SUMMARY SET 3
Author Note
Melissa Martinez
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Melissa Martinez
Email: msstroup@liberty.edu
DSM Summaries Assignment: Summary Set 3
Melissa Martinez
School of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University
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DSM Summaries Assignment: Summary 3
Personality Disorders
All of the following information was taken from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th
Edition, Text Revision (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) unless otherwise noted.
Overview
Personality disorders involve a pattern of internal experience and behavior that
differentiates from norms and expectations of a person that begins in adolescence or early
adulthood, is stable over time and leads to clinically significant impairment.
Disorders
Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. These disorders
result in a person appearing odd or eccentric. Cluster B includes antisocial, borderline,
histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. These disorders result in a person appearing
dramatic, emotional, or erratic. Cluster C includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-
compulsive personality disorders. These disorders result in a person appearing anxious or fearful.
Other Personality Disorders include personality change due to another medical condition,
which is when laboratory findings link the disturbance to another medical condition. Other
specified personality disorder is when the criteria for a personality disorder are not fully met, and
the clinician indicates the specific reason. Unspecified personality disorder is when the criteria
for a personality disorder are not fully met, and the clinician does not indicate the specific
reason.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
Regarding Borderline personality disorder, there are environmental, genetic, and
physiological risk and prognostic factors. For environmental, this disorder is highly associated
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with various forms of childhood abuse and emotional neglect. For genetic and physiological
factors, Borderline personality is much more common among first-degree biological relatives
than in the general population.
Somatic Symptoms
Overview
The disorders in this category all involve somatic symptoms with possible illness anxiety
that results in clinically significant impairment.
Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorder occurs when one or more somatic symptoms interfere with a
person's daily life. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors occur regarding the symptoms.
Illness Anxiety Disorder occurs when a person is preoccupied with having or possibly getting a
severe illness. Somatic symptoms may or may not be present. Conversion Disorder occurs
when one or more abnormal motor or sensory symptoms are present. These symptoms do not
match the recognized neurological symptoms or conditions. Psychological Factors Affecting
Other Medical Conditions occur when a medical condition is present, and there are
psychological and behavioral factors that negatively or adversely affect the medical condition by
increasing the risk of suffering, death, or further disability. Factitious Disorder occurs when
there is a falsification of physical or psychological symptoms on the self or another person.
Other Specified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder occurs when a person does not fully
meet the criteria for a somatic symptom and related disorder, and the clinician specifies why.
Unspecified Somatic Symptoms and Related Disorder occurs when a person does not fully
meet the criteria for a somatic symptom and related disorder, and the clinician does not specify
why.
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Risk and Prognostic Factors
Regarding Illness Anxiety Disorder, there are environmental and course modifiers as risk
and prognostic factors. Environmental factors are that illness anxiety disorder is sometimes
associated with a major life stressor or a severe but benign threat to someone's health. Course
modifiers are that 1/3 and ½ of people with illness anxiety disorder have more of a medical
comorbidity than psychiatric comorbidity, resulting in a less severe illness anxiety disorder.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Overview
Neurodevelopmental disorders manifest in early development and result in
developmental deficits or differences in the brain process that results in clinically significant
impairment in personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.
Disorders
Intellectual Developmental Disorders include deficits in general mental abilities that result in
impairment in everyday functioning compared to others of the same age, gender, and
sociocultural background. Communication Disorders include deficits in language, speech, and
communication compared to others of the same age, gender, and sociocultural background.
Autism Spectrum Disorder occurs when there is clinically significant impairment in reciprocal
social communication and interaction. There are restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors,
interests, or activities which limit or impair everyday functioning. Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder occurs when a persistent pattern of inattention and possibly
hyperactivity-impulsivity clinically impair daily functioning or development. Specific Learning
Disorder occurs when a neurodevelopmental disorder has an underlying biological origin that is
the basis for abnormal cognitive levels for a person's ability to perceive or accurately process
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verbal or nonverbal information. Motor Disorders occur when there are findings that a person's
motor skills are substantially below what they are expected to be at that person's age and skill
learning opportunity. Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders include other specified
neurodevelopmental disorders, which are when a person does not meet the full criteria for any of
these disorders and the clinician specifies why, and unspecified neurodevelopmental disorder,
which is when a person does not meet the full criteria for any of these disorders and the clinician
does not specify why.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
Regarding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), risk and prognostic factors
include temperamental, environmental, genetic, and physiological factors. For temperamental
factors, ADHD is associated with reduced behavioral inhibition, effortful control or constraint,
negative emotionality, and possibly high novelty seeking. For environmental factors, prematurity,
low birth weight, prenatal exposure to smoking, and utero exposure to diet, lead, infections, and
alcohol have associations with ADHD. Lastly, genetic and physiological factors are that there is
no single gene for ADHD, but visual and hearing impairments, metabolic abnormalities, and
nutritional deficiencies can influence ADHD symptoms.
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References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (5th ed., Text Revision). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
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