Running Thread: GROUP DISCUSSION BOARD FORUM 2
Group Discussion Board Forum #2
Matthew Bajsert, Bailey Ford, Jacob Haynes, Daniel McKee, Adrian Riley, Nikko Tanap
Liberty University
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GROUP DISCUSSION BOARD FORUM 2
Group Discussion Board Forum #2
Using Exhibit 19-2, plan the structure of your course project or of a research study you
have read about in one of the Snapshots in this text.
Analysis from Nikko Tanap. A written report’s format is largely dictated by the
information the writer wishes to portray coupled with the audience they are addressing. Exhibit
19-2 provides formats for short reports which include memos or short technical and long reports
which include management or technical reports. (Cooper, 2014) Each report varies in the number
of sections that depend on the level of detail the researcher wishes to provide. The major sections
that a written report can contain are prefatory information, introduction, methodology, findings,
conclusions, appendices, and a bibliography. The collection of data can be robust however; it
must be supported with insightful analysis and effectively communicated.
Within the prefatory heading, the following aspects may be included, letters of
transmittal, title page, authorization statement, executive summary, and table of contents. These
elements are largely cosmetic for general overviews of the research. It also conveys the structure
and organization for which the research will be presented. The next section is the introduction
which dives into the material that will be covered. This portion includes a problem statement,
research objectives, and background.
The methodology and findings could be condensed to represent the body for specific
types of research papers. They include sampling design, research design, data collection, data
analysis, and limitations. The aforementioned sections are crucial in highly technical, number
heavy examinations. The findings section could prove to be the highlighted section in the course
literature review project. It is in the findings section where all the information is interpreted and
research is synthesized. Finally, the conclusion contains summary, conclusions,
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recommendations, appendices, and bibliography. This final section ties up the investigation and
cites works used in the research.
The course project charges students with conducting a literature review on one of the
following preapproved topics: goal setting theory, reinforcement theory, and leadership
substitutes theory. A literature review is far more than a summary of related articles; it integrates
and reexamines similar conclusions across different pieces of literature. (Literature Reviews,
n.d.) This culminates with a synthesized report of the overarching conclusions that exist across
the researched literature on the topic. The literature review topic I chose to review is the Goal
Setting Theory. This theory posits those individuals that perform better set specific, difficult
goals rather than general, easy goals. (Locke and Latham, 2006) The following is a skeleton
overview of the report sections that may be included in the final literature review. These sections
are not all inclusive as some may be added or taken away to better suit the desired structure of
the writer.
Prefatory Information
Title page
Executive Summary – Abstract
Table of contents
Introduction
Problem statement
Research objectives – organizational structure of literature review
Background
Methodology
Limitations
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Findings
The following are possible structures that a Literature Review may take
Chronologically
Thematically
Methodologically
Conclusions
Summary and Conclusions
Recommendations for further research
Appendices
Bibliography
Exodus 34 reads “The Lord said to Moses, cut two tablets of stone like the former ones,
and I will write on the tablets the words that were on the former tablets, which you broke.” Here
one see’s that the hands of men provided God the tablets with which to engrave the Ten
Commandments. (Calvin, J n.d.) This connects to the importance of putting thought and attention
into the structure of one’s research. Ultimately, one must highlight the overarching principles of
each piece of literature and connect them with biblical support to achieve an effective Literature
Review.
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Analysis from Matthew Bajsert.
To: Robert W. Erickson, Ph.D., PMP From: Matthew Bajsert
Company: Liberty University Company: Liberty University Online
Location: Lynchburg, Virginia Location: Virginia
E-mail: rwerickson@liberty.edu E-mail: mbajsert@liberty.edu
Total number of pages including this one: 6
November 1, 2016
Dear Dr. Erickson,
This submission contains the Locke and Latham Goal Setting Theory report you requested. This
report was completed with direction in formatting retrieved from the 12th edition of Business
Research Methods written by Cooper and Schindler (2014).
The members of Group 2 in BUSI-600-D02 will further expand upon the theory in a subsequent
literature review that will be submitted no later than December 16, 2016.
It was written in Proverbs 19:21 “Many are the plans in a person’s heart, but it is the Lord’s
purpose that prevails.” It is my hope to present this method of management planning to improve
the possibility of success, yet I humbly admit that even the best laid plans of humans can’t
circumvent God’s plans.
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Liberty University CONFIDENTIAL
Goal Setting Theory Report
Executive Summary
Management strategy has evolved over time through trial and error. In their work, Locke and
Latham reviewed and conducted hundreds of studies to form their theory of goal setting within
management strategy. They found that managers that effectively communicated specific goals
that were challenging, yet attainable, yielded optimal task efficiency and outcomes. Several
improvements have been made by Locke and Latham to maintain the relevance of their theory
and expand its applications.
Introduction
Several techniques have been used by leadership to accomplish tasks. These techniques have
included methods that encouraged employees to achieve their best results, while other techniques
provided more direction or intensity. This study set out to understand the most effective
technique for leaders to motivate employees in hopes of increasing commitment and satisfaction.
The hypothesis that was formed by Locke and Latham stemmed from the idea of creating a goal
that was designed to be appropriately challenging and had a purposefully directed action. Their
research into the topic included over 400 previous studies that observed 88 different tasks of
more than 40,000 participants over 25 years.
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Problem Statement
The managerial role of all leaders is to utilize all resources to their maximum efficiency. One of
the most demanding resources to manage has been human capital and their output. This theory
set forth a framework for goal setting that maximizes worker output.
Research Objectives
The objective of the research done by Locke and Latham was to find the most effective manner
for a manger to motivate employees to complete the highest level of output for tasks they have
been adequately trained for completing. Locke and Latham believed that the most effective
method for this was to implement the use of clearly defined and challenging goals.
Background
Findings
Performance is a linear function of goal intensity
Goal intensity must be within the capabilities of the person assigned the task
Performance decreases when goal intensity approaches the maximum degree of difficulty
Increased levels of commitment were needed to achieve minimum performance drop off
at maximum task intensity
Specific instructions increased task performance
Instructions that were vague led to workers achieving the same level of satisfaction over
large range of task performance
Similar results were obtained through studies conducted in the United States, Canada,
Australia, the Caribbean, England, Germany, Israel, and Japan.
Employee participation with goal setting increases cognition of task, but not commitment
Goals set only by the manager were more effective at increasing performance when
rationale was provided to the employee
The two key factors of rationale include conveying task importance and possibility of
completion
Maximum employee commitment occurred when managers were accessible and lead by
example
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The person assigning goals must be viewed as a legitimate authority figure
Rewards related to task performance were only useful when the task was attainable
Goals provided direction for the employee in terms of content or tasks that were essential
Specific directions of a goal directly affect effort
Goals paired with time constraints resulted in increased worker pace and effort
Goals that lacked time constraints caused workers to devote more time to a task, but this
was inconclusive in its relation to task performance
Increased goal importance caused higher satisfaction when achieved, and a stronger
negative experience when not met
Proper education for employees resulted in equivalent performance levels for self-
regulated and participative goal setting
Self-monitoring and self-reward/punishment was essential to self-regulation education
Leaders that were skilled in self-regulation increased the positive outcomes for
international joint ventures
Proximal goals increased performance in short term projects
Moderately distal goals were more effective for long term projects
Vision statements were most effective when leaders created proximal goals that
implemented the core values and practices that defined the vision statement
Measurement of variables related to task performance were most useful when the results
were communicated to employees
Conclusions
Summary and Conclusions
The findings of the study supported the theory placed forth by Locke and Latham. Goals that
were developed with a detailed strategy provided direction for employees to work towards. The
detailed strategy increased satisfaction by offering multiple instances of success that motivated
employees to complete the overall task. Assigning attainable goals and relevant rewards also
provided motivation by offering incentives that the employees could earn, rather than be
discouraged by large rewards for impossible tasks. It was important for the manager to maintain
their presence and communication throughout the project because it promoted a sense of
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teamwork between management and subordinates. Managers also needed to be aware of the
competence level of the employee in order to make sure they would not be overwhelmed by the
task, leading to multiple negative outcomes. Education for managers and employees related to
goal setting theory improved task efficiency because it allowed the employees to have more
capabilities to navigate challenges that were not expected in the goal strategy. The last aspect of
proper goal setting was to increase the difficulty of the task so that workers could maintain
interest and achieve a greater level of satisfaction upon task completion.
Recommendations
Subsequent publications by Locke and Latham should also be referenced to take
advantage of improvements that were made in practical applications. There were also
advancements in researching conflicts, risk, personality traits and subconscious motivation.
Other work by the same authors that should be reviewed includes continued revisions that added
goal choice, group goals, learning goals and more.
Executives at Warner Brothers believe that Ellen DeGeneres is the heir apparent to Oprah
Winfrey in daytime TV. In its last season, a research report revealed that The Ellen
DeGeneres Show was, for the first time, on par with The Oprah Winfrey Show in viewers'
minds. Implementing the findings, Warner Brothers announced that NBC's 10 owned-and-
operated stations would keep broadcasting DeGeneres's show through 2014. The written
report revealed that DeGeneres's hour-long show is upbeat and inspirational - traits that
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appeal to daytime's female audience; she is seen as relaxed and relatable; a she is more
likable than Winfrey, according to Q Scores Company. Even though the DeGeneres show
lagged behind the Winfrey show in the treasured Nielsen ratings, on emotional issues
DeGeneres was in a virtual tie with Winfrey.
Analysis from Daniel McKee. There are two main categories of questions that this
report should address. The first category would be questions that ask how the research was
designed. The second category would be questions that would be included in gathering
information and verifying the research.
Under the first category the questions must show that the research was designed in order
to meet the original objective. The first question could be "what is the man objective of this
research?". Other questions would include:
- Who will use this report?
- Who is the primary audience for this research?
- What is the probability of this research reaching a higher level of management
than the original intended audience?
- How should the report change based on intended vs. collateral / amplified
audiences?
- Should the tone of the research be formal or informal?
- Will this be a short report or a long report?
- If it will be a short report, will it be a memo or a technical report?
- If it will be a long report, will it be a technical report or a management report?
- How will the research be found and read by the audience?
- What type of displays will properly show the data as it relates to the research?
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- What questions will the intended audience have regarding the research?
- How important is this research?
- Is the research presented smoothly and logically?
- What visual aids, if any, can be used to solidify and represent the research
appropriately?
- When is the due date for the research?
- What are the 'checkpoints' that need to be met so that the research meets or beats
the due date?
- Should the research be condensed or more elaborate (what is the pace of the
report)?
- Has the final draft stayed within the scope of the intended research to meet the
main objective?
Often when designing this type of research, one must also decide whether the data
collected will be qualitative or quantitative. Hawkes (2008) offers that, "It is often the case that
qualitative research will precede quantitative research, mapping out the domain of interest in a
relatively unconstrained and comprehensive manner. Such research is generally non-
experimental; its aim – from one perspective – is to provide the raw material that may inform
subsequent quantitative designs." A good approach is for the researcher to decide how this and
all other questions will affect the end result of the research.
Under the second category, the types of questions that the research should be able to
address and answer should be thoroughly vetted and matched against the original purpose of the
research. Some of the questions the research should ask, and be able to answer, are:
- How was the sample collected?
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- What is the demographic of the audiences sampled?
- What percentage of those sampled were male vs. female?
- What is the ethnic background of the sampled audiences?
- What are the ages of the sampled audience?
- What geographic locations were a part of the sample?
- What is the marital status of those sampled?
- Does time of the episode airing affect the audience sample?
- What is the most important factor to the sampled audience when selecting a TV
program?
- What factors does the audience like or dislike about the TV programs in
question?
It is extremely important that the researcher discuss and decide the answers to the first
group of questions prior to beginning the research. The second category questions will have to
be decided prior to sampling, however the data will not be known until all sampling has been
completed.
I would advise that the TV networks "franchise" or "market" DeGeneres to the strengths
found in the research. The research found that DeGeneres was perceived as "upbeat",
"inspirational", "relaxed", "relatable", and "likable". She was also found to be liked based upon
emotional topics. Sure, if there were negatives found in the research regarding DeGeneres, those
things could be discussed to try to improve the product. That approach may change the show for
a few prospective new viewers, but you may change the product from what the overwhelming
majority of the audience enjoys. Bunker's (2016) research found in a study regarding gender
roles on television that the sample found that they perceived “a lack of ‘real’ women - this refers
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to both appearance (e.g. body size/shape, dressed-down clothing) and situation (e.g. successfully
balancing family and work life)". All of the marketing strategy should be founded upon the
strengths of DeGeneres and her show to emulate the characteristics her large audience enjoys.
The Index of Small Business Optimism declined 3 points in June 2012, falling to 91.4 and
losing gains achieved earlier in the year, according to the NFIB Research Foundation
report. Labor market indicators and spending plans for inventories and capital equipment
drove about 40 percent of the decline. Small-business owner’s reluctance to expand
remained historically high due to political uncertainty. The report’s Optimism Index
contains questions on employment, capital outlays, inventories, the economy in general,
sales, credit, expansion, and earnings. What other factors affect small-business confidence
and how would you integrate them into the report?
Analysis from Bailey Ford. Small businesses are important to the United States’
economy since they account for half of the private workforce, half of private GDP, and create the
most jobs (Chow & Dunkelberg, 2011). The Index of Small Business Optimism describes the
confidence level of small-business owners which seek business expansion or potential small
business owners seeking to open their business. However, the National Federation of
Independent Business (NFIB) Research Foundation reports that this index declined 3 points in
June of 2012 (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). It is determined that approximately 40% of this
decline is attributed to the labor market, spending plans for inventories, and capital equipment
(Cooper & Schindler, 2014).
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However, there are other problems that small business owners face that may affect their
confidence. Small business owners have to worry about inflation due to the rising costs of
healthcare and energy (Dunkelberg & Wade, 2012). These factors force the business owner to
spend more money on production and labor. As the cost of operating a business increases,
potential business owners are less likely to start their own business and are less likely to expand
once started. Furthermore, unreasonable government regulations, tax complexity, competition
from larger businesses, finding qualified employees, and obtaining long-term business loans
creates more obstacles that affect small business confidence (Dunkelberg & Wade, 2012).
According to Chow and Dunkelberg (2011), the 2007 financial crisis involved the failure and
closure of large investment banks, commercial banks, and government enterprises which made it
difficult for banks to give out large loans to businesses trying to rebuild in more recent times.
The NFIB Research Foundation contains questions that pertain to employment, capital outlays,
inventories, the economy, sales, credit, expansion, and earnings (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). In
order to incorporate more of the reasons why business owners are not confident in expanding
their business, the NFIB needs to include new questions throughout their report. In the
“Sampling Design” section, the targeted population should be described (Cooper & Schindler,
2014). The target population in this particular case is the small business owner segment. The
researcher needs to clarify what a small business consists of, how many owners should be
included, and so on. Next, the researcher would describe the design of the research, in reference
to how to collect the data (Cooper & Schindler, 2012). This would include the materials and
needed as well as a detailed explanation of how to gather data. Questions should be written to
refer to topics such as loan approvals, tax preparations, competition from other businesses, and
so on. The third step would be the data collection. This could include interviews, surveys, forms,
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etc. The next step is the data analysis and an explanation of limitations. In this case, statistical
analysis would be particularly useful to determine which factor has the most importance to
business owners. Once the survey is completed, the NFIB should determine if any of those
factors have a correlation to the confidence of business owners by statistically analyzing them.
Finally, the NFIB would write a conclusion that summarizes their findings of the research.
In your presentation to a venture capital company, you are pitching your research plan for
a smartphone application that does short-term cash flow forecasts. Describe how you
would use each type of supporting material to create interest, clarify your point, provide
emphasis to a point, and offer proof that results in belief.
Analysis from Jacob Haynes. Suppose one is pitching a mobile application (app) idea to
a venture capitalist firm. The idea of the app is to calculate short-term, cash flow forecasts. One
must pitch a research plan for short-term cash flow forecasts. One must use research to create
interest, clarify points about the app, and provide an additional emphasis to the point as well.
With each set of research, it must reassure investors that the mobile application is worth
investing.
First, solid research on trends of short term investing would be most appropriate. This
research will show venture capitalists that there is indeed a market for the app, therefore, is worth
the investment to get the app off the ground. “A recent liquidity management survey conducted
by an independent cash management consulting firm analyzed the short-term liquidity
management practices of 303 nonfinancial institutions with annual revenues of more than $100
million. Of these institutions, 206 reported investing funds totaling $43.3 billion in securities
with maturities of three years or less. Approximately 67 percent of survey respondents reported
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spending 25 hours or less per month managing their investments-less than one hour per day”
(Doyne, 1996). The research showed that because of a lack of time and staffing, the companies
would opt in for the most convenient means of investing, sacrificing potential for greater returns.
One could use this research as a proper example that companies are looking mostly for
convenience, and due to it being instantaneous technology nicely fills such a niche for that. If the
app can integrate such convenience, while improving a company’s ability to invest more
productively in its investments, then it would improve in two functions for a business.
Another solid point to make would be the growth of app usage and income in the market.
ABI Research noted that for Android alone, they increased their revenues from 59.1 percent to
65.9 percent in 2016 (Entertainment Close-up, 2013). That is an 8 percent growth for Android
alone in one year! The projection for 2016 was around 6.8 billion in overall revenue. Apple is
still the leader in the mobile application marketplace, so this number is just a slice of the entire
market. What is important to note to potential investors is the expounding growth in this sector.
More businesses and people are using mobile apps for personal and even in business life.
Finally, a solid point to add to show the investors is the amount of diversification
applications can provide. Not only would the business be making money off of the service
provided for investing (and the fees that correlate with using the app), but also the application
could integrate ad space and sell it to investors looking to market (Tang, 2016). This is a
common strategy used by mobile app developers. It allows app developers to diversify the
revenue streams of the app to reduce risks for the business. If the app doesn’t do well with the
services provided, then the ad revenue will supplement and vice versa.
When one is approaching a venture capitalist or investor, trends based from research are
what are going to speak them most. An investor is looking to invest and do so in knowing that
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the money will eventually come back. One must pitch the idea to show minimal risk for the
investor. This is why research is a must for businessmen, since it can be used to trends through
facts. However, a Christian businessman must not lie and make up numbers to trick people. Not
only will having false numbers hurt the person lying and the investors, but also the Lord finds it
abominable.
“Lying lips are an abomination to the Lord, but those who act faithfully are his delight.”
-Proverbs 12:22
You are preparing to give a research presentation about the effectiveness of Toyota’s
advertising to restore public confidence in the wake of their delays in solving the
accelerator pedal malfunction and antilock braking problems for high-tech hybrid vehicles.
Which of the pat- terns of organization would be appropriate for your purpose? Why?
Analysis from Adrian Riley. Toyota has requested a research presentation about the
effectiveness of its advertising to restore public confidence in the wake of their delays in solving
the accelerator pedal malfunction and antilock braking problems for high-tech hybrid vehicles.
Between November 2009 and February 2011, there has been an estimated total of 14.5 million
recalls in North America alone (Cole, 2011). This situation has severely cost Toyota financially.
Nath (2015) estimates Toyota lost approximately $2 billion in repair costs and loses sales. This
hit against the company caused a 20 percent drop in Toyota’s stock prices (Nath, 2015). In
addition, American consumers disapprove of the way Toyota handled the recalls. Jones (2010)
outlines how consumers viewed the delays in solving the recall issues, “A majority, 55%, say
Toyota Motor Corporation did not move quickly enough to respond to safety issues with its
vehicles.” (Par. 7). So it is obvious, Toyota has lost a great deal financially and publically due to
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the delays of solving the defects of the high-tech hybrid vehicles. The research presentation need
to show if the advertising campaign was an effective solution to ease the mind of the consumer.
It is recommended that the presentation should be organized in a problem and solution
order. This is a traditional pattern of organization that starts with a management problem, then
there is a research problem or opportunity that takes place (Cooper & Schindler, 2014).
Ultimately, the research concludes with findings and recommendations. For Toyota, the
management problem is the attempt to restore public confidence in the wake of their delays in
solving the accelerator pedal malfunction and antilock braking problems for the high-tech hybrid
vehicles. The research opportunity is simply Toyota’s advertising campaign and if it has been
effective in changing public perception due to the delays in solving the accelerator pedal
malfunctions and antilock braking problems for Toyota’s high-tech hybrid vehicles. Finally,
based on the research Toyota can determine whether the advertising campaign was a success or
further solutions need to be explored.
By using the problem/solution organization, the researcher can illustrate the state of
Toyota before the advertising campaign due to recall programs. After illustrating the problem,
then one can explain the solution or the advertisement campaign designed to reestablish the
public confidence of the brand. At the end of the presentation, the researcher could share the
findings, such as sales, consumer surveys, and etc. The findings could determine the
effectiveness of the advertising campaign.
Organization is critical in conducting and presenting research. When speaking to the
Corinthian Church, Paul said, “Let all things be done decently and in order.” (1 Corinthians
14:40, King James Version). Satterlee (2014) acknowledges the difficulty of not having
organization in a presentation, “it is difficult to visualize and organize you content and
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impossible for an audience to follow and understand you” (p. 547). Organization brings clarity to
the management and the researcher. This is similar to scripture in Psalms, “The entrance of thy
words giveth light’ it giveth understanding unto the simple.” (Psalms 119:130, King James
Version). With clarity in a research presentation, the researcher gives the manager enough
information to make and evaluate solutions to management problems.
References
ABI Research: Android Mobile App Revenues to Reach $6.8 Billion in 2013. (2013, September
4). Entertainment Close Up.
Bunker, D., & Bryson, J. (2016). Gender and the media. International Journal of Market
Research, 58(3), 355-379. doi:10.2501/IJMR-2016-025 http://ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bth&AN=115879020&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Calvin, J. (n.d.). Commentaries on Matthew (J.Owen, Trans. & Ed.). Retrieved from
http://www.ccel.org/study/Matthew_13
Chow, M. J., & Dunkelberg, W. C. (2011). The small business sector in recent recoveries.
Business Economics, 46(4), 214+. Retrieved from http://p2048-
ezproxy.liberty.edu.ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?
url=http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/ps/i.do?
p=ITOF&sw=w&u=vic_liberty&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE
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Cole, R. E. (2011, May 1). Who Was Really at Fault for the Toyota Recalls? Retrieved from The
Atlantic: http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/05/who-was-really-at-fault-
for-the-toyota-recalls/238076/
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Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York, New
York, United States of America : McGraw-Hill.
Doyne, B. J. (1996, May). Managing short-term investing. Healthcare Financial Management,
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Hawkes, G., & Rowe, G. (2008). A characterization of the methodology of qualitative research
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Retrieved from http://liberty.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?
bookMark=ePnHCXMwVV1LC8IwDC7iQd1vUIbgsbItnZn8XFXz6XtWhBERT3s55us
m7BboUkPafMqyZcFmULeGsioaAa1UUOuMXzS1lv20nX95M2poiIVwkKSzkbDCkX
Us3JBrQ97_UfLiK_PfLj097pOXSFwXnqYc_I9bC_7E60HyFAPdOFoFzGMlaNqgvHcb
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eJtauW_POB39YCfIv4AcCUY-4
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and
task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705-717.
doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
Nath, T. (2015, January 8). How Do Recalls Affect a Company? Retrieved from Investopedia:
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company.asp
Stewart, G. L., Court right, S. H., & Manz, C. C. (2011). Self-leadership: A multilevel review.
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bookMark=ePnHCXMwhV09D8IgECWmg9r_YBrjKLGUQoubMRoHN3UmlPamDkb9
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GROUP DISCUSSION BOARD FORUM 2
Tang, A. (2016, October). Mobile App Monetization: App Business Models in the Digital Era.
International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 7(5).
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