please respond to each discussion post with 150 words and 2 additional references and a biblical
viewpoint
1) Multiculturalism and diversity make a great influence on application of philosophical approaches by
criminal justice groups in the process of achieving justice. First of all, these notions provide a sense of
profound awareness of individual rights and privileges in society. According to Schmalleger (2017),
protection of individual rights and freedoms is a constitutional requirement that police and courts must
uphold without fear or favor. Therefore, awareness of individual rights vis-à-vis public order emphasizes
the importance of collaboration between the citizens and state in protecting freedoms and liberties
(Schmalleger, 2017). In essence, through awareness of individual rights and state responsibility to
protect them, multiculturalism and diversity strengthen citizens’ pursuit of justice, equality, and fairness.
Diversity provides a sense of unity that guides a robust and streamlined pursuit of justice and equality in
society. Barlow and Barlow (2018) observed that commitment to a just cause emphasized in a
multicultural setting in combination with a consensus model are important for ensuring that the justice
system works properly. Explicitly, the courts cooperate with criminal justice groups, such as the police,
to promote observance of law by ensuring the sentences are fair and are corroborated by the evidences
in place (Martynowicz, 2016). Similarly, Schmalleger (2017) asserts that justice should result from
cooperation, rather than a conflict, as stated by the conflict model. Judeo-Christian viewpoint recognizes
the importance of unity and commitment for improving social understanding (Smith, 2019). Fair
application of the law reflects following the due process when practicing crime control. The courts and
law enforcement departments, such as the police, must avoid groundless convicting but encourage the
conviction on basis of hard evidences.
As a concept, Judeo-Christian perspective presupposes that society exists as a combination of its small
units. Smith (2019) opines that creation of a just society that is governed by law requires
accommodation of diverse elements. Based on this perspective, the police, courts, and other interest
groups can collaborate to ensure that punishments meet the crime and the fundamental rights of all
citizens are equally protected. Consequently, such approach justifies the advantage of consensus over
a conflict, which is a central point of a conflict model. Furthermore, the criminal justice system must
recognize individual rights, although public safety must take precedence as stated in the individual v.
public rights perspective (Schmalleger, 2017). Therefore, the implementation of criminal justice system
in the modern society must recognize that everyone belongs to a broader system that aims at ensuring
that the rights of all people are secured equally.
References
Barlow, D. E., & Barlow, M. H. (2018). Police in a multicultural society: An American story. Waveland
Press.
Martynowicz, A. (2016). Not so multicultural prison: Polish prisoners in a transitional prison
system. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 16(3), 337-
349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895815599579
Schmalleger, F. (2017). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for 21st century (14th Edition).
Pearson Education Inc.
Smith, R. O. (2019). Disintegrating the hyphen: The “Judeo-Christian tradition” and the Christian
colonization of Judaism. ReOrient, 5(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.13169/reorient.5.1.0
2)The term multiculturalism is a form of diversity in which when used together with diversity suggests
cultural competence among the agencies of the criminal justice system. It is defined as the home to a
variety of cultures with their own norms and values (Schmalleger. 2017). Frank Schmalleger (2017)
states that “multiculturalism complicates the practice of American criminal justice because there is rarely
universal agreement in our society about what is right or wrong or what constitutes ‘justice’”. It impacts
the applications of philosophical approaches of due process and crime control models, consensus and
conflict models, and individual rights and public order by the criminal justice groups charged with
achieving justice.
The due process and crime control models are the approaches that deal with the fairness of the crime
and justice. Due process guarantees individuals the rights of the Constitution especially while
experiencing the criminal justice system. It is considered the protection of the accused (Roberts. 2018).
Crime control is the emphasis on the enforcement of the law by the criminal justice system
(Schmalleger. 2017). It is the assumption of prevention of crime and the guaranteed punishment of the
offender (Roberts. 2018). The task of weighing one over the other has been changing since the 1960s
(Sharma. 2016).
The consensus and conflict models are the approaches of cooperation versus difference. The
consensus model is assumed that working together is the way to achieve justice. It is the assumption
that law and the administration of justice agree with society’s severity of punishment of the offender
(Roberts. 2018). The conflict model assumes that justice is a product of conflict among the agencies
(Schmalleger. 2017). It is the conflict of social status’s view of the laws and the severity of punishments
taken into consideration (Roberts. 2018).
The Individual rights and public order approach is that of personal freedom and civil rights of the
individual. The individual rights approach ensures the rights of the individual such as that of the
presumption of innocent until proven guilty. The public order approach is that of ensuring public safety
and interests rank over the interest of the individual criminal (Schmalleger.2017).
As multiculturalism increases, the agencies of law enforcement are expected to interpret and solve
problems, while upholding the law (Sereni-Massinger. 2016). Not everyone in society are treated equally
nor are they set on the same principles. In most instances, the agencies will side with the influential
individual (Lo lacono (2019). There is increased conflict of culture and crime-producing ideas such as
racism and discrimination (Carnevali. 2009). Other difficulties with multiculturalism are the implications
of culture and society punishment. While some behaviors may be cultural, others may be criminal, and
the weight of the punishment weighs different (Carnevali. 2009).. In effort to be effective with the growth
of multiculturalism, education and specialized trainings need to take place (Stergioulis. 2018). “For while
bodily training is of some value, godliness is of value in every way, as it holds promise for the present
like and also for the life to come” (1 Timoth 4:8. ESV).
References:
Carnevali, Raúl. (2009). Multiculturalism: A challenge for modern Criminal Justice. A Latin American
Perspective. Criminal law bulletin. 47. 276-305.
Lo Iacono, S. (2019). Law-breaking, fairness, and generalized trust: The mediating role of trust in
institutions. PloS One, 14(8), e0220160. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220160
Roberts, J.V. & Stalans, L.J. (2018). Public opinion, crime, and criminal justice.
10.4324/9780429497971
Schmalleger, F. (2019). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the 21st century (15th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sereni-Massinger, C., & Wood, N. (2016). Improving Law Enforcement Cross Cultural Competencies
through Continued Education. Journal of Education and Learning, 5(2), 258-264.
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Responses
Response 1
I agree with you that multiculturalism and diversity influence the application of
philosophical tactics by criminal justice assemblages to seek justice. The ideas give an awareness
of individuals' rights and privileges (Siegel & Worrall, 2018). The constitution has the mandate
of protecting its people, and if there is a violation of the law, then the culprits should face the
law. I like the idea that you mention that the public understanding the human rights is a way of
integrating them and the state to protect human rights (Garrett, 2018). Amazingly, people
understanding human rights and the country's responsibility will help in liberating them and
enhancing multiculturalism. When citizens are aware of their rights, they develop the zeal to
fight for justice and equality (Smith, 2019). The bible advocates for justice, where according to
the Bible, justice means doing things in the right manner. Justice is a relational notion where
people associate with God, one another, and the natural creation. Isaiah 1:17 advocates for
goodness and seeking justice and correction of oppression, and it argues that everyone gives
justice to the fatherless and widows. Therefore justice calls for maintaining peace and being
good to others.
References
Garrett, B. L. (2018). Evidence-Informed Criminal Justice. Geo. Wash. L., Rev., 86, 1490.
Siegel, L. J., & Worrall, J. L. (2018). (11th ed).Essentials of criminal justice. Cengage Learning.
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Smith, R. O. (2019). Disintegrating the hyphen: The “Judeo-Christian tradition” and the
Christian colonization of Judaism. ReOrient, 5(1), 73-
91. https://doi.org/10.13169/reorient.5.1.0
Wordvision,(n.d). What does social justice mean? Retrieved from
https://www.worldvision.org/blog/social-justice-really-mean
Reply 2
Indeed, the idea of multiculturalism is a way of diversity where, when used together with
the diversity, they implicate cultural competence among the criminal justice agencies (Roberts &
Stalans, 2018). I like it when you mention that multiculturalism is a home of different cultures
with their norms and values. On the contrary, we often find multiculturalism complicating the
American criminal justice system (Pozzebon, 2018). Such is due to the lack of universal
agreement in society regarding what is right or wrong. Amazingly, multiculturalism's growth
will make law enforcement agencies have ease in solving and interpreting challenges (Barlow &
Barlow, 2018). According to (Micah 6:8), the Lord expects people to practice justice and be
lovers of kindness and walk humbly with God.
References
Barlow, D. E., & Barlow, M. H. (2018). (2nd ed).Police in a multicultural society: An American
story. Waveland Press.
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Pozzebon F., (2018). Multicultural Challenges in Modern Nation-States. A Global and European
Perspective on Multiculturalism (Bachelor's thesis, Università Ca'Foscari Venezia).
Roberts, J.V. & Stalans, L.J. (2018). Public opinion, crime, and criminal justice.
10.4324/9780429497971
