Running Head: STATE RULES AND REGULATIONS 1
State Rules and Regulations
Pertaining to Professional Counseling
Kimberly L Langley
Liberty University
STATE RULES AND REGULATIONS 2
Abstract
Do not indent this paragraph but all others should be. The abstract is a brief summary of the
paper, allowing readers to quickly review the main points and purpose of the paper. The abstract
should be between 150-250 words. Abbreviations and acronyms used in the paper should be
defined in the abstract. This paper explores four published articles that report on results from
research conducted on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their
relationship to computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their
definitions and uses of CMC. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-toface (FtF)
interactions are more effective than CMC, defined as “email,” in creating feelings of closeness
or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore, offer different results. This
paper examines Cummings, Butler, and Kraut’s (2002) research in relation to three other
research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC should be studied in order to fully understand
how CMC influences online and offline relationships.
Keywords: computer-mediated communication, face-to-face communication
STATE RULES AND REGULATIONS 3
DB Part 3 Forum 7
State Rules and Regulations Pertaining
to Professional Counseling
What are some elements about counseling this population that you have learned from
the reading and video presentation that you will incorporate when counseling them?
An African American individual values spirituality, family, trust and are often very
private regarding personal issues[ CITATION Pri20 \l 1033 ]. This population values a genuine
individual who is open, honest and up front with their communication. When counseling
someone, it would be good to be up front abut any cultural differences and the individual’s
preferences. Even though the one-drop rule caused any individual to be racialized as black when
they had as little as one drop of black ancestry, the diversity we have today can cause some
people to identify with different ethnic heritages[ CITATION Bla17 \l 1033 ]. The best
approach for African Americans is to focus on their strengths and help them to build upon this
as part of their identity. It is also good to ask questions about background, family and
spirituality so that the counselor has an idea of what concepts will be familiar to the client.
During the beginning of the counseling relationship, the counselor should keep in mind
that the family is more slated toward egalitarianism and it is good to ask what supports exist in
the clients life as well as who lives in the home[ CITATION Gar201 \l 1033 ]. African American
homes can have a variety of leadership roles and there is no constant standard. Understanding the
familial unit can not only open understanding regarding specific difficulties the client is going
through but also provide supports if they are needed to help the client move forward in the
counseling process. If a counselor hits a roadblock with a client or needs more insight, having
family involvement could be crucial.
STATE RULES AND REGULATIONS 4
For a white counselor sitting down with an African American client, it is a common
belief that whites are not racist, but a counselor may still harbor racial biases and have
unconscious racially motivated behaviors sometimes termed as aversive racism[ CITATION
Nad14 \l 1033 ]. It is always good to stay aware of one’s own thoughts, especially if the client
does or says something off putting and countertransference begins. The counselor should assess
themselves, their attitudes and beliefs about the culture they are engaging with. This will help
them to remain objective throughout the therapeutic process. An African American client will
sense genuineness in their counselor and be more acutely aware of any issues the counselor may
have with the client. All the more reason for the counselor to stay self-aware.
References
Blaisdell, B. (2017). The new one-drop rule: challenging the persistence of white
supremacy with in-service teachers. Teaching Education, 330-342. Retrieved from
https://www-
tandfonline-com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/doi/full/10.1080/10476210.2018.1505841
Garzon, F. P. (2020, February 23). Blacks in the U.S. Retrieved from Liberty University:
Blackboard: https://learn.liberty.edu/webapps/osv-kaltura-
BBLEARN/LtiMashupPlayIframeWrapperResponsive?
playUrl=/browseandembed/index/media/entryid/0_84abofiu/showDescription/false/show
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Nadal, K. L., Griffin, K. e., Wong, Y., Hamit, S., & Rasmus, M. (2014). The Impact of Racial
Microaggressions on Mental Health: Counseling Implications for Clients of Color.
Journal of Counseling & Development, 57-66. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary-wiley-
com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/doi/full/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00130.x
Pride, M. D. (2020, February 23). Essentials for Counseling African-Americans. Retrieved from
Liberty University: Blackboard: https://learn.liberty.edu/webapps/osv-kaltura-
BBLEARN/LtiMashupPlayIframeWrapperResponsive?
playUrl=/browseandembed/index/media/entryid/0_84abofiu/showDescription/false/show
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STATE RULES AND REGULATIONS 5
After reading and reviewing the material in the Reading & Study folders for Modules/Weeks
1-7, reflect and respond thoughtfully to the following prompt (just reply to the post in which
you posted your name): What are some elements about counseling this population that you
have learned from the reading and video presentation that you will incorporate when
counseling them? Also, consider your ethnic/cultural background and discuss some potential
challenges you might face when counseling this population. Be sure to support your
argument with sources.
Then respond to two peers in two other threads. Remember that your initial post should be
around 350- 450 words, and responses to peers around 200 words.
Submit your thread by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of Module/Week 7 and submit your
