RUNNING HEAD: CHINA 1
CHINA
Elliott J. Clemente
School of Criminal Justice, Liberty University
Author Note
Elliott J. Clemente
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Elliott J. Clemente
Email: elliott.clemente@liberty.edu
CHINA 2
Abstract
<Begin typing your abstract here…>
Keywords: Confucians, Legalists, Death, Penalty, cultural Revolution
CHINA 3
Analysis
China is a large ancient civilization that is considered one of the oldest countries on earth.
It spans 3.7 million square miles and 14 countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and
Vietnam). It covers a significant portion of the East Asia continent, with Russia to the north.
Only Russia and Canada are more significant than per square mile.
The geographical makeup of China is hostile to farming, especially its western reaches
leaving vast areas unlivable. The country only can utilize about ten percent of its land for
agricultural use. This forces about two-thirds of the countries to reside on their East coast,
making China's Eastern coast one of the world's most densely populated regions with more than
1.3 billion.
China has various ethnic groups, with a significant portion of the country's ethnic makeup
of the Han ethnic faction. They represent about a 91percent of the total Chinese population.
Zhuang is a minority group that makes up about 1.3 percent of the total Chinese population.
Other minority groups make up one percent of the country's total population.
Economically one-third of China's workforce is involved in two employment fields that
include agriculture and forestry. Another one-third is involved in iron and steel, with the final
third in the textile industry. With such a large population of workers, the employment sectors
have been overcrowded and inefficient, forcing the country to move towards modernization.
In the latter part of the 1970s, the Chinese leadership in Beijing decides to move the
country's workforce infrastructure, which includes agriculture, industry, science, technology, and
national defense. The modernization initiative was in response to the declining standard of living
that began in the middle of the 20th century.
CHINA 4
People and Society of the County
China had an exceedingly tricky time transitioning its economy from a slave to a feudalist
society and eventually modernization with all its size. This transition started with the Chou and
Chin dynasties and lasted for some 3,000 years.
Modernized China transformed from a centralized planned economy to one that has
comprised of market-oriented standards. Terrill (2016), the central feature of this transformation
has been to encourage and enable individual initiative in a host of economic ventures that have
fostered an entrepreneurial spirit unique to the Chinese experience (p. 464).
The Chinese government states that their residents and the system used to make them one
of the better-educated countries in the world. The government claims that 91.6 percent of the
average Chinese residents between 15 and older must attend a minimum of nine years of
education, claiming a 99 percent literacy rate. The PRC has made great strides in improving
science, banking, insurance, education, transportation, and communication. More than half of the
high school graduates attend colleges and universities, a sign of a 20 percent increase from the
1980s.
Terrill (2016) The principal architect of the new vision was Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997).
His goal was to modernize China in four key areas: agriculture, industry, national defense, and
science and technology. These became known as the four modernizations (P. 469).
Government
In 1921 the Chinese people adopted communist ideology and established the Republic of
China. The Republic of China followed what had to happen in Russia, with Lenin establishing the
Comintern to expand the Communist ideology throughout the world. During World War II, the
expansion of communist thought terminated until the end of the armed conflict in the pacific. By
CHINA 5
the end of the Great War, China's desire to remain as a communist country continued until the rise
of Mao Zedong in 1949. In October of the same year Mao Zedong, as the leader of the communist
party leader founded the People's Republic of China (PRC). The transformation of China into a
full-fledged communist country created a new world order in accepting Marxist thought. Both
Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping remained in full authority until their death.
Deng Xiaoping was one of the more influential leaders of Chinese history. He stabilized
China after the cultural revolution (May 16, 1966-October 1976) they experienced. Deng
Xiaoping particular attention to building the modernization of government and its process. He
created a four-point plan which included the military, agriculture, industry, national defense, and
science and technology to move the country forward.
Deng paid particular attention to building the modernization improvement of the
country's national defense. He also understood that whoever was in control of China's immense
military controlled the country. Terrill (2016) the country established a strong military under the
direction of the Communist Party. The second Deng recognized the to identify and groom new
leaders for the future (p. 470).
Marxism
The most significant aspect of Marxism about China is the struggle between the social
classes. Under the theory, Marx indicates two distinct categories: the producers (Capitalist
Bourgeoisie) or the owner class and Labors (urban workers) Proletariat. Terrill (2016) notes that
Marx viewed capitalism as an economic system that exploited the masses and encouraged class
antagonism between the Proletariat and the bourgeoisie (p. 467). Therefore, the
capitalist ideology is the making and taking by conflicting social classes for and against the
economic system.
CHINA 6
Communist Chinese Party (CCP) bifurcated into pre-Mao Zedong, which took place
before 1978 and opened era after 1978. The early founding fathers of communist thought
dominated the 20th century (Linin, Zedong, and Marx) and, in turn, the Chinese ideology. The
Communist Chinese Party members and non-members fought how to implement their political
thought in China's lives. Party members were excluding non-members for not being communist
enough in the act of political, ideological purity.
One of the more misunderstood concepts about communist China is that it does not follow
the true communist ideology. As a practice, the People's Republic of China (PRC) goes against the
communist doctrine that all should receive equal resources. China's version of communism
functions contrary to the idea of being equally treated regardless of income status. Inequality is at
the foundation of the Chinese version of communism.
Communist Party
In following communist ideology with the assistance of the Chinses Communist Party
(CCP), Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. China is unique
in that the Chinses Communist Party (CCP) is the only political party. Other advanced industrial
countries have opposing political parties, but no opposing party exists in China.
Communist Party, like any other political party, has a membership requirement. One such
requirement is that of age. A member must be at least18 years of age and willing to accept the
party's agenda. They also are accepting to work towards the party's programs. Terrill (2016), the
party indicates that its ultimate goal is to create a communist social system and that it will be
guided in this in this endeavor by adhering to Marxism-Leninism and
Mao Zedong, however. The inevitable replacement of capitalism by socialism is an
irreversible general trend in the history of social development (p. 473). The Chinese Communist
CHINA 7
Party follows a long-term plan. The communist party's modernization plan is not short; they
believe that their plan can last hundreds of years.
CHINESE ECONOMY
The Chinese economy has gone through a significant change since 1949 and the start of
the Mao Zedong regime. The economy has shapely increased, creating hundreds of millions of
jobs with the associated income increase.
Taylor (2016):
Seven hundred million people moved from poverty during this period—what a contrast to the decades of
stagnation in China in the decades before this miracle. China represented only 1.8 percent of the world
GDP in 1979, and it is over 10 percent today. In 1996, per capita income in the United States was 15
times greater than in China; now, it is four times greater, and the gap is getting smaller every year. (p. 1).
Income reforms in China keeping pace with its current rate of 10 percent must be
contingent on current market growth. The growing Chinese middle-class is required to integrate
into the world economy. Other industrialized Asian countries also experienced the economic
freedom seen by China. China's economic growth was assisted by its limitation of government
intervention, requiring more importance on the rule law, and ultimately coalesced its currencies.
References
CHINA 8
Taylor, J. B. (2016). The role of the Chinese economy in the world economy: A U.S. perspective
China Economic Review 2016 Elsevier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.07.004
Terrill, R. J. (2016) World Criminal Justice Systems. Ninth Edition.
Routledge Anderson printing, New York, NY
CHINA 9
CHINA 10
