Social anxiety disorder is persistent, irrational intense fear of social situations.
Individuals with social anxiety are concerned that they will do or say something embarrassing,
and these feelings control their mind and body. The specific symptoms of this disorder are
exposure to the trigger leads to intense anxiety about being seen in a negative light (Kring &
Johnson, 2022).
Panic disorder is recurring panic attacks that are not related to any specific situation.
When an individual worries more, it will cause more panic attacks. The defining symptoms are
recurrent panic attacks and unexpected times (Kring & Johnson, 2022).
Agoraphobia is when anxiety comes from a situation that is embarrassing or difficult to
escape if symptoms of anxiety occur. For example, these can be trains, long car rides, or
airplanes. The defining symptoms of this disorder are that these situations are often avoided or
the need for another person is evident (Kring & Johnson, 2022).
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is described as an induvial that is persistently
worried usually about minor day-to-day issues. The defining symptoms of GAD include
irritability, muscle tension, and tiring easily (Kring & Johnson, 2022).
Risk and Prognostic Factors
The risk and prognostic factors for separation anxiety disorder are environmental
influences, genetic and physiological influences. Environmental influences could develop as a
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result of loss or a traumatic situation affecting the child. Genetic and physiological influences
show that 73 percent of individuals that are predisposed to anxiety disorders tend to be diagnosed
with the same disorder in the future.
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References
Anxiety disorders. (2022). In American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x05_anxiety_disorders
Kring, A. M., & Johnson, S. L. (2022). Abnormal Psychology: The Science and Treatment of
Psychological Disorders, DSM-5-TR Update. John Wiley & Sons.
