MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 1
Modern-Day Slavery: Human Trafficking, Exploiting the Vulnerable and the Call for
Christians to Help
Ania Martin
Fundamentals of Forensic Psychology, Liberty University
Dr. Kristin Ford
June 7, 2022
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 2
Abstract
In the last two decades, human trafficking has grown into a global humanitarian issue.
Human trafficking dates to the Middle Ages in its earliest incarnations. Misconceptions
concerning sex trafficking and sex work, often known as prostitution, have resulted in a lack
of communication between law enforcement and the public (Nichols, 2016). Increasing
public awareness of human trafficking risk factors, psychological impacts, and providing
spiritual advice can all aid survivors in coming forward and seeking assistance. Most
academics agree that victims and perpetrators are acquainted (Viuhko, 2019). In human
trafficking, women are not only the victims they can also be the perpetrators (Siegel, 2010).
After facing life-threatening and cumulative trauma, betrayal, abuse, coercion, and
victimization, human trafficking victims and survivors are at risk of acquiring health
problems (Corbett-Hone & Johnson, 2022). People who have experienced trauma often feel
as if they have lost their identity. Faith is essential in giving social and community resources
that aid in the development of "inner strength that promotes resilience." (Ginesini, p. 103,
2018). Understanding the causes of human trafficking and how we might make a difference
in the world can be improved by applying a Biblical perspective
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 3
Introduction
Human trafficking has become a global humanitarian concern in the last 20 years.
However, it is not a new phenomenon (Siegel, 2010). Trafficking networks have historically
been flexible, making them resistant to shifting socioeconomic and political conditions
(Fernandes, 2020). At its most fundamental level, trafficking is a trading activity. The United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a lengthy definition for human trafficking. In
sum, it is defined as the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud,
deception, abuse of power or a position of vulnerability, or the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to obtain the consent of a person who has control over another person
for the purpose of exploitation. Prostitution, or other types of sexual exploitation, forced labor
or services, slavery or practices comparable to slavery, servitude, or the removal of organs are
all examples of exploitation (Paolella, 2020).
Human trafficking is a form of slavery, enslaving victims by compelling them to
perform sexual acts and labor against their choice. Force, deception, or restraint can all be
used to carry out these activities. Human trafficking is not a problem that only affects one set
of people; it is a global problem that affects people of various ages, genders, ethnicities, and
socioeconomic origins. Appreciating the real scope of the problem, knowing how to help, and
preventing it from recurring are all difficult tasks. Yet, having a biblical perspective on
human trafficking might help us as Christians to be more proactive in making a difference.
Brief Overview of Trafficking
Sexual exploitation and forced labor are the most common forms of human trafficking
(Marburger & Pickover, 2020). The earliest forms of human trafficking can be traced to the
Middle Ages. There were "three general types of exchange: gift exchange, exchange in kind
or barter, and commercial or monetary exchange" (Paolella, 2020, p. 24) throughout the
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 4
Middle Ages slave trade. In medieval trading networks, human trafficking served as goods,
services, and cash. Victims were forced to participate in these socioeconomic exchanges and
transactions. Their roles served as presents transferred between people to create and sustain
elite social contacts, and they were currency for other products, services, and benefices
(Fernandes, 2020). Similarly, survivors and victims are still obliged to play these roles today
(Paolella, 2020).
There are two aspects to human trafficking. The first component entails an
individual's "facilitated movement or arranged migration" (Shigekane, 2007, p. 116) across
an international border, typically through deceit, pressure, or assault. Once a destination is
reached, the trafficked individual is subjected to involuntary servitude, slavery, or its modern
variant, forced labor (Shigekane, 2007). Unfortunately, estimating the magnitude of human
trafficking is challenging (Wijkman & Kleemans, 2019). According to the U.S. Department
of State (2022), it is suggested to use 24.9 million when referring to the number of human
trafficking victims, commensurate with the present execution of U.S. law. Human trafficking
offenses are difficult to count and keep track of. It relies on survivors and victims to come
forward and submit a report.
However, there is no guarantee that the trafficker will be apprehended, and victims
frequently become entangled in the legal system (Linebach & Kovacsiss, 2016).
Misconceptions about sex trafficking and sex work, or prostitution, have led to
miscommunication between law enforcement and the general population (Nichols, 2016).
Increasing public understanding of human trafficking risk factors and psychological effects
may open a door to providing comfort.
Factors of Human Trafficking
Often, human trafficking begins in nations that are suffering from extreme poverty,
social and economic disruption, or military war (Shigekane, 2007). Between 9.9 and 14.8
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 5
million individuals are estimated to be enslaved at any given moment. (Zimmerman, 2011).
Several factors influence victims and traffickers into the crime. Push factors are among the
challenges facing trafficked victims. They include the lack of opportunities for women to
gain employment, gender discrimination in the labor sector, poverty, discrimination, and
abuse or violation of fundamental human rights (Fernandes, 2020). Fernandes (2020), also
identifies pull factors that encourage the victim to accept opportunities trafficking may have
to offer. These factors include improved life quality, access to better education, and less
discrimination and abuse. As well as poverty and structural inequality, a chance to make
money abroad and travel abroad may be push factors for both the victims and the offenders
who try to make a better life for themselves (Viuhko, 2019).
The act of trafficking individuals is not random. The underlying causes of human
trafficking occur at many levels. Some levels include individual, interpersonal (relationship),
societal, and community levels (Gezie et al., 2021). Most traffickers have some personal
connection with their victims. They may know the victim through their family, neighborhood,
friends, spouses, or the community. Most scholars note that victims and offenders know each
other (Viuhko, 2019). Vulnerability plays a critical role in how and why victims fall into
trafficking. Those involved in trafficking are vulnerable from multiple angles (economic,
psychological, and physical) and do not have the necessities to survive (Fernandes, 2020).
Trafficking affects both young males and females equally (Gezie et al., 2021). "Around 80
percent of trafficked women and girls are trafficked for commercial sex" (Bouché, 2018, p.
1284), according to studies estimating levels of victimization. Despite this, it is a common
misconception that females are the prime targets.
Gender plays a vital role in human trafficking, but trafficking "does not always entail
situations where men exploit women" (Viuhko, 2019, p. 197). The common belief about
human trafficking in a society is that it is an offense only committed by men who take
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 6
advantage of vulnerable women (Wijkman & Kleemans, 2019). Women are not always the
victims; they can also be the perpetrators (Siegel, 2010). The exclusion of male victims or the
view that they are lesser victims leads to difficulty identifying and providing recourses for
them. The American public may not resonate strongly with a male victimization frame due to
its contradiction with societal gender norms and roles. (Bouché, 2018). Women make up 94
percent of victims in prosecuted trafficking cases (Nichols, 2016).
Contrary to popular belief, women are often more dominant in recruiting victims than
men. According to Siegel & de Blank (2010), "Human trafficking is frequently used as a
synonym for 'women trafficking,' and the focus is usually on women in prostitution" (p. 436).
Bookkeeping, monitoring victims, and forging documents are tasks that women play a role in
(Wijkman & Kleemans, 2019). Among other risk factors for trafficked victims, age is a
primary factor. Sexual, physical, or emotional abuse has been demonstrated to enhance the
likelihood of sex trafficking victimization among children and adolescents (De Vires &
Farrell, 2018). A victim of human trafficking is typically between the ages of 13 and 14 when
they first engage in trafficking. As victims age, they become less attractive to buyers and less
profitable to traffickers. Victims "usually grow out of trafficking by the mid-twenties"
(Nichols, 2016, p. 85).
Nevertheless, human trafficking occurs throughout the world and has the potential to
affect everyone, including men, women, children, families, and communities (Marburger &
Pickover, 2020). Victims of human trafficking have one thing in common: they are
vulnerable. As a result, human trafficking can occur anywhere since vulnerable people exist
everywhere. Vulnerability should not be a novel concept for Christians. It is a recurring motif
in both Old and New Testament writings. God identifies with those who lack authority, safety,
and social standing, not with the earthly privileged (Sadler, 2017).
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Impact Trafficking Presents to Victims
Unfortunately, human trafficking victims and survivors are in danger of developing
health problems after experiencing life-threatening and cumulative trauma, betrayal, abuse,
coercion, and victimization (Corbett-Hone & Johnson, 2022). According to studies on the
psychological effects of human trafficking, some survivors exhibit indications of long-term
psychological stress (Shigekane, 2007). Victims and survivors of high-level trauma have a
higher rate of despair, anxiety, PTSD, and substance misuse. Victims of substance misuse
may suffer adverse consequences, such as an increased propensity to participate in high-risk
conduct (Marburger & Pickover, 2020). Human trafficking also harms a person's
psychological, spiritual, and emotional development. Child victims are at a higher risk for
various mental issues, including guilt, shame, anxiety, hopelessness, and low self-esteem.
Depression, dissociation, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eating disorders,
somatization, poor bonding, antisocial behaviors, substance use disorders, self-harm, and
suicidality are some of the mental health implications for child victims. (Marburger &
Pickover, 2020).
The circumstances in which the victims are forced to work are also hazardous to their
health. Inadequate food, drink, clean clothing, and the inability to maintain basic hygiene
contribute to trauma. Survivors of human trafficking who reported one or more of these
symptoms were three times as likely to suffer from PTSD. Survivors who had limited
freedom, such as being trapped in a "room or never being free to do what they wanted or go
where they wanted, were twice as likely to develop PTSD" (Okech et. al., 2018, p. 210).
Sexual and reproductive issues are the most common problems among sexually exploited
women. In one study, 47 percent of adolescent girls had a sexually transmitted infection
during examination, and 32 percent had previously been pregnant (Bauer, 2019).
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 8
According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, women are also at a
higher risk of severe mental health illnesses resulting from rape and violence. (Ginesini,
2018). Women and girls trafficked into the sex business frequently experience sadness,
hopelessness, and numbness. Others have trouble sleeping and are easily frightened, on
watch, useless, confined, paranoid, and embarrassed—some report channelling their rage and
anger inward, leading to suicidal thoughts and attempts. Multiple attempts at self-injury have
been described by women, including drug overdoses, pill misuse, high-risk behavior, self-
cutting, and hanging attempts (Shigekane, 2007).
The medical sector is the initial point of contact for victims seeking outside
assistance. This is critical because it "provides an ideal context for identifying and assisting
victims of sex trafficking" (Bauer, 2019, p. 349). Emergency departments, hospitals, and
clinics all offer a way to receive aid. Victims do not always welcome outside assistance.
Since the traffickers' purpose is to "physically and psychologically crush victims down to
subservience" (Marburger & Pickover, 2020, p. 15), they frequently use beatings, rape, and
murder tactics to terrorize and control their victims. Psychological methods used by offenders
may make victims feel their traffickers are looking out for their best interests. As a result,
victims may form deep ties with their traffickers, making them hesitant to escape (Marburger
& Pickover, 2020).
Traumatic events can lead to spiritual growth and an increase in religious activity
(Zeligman et. al., 2020). Victims who have been through the trauma of tragic occurrences
may find spirituality to be a coping method. Faith is critical in providing social and
community tools that help people develop "inner strength that promotes resilience."
(Ginesini, 2018, p. 103). Individuals who have been through trauma frequently feel as if they
have lost their identity. On the other hand, research has shown faith to be an essential part of
the healing process and psychological well-being. Religious frameworks and practices have a
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 9
significant impact on how people interpret and cope with traumatic events, potentially
reducing loss of control and helplessness, providing a cognitive framework that can reduce
suffering, strengthening one's purpose and meaning in the face of trauma, and assisting in
giving meaning and purpose to suffering (Ginesini, 2018). Through prayer, connecting to
God can help people cope with mental health issues caused by severe trauma (Zeligman et.
al., 2020).
Legislation Against Human Trafficking and Issues in the Legal System
Since 2000, the United States has approved six pieces of legislation defining and
refining sex trafficking offenses and providing guidelines for anti-trafficking responses across
several federal agencies (Bouché, 2018). The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 was
enacted in the United States due to legislative efforts to investigate trafficking schemes,
penalize traffickers, and provide restorative assistance to victims. Its mission is to protect and
aid trafficking victims while encouraging worldwide anti-trafficking legislation. This strategy
is proposed through prosecution, protection, and prevention (Wooditch et. al., 2009). Even
though thirty-eight states have established "affirmative defenses for human-trafficking
survivors-defendants since 2010" (Richert, 2021, p. 318), our judicial system continues to fail
these survivors.
Human traffickers may force their victims to steal, join organized crime, or bear
responsibility for their abuser's crime. Offenders may also force their victims to engage in
sex-related crimes. As previously mentioned, substance abuse may be a problem victims are
forced to face. Engaging in controlled substances to cope with physical and mental pain can
lead to a path of re-occurring criminal offending. Statutes acknowledge that survivors require
rehabilitation rather than jail, which would cause them to be separated from their families and
communities (Richert, 2021). Rehabilitation is crucial during such a sensitive and traumatic
time of one's life.
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 10
Although the Trafficking Act is a positive step toward safeguarding victims and
survivors, it does have significant flaws. Survivors are eligible for government assistance,
such as Medicaid, Refugee Cash Assistance, housing, Food Stamps, and longer-term services
under one condition: they must agree to cooperate in the prosecution of their trafficker.
According to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, access to medical and
psychological care and shelter for trafficking survivors should not be conditional on their
willingness to help in criminal proceedings. The conflict between those who favor a
"prosecution-oriented" against a "victim-centered" approach to trafficking has resulted in
tension amongst supporters and legislators (Shigekane, 2007).
The History of Christian Influences
The Bible is one of the most well-known historical study sources. It gives solutions
that are the basis for the truth of a Christian's life. Christian themes can be found in our laws,
institutions, and history. Initially, prostitution was "considered a natural component of Roman
society" in first-century Rome (Sakalas, 2003, p. 5). Prostitution and the sex trade had no
negative connotations and provided the government with tax revenues. However, "prostitutes
became pariahs, and the sex trade was converted into a societal evil" (Sakalas, 2003, p. 5)
after Christian ideology established a solid hold after the disintegration of the Roman Empire.
The United States and Great Britain collaborated to abolish slavery in the 18th and 19th
centuries. Christian views played a part in molding the moral sensitivities of abolitionists
(Zimmerman, 2011).
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Christians inspired anti-slavery organizations.
Following his conversion to Christianity, British Parliament Member William Wilberforce
began to crusade against the slave trade in the United Kingdom (Potrafke, 2013). The "role
Christians should play in the face of moral atrocities" (White, 2008, p. 166) was shaped by
Wilberforce. Wilberforce recognized he had to dedicate his service to Jesus Christ when he
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 11
converted to Christianity and entered politics. In 1789, he wrote to a constituent, "A man who
acts from the principles I profess reflects that he is to give an account of his political conduct
at the Judgement seat of Christ" (White, 2008, p. 167). Wilberforce took it upon himself to
fight for moral reform in the face of slavery. He founded the Clapham Group, including
politicians, lawyers, clergy, and academics. They "detailed information on the state of slavery
and the slave trade" (White, 2008, p. 169). Wilberforce also passed a law in 1788 to prevent
minors from being exploited. He demonstrated "that Christianity can be a powerful and
guiding force in politics" (White, 2008, p. 171).
Perhaps no biblical denunciation of human trafficking is more robust than what the
Bible teaches about human creation. Human trafficking is a heinous crime against both
humanity and God. Genesis 1:27 can help us comprehend our Christian responsibilities and
the value of human life. "So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he
created them; male and female he created them" (New International Version, Gen. 3.15). This
scripture has incalculable worth. Human life should not be perceived through one's eyes as
bearing monetary value. God's human creation is so valuable that Jesus devoted His life to
atone for their sins and restore their relationship with Him. God sees each person as valued
(On Human Trafficking: A Biblical Perspective, n.d., p. 3).
According to Christian principles, human trafficking violates sexual morality and
human dignity (Potrafke, 2013). Christians worldwide now agree that human trafficking is
evil and should be stopped (Zimmerman, 2011). According to the Bible, every desire related
to the body and fulfilling that desire is evil (Sakalas, 2003). Prior to federal anti-trafficking
legislation, coalitions of politicians, evangelical Christians, and other religious groups
emerged to support anti-trafficking ideas (Zimmerman, 2011). Due to the sheer moral clarity,
they brought the idea that "we are built in the image of God, you don't do this" (Zimmerman,
2011, p. 571 - 572). Evangelical Christians were vital participants in these coalitions.
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 12
God made all men equal, and we must fight evil and inequality with dignity and
integrity. To design ways to prevent human trafficking, we must be motivated by principle
and led by truth. Many Christian humanitarian organizations have helped victims of human
trafficking find entry-level jobs over the years (Zimmerman, 2011). Above all, the Church
must combat the environment that encourages all types of human trafficking. It must
demonstrate that all humans are created in the image of God and are worthy of respect and
dignity. The Church must educate youth on the dangers of human trafficking and increase
awareness in our communities. As federal support for anti-trafficking efforts becomes more
entrenched, "the number of organizations providing services and advocacy for trafficking
survivors continues to grow" (Shigekane, 2007, p. 123).
"God's call to His people today is the same as it has always been: 'Speak up for those
who cannot speak for themselves, for the rights of all who are destitute. Speak up and judge
fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy" (Brauch, 2017, p. 7-8). Our responsibility is
to speak up on behalf of victims of human trafficking, regardless of their age, color, or
gender. We all deserve God's love; therefore, we must safeguard one another from harm and
wickedness.
Conclusion
Human trafficking is a global issue that impacts people of all ages, genders, races, and
financial backgrounds. The majority of human traffickers may be acquainted with the victim
through family, friends, spouses, or the community. Although the Trafficking Act is a step in
the right direction in terms of protecting victims and survivors, it is not without problems.
Survivors are entitled for government benefits only if they agree to help the government
prosecute their trafficker. However, this strategy is ineffective and should be changed.
Christian advocates have spoken up to moral and cruel challenges throughout history.
Therefore, we have a moral commitment to promote community awareness about the dangers
a
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of human trafficking. The world can change with faith, cooperation, and patience. Change is
possible, even if it takes time.
MODERN-DAY SLAVERY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 14
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