COUC 506 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY Entwistle Review Assignment_2024.pdf

Entwistle Review Assignment

Rachel R. Hill

School of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University

Abstract

This paper explores Entwistle's (2015) "Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity,

Third Edition," focusing on chapters 8 through 11. These sections explore crucial aspects of

models will be expounded upon, accompanied by examples. The second section of the paper will

engage in a comprehensive discussion of these models. Subsequently, the third section will

address the implications of these integration concepts on my developing identity as a counselor,

Entwistle Review Paper

In the comprehensive book by Entwistle (2015), the intricate connection between

psychology and Christianity is thoroughly explored. Since no single definition of integration has

pp. 259). One definition of integration is “a multi-faceted attempt to discern the underlying truths

about the nature and functioning of human beings from the unique vantage points of psychology

(in its various subdisciplines, utilizing diverse methodologies) and Christianity (in theology,

psychology of human behavior (Entwistle, 2015).

Furthermore, the author investigates the alignment of these integration models with the

philosophical foundations of both psychology and Christianity. The role of worldview in

influencing the integration process is also scrutinized. Ultimately, Entwistle contends that

embracing an integrative approach to psychology and Christianity can yield a profound

understanding of human behavior and foster a more holistic perspective on mental health.

Enemies Models

The Enemies model delineates antagonistic perspectives that posit theology and

psychology as mutually exclusive, lacking shared themes. These beliefs are believed to have

originated during the Enlightenment era, which predominantly emphasized reason as the primary

theology and psychology are viewed as distinct, devoid of common themes or similarities.

Entwistle states, "The Christian Combatants view is alive and influential" (2015, p. 213). “The

Enemies models describe two versions of an antagonistic relationship between psychology and

2015, p.214). Disagreements and conflicts among philosophers and religious individuals have

arisen due to these integration models. Entwistle states, "In the first version, religion is seen as

the Enemy of psychology; this is the perspective of Secular Combatants. In the second version,

behind certain events (Entwistle, 2015). The model is subdivided into foreign spies seeking

religious connections within psychology and domestic spies who dilute religion to extract

psychological benefits. Employing this model aims to infuse psychological elements into

religious contexts. The Spies models pragmatically strive for any means to enhance human

welfare. While acknowledging religion, they lack traditional beliefs and contend that religious

institutions can have positive and negative impacts. Their general assumption is that all religious

systems (Christian and non-Christian) are psychological phenomena (Entwistle, 2015, p. 342).

Spies view the religious content of individuals as predominantly mythical or beneficial to those

focusing on personal well-being and spiritual practice. Advocating for removing or minimizing

anything harmful in religion, they emphasize its potential for both positive and negative

influences. The author highlights that not all spies within this model are inherently evil; some

can be amicable.

Colonists Model

and theology. Conservative Christians, primarily focused on psychology, align with this model.

They recognize the value of psychology but insist that it must align with the theological system.

Colonialists acknowledge the significance of psychological ideas without assigning authority to

previous assumptions and religious beliefs (Entwistle, 2015). Consequently, their interpretation

of psychological discoveries can be influenced by the presupposition of religion. Clinicians and

counselors who adopt this approach generally collaborate with Christian clients and write for a

Christian audience (Entwistle, 2015, p. 345).

Rebuilders Model

Rebuilders perceive psychology as inherently belonging to God but distorted and altered

by human influence. They assert that Christianity has a psychological essence, evident

throughout all aspects of the Bible. Rebuilders hold a deep respect for psychology,

acknowledging its benefits. This model values extensive engagement with modern psychology

and advocates restructuring specific psychological approaches to align with Christian

redirect the course of psychology by infusing Christian values into the field. They see the need

for soul care and seek to integrate that aspect into their lives to become more like Christ

(Entwistle, 2015).

The Neutral Parties Model stands out among integration models, emphasizing cultivating

dual-disciplinary expertise by permitting each approach to coexist independently. This theory

rejects the compartmentalization of human personality, recognizing parallels between theology

The Allies model confirms that Christian theology and psychology are subject to God's

authority and exemplifies the best integrative relationship between Christianity and psychology

(Entwistle, 2015). According to Entwistle (2015), there may be some overlapping between

Christianity and psychology when integrating relationships. Uniting both disciplines through

integration yields practical implications for a more comprehensive and accurate grasp of human

nature and functioning. The Allies model is the most suitable framework to articulate the

relationship between Christianity and psychology. Within the Allies Model are the methods of

knowing. Methods of knowing begin with epistemology, the theory of knowledge that “considers

the nature, possibilities, and limitations of knowledge” (Entwistle, 2015, p. 97).G

Entwistle succinctly and objectively summarizes centuries of conflict between two

disciplines, showcasing his greatest strength. Historically, psychology and Christianity were

often seen as mutually exclusive and incompatible frameworks with opposing perspectives.

divergent worldviews in recent decades, asserting that such integration leads to a more

comprehensive understanding of human behavior. Perhaps more than ever, pastoral

psychologists struggle to fit religious, spiritual, and transcendent experiences into a scientific

It takes to think it is essential to dig into

The research has shown me that formal efforts have been made to establish a synthesis

between psychology and Christianity, aiming to bridge the gaps between science and faith.

Pastoral psychologists have long tried to establish a working model that encompasses the

seemingly conflicting disciplines of science and religion (Lombard, 2017).GIntegrationists argue

that, despite their differences, the ultimate goals of psychology and Christianity align, and

blending these approaches provides unique complementary perspectives not achievable through

exclusive implementation of either (Entwistle, 2021). Nonetheless, recognizing the divergent

perspectives and assumptions of Christian faith and psychology is crucial. According to Santrac

(2016), an attempt to integrate Psychology and Christian faith (Theology) is a daunting task

and understanding the philosophical premises complementing each other becomes imperative to

identify common ground and create an integrated worldview. That said, I can identify with a

couple different integration models, but mostly with the Neutral Parties Model. According to

not seek to eliminate each other as the model acknowledges the interconnectedness of human

personality and religion. Regarding this matter, the Neutral Parties model embraces a

comprehensive perspective on human functionality and opposes the compartmentalization of

Commission. Having said that, (King James Version Bible, 1987, Mark 16:15-16) is Christ’s

instruction to “Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature.” As a counselor,

my “Go” is to integrate my Biblical worldview in such a way that provides dignity to clients that

may not have the same views. Additionally, the ACA Code of Ethics code A.4.b states that

Counselors are aware of—and avoid imposing—their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and

behaviors. Counselors respect the diversity of clients, trainees, and research participants and seek

training in areas in which they are at risk of imposing their values onto clients, especially when

the counselor’s values are inconsistent with the client’s goals or are discriminatory in nature.

Entwistle (2015) comprehensively explores the relationship between psychology and

Christianity, offering multiple models for integrating these two perspectives. Applying the

information learned from this book to counseling situations requires a thoughtful and reflective

understanding world views. I would identify the client's worldview and assess and understand

the client's underlying beliefs, values, and worldview, as this will influence their perceptions and

responses to counseling interventions. In my opinion, there is grave importance in being aware of

theories and Christian principles to align with the client’s values and goals. I consult with ethical

codes such as the ACA Code of Ethics or the AACC Code of Ethics to ensure that my integrative

approach adheres to professional standards. Furthermore, I respect autonomy, ensuring the

integration respects the client's choice in counseling. As a life-long learner, I will continue to

regularly assess my beliefs, biases, and worldviews, fostering a growth mindset and embracing

opportunities for ongoing psychological and theoretical knowledge growth.

Overall, I will ensure a balance between psychological evidence and theological insights

to inform therapeutic decisions.