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HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEMPLATE
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
Annotated Bibliography
Lisa Tressler
Liberty University
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Statement of Topic
Essien, U. R., Dusetzina, S. B., & Gellad, W. F. (2021). A policy prescription for reducing health
disparities—achieving pharmacoequity. JAMA, 326(18), 1793.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.17764
In the article “A Policy Prescription for Reducing Health Disparities—Achieving
Pharmacoequity,” Essien et al. (2021) highlights that eradicating disparities in medication access
is an imperative step in attaining health equity. The notion of pharmacoequity is also
introduced, which promotes ensuring that all people, regardless of ethnic, geaographic, or
socioeconomic factors have access to the most suitable medications for their health disorders.
The article distinguishes systemic hindrances such as limited insurance coverage, high drug
costs, and unequal allocations of healthcare resources that excessively impact relegated
populations. To address these issues, it advocates procedure solutions such as indorsing the
application of generics and biosimilars, expanding Medicaid, improving drug pricing
comprehensibility, and increasing healthcare infrastructure in underserved populaces.
“Nevertheless, analyses of prescription drug prices and policies governing drug coverage should
include an equity analysis to determine the effect of novel therapies on reducing health
disparities” (Essien et al., 2021). Ultimately, the authors assert that in order to narrow the
disparities in health outcomes and assure that everyone benefits equally from medical
advancements, it is essential to attain pharmacoequity.
Lopez, L., Hart, L. H., & Katz, M. H. (2021). Racial and ethnic health disparities related to
COVID-19. JAMA, 325(8), 719–720. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.26443
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Lopez et al. (2021) analyzes the disproportionate affects COVID-19 had on ethnic
minorities in the United States. “Disparities in socioeconomic conditions across racial lines have
been exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic” (Lopez et al., 2021). Using information from
the Kaiser Family Foundation and Epic Health Research Network, the authors highlight that
compared to White communities, ethnic minorities including Black, Asian, Hispanic, and Native
American populations suffered substantially greater rates of COVID infefction, hospitalization,
and mortality. These disparities are ascribed to fundamental factors such as socioeconomic
rank, intensified occupational exposure, chronic health disorders, and limited access to medical
care. The article accentuates that race is a social concept and that equal access to healthcare
can significantly decrease mortality rates. A comprehensive approach to mitigate these
disparities is recommended, which involves extending Medicaid coverage, enriching culturally
receptive medical care provision, and addressing primary social facets such as nutrition,
housing, and employment. This resource is relevant because it addresses health equity, public
health policy, and widespread discrimination in healthcare.
Homan, P., Brown, T. H., & King, B. (2021). Structural intersectionality as a new direction for
health disparities research. Journal of health and social behavior, 62(3), 350–370.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00221465211032947
Structural intersectionality is introduced as a basis for understanding how corresponding
systems of discrimination (such as sexism, economic inequity, and bigotry) influence health
effects. The authors exhibit, using state – level data connected to individual health assessments,
that sexism and underlying racism are linked with poorer health levels, particularly among those
with various marginalized individualities. They promote redirecting health disparities research
toward macro – level techniques and cultivating implements that encapsulate these
intersectant structural influences. “…a structural intersectionality approach facilitates the
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conceptualization and measurement of intersecting systems of oppression…” (Homan et al.,
2021). This is a valuable source enhancing equality – centered public health research.
Brown, A. F., Ma, G. X., Miranda, J., Eng, E., Castille, D., Brockie, T., Jones, P., Airhihenbuwa, C.
O., Farhat, T., Zhu, L., & Trinh-Shevrin, C. (2019). Structural interventions to reduce and
eliminate health disparities. American journal of public health, 109(S1), S72–S78.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6356131/
This article promotes structural intercessions, such as policy alteration, housing
improvement agendas, and monetary motivations, as crucial methods of addressing systemic
health inequities. “Rigorously evaluated, evidencebased structural interventions are needed to
address multilevel structural determinants thatsystemically lead to and perpetuate social and
health inequities” (Brown et al., 2019). The authors emphasize the inadequacies of
interventions centered merely on specific actions and encourage broad, multi – step approaches
that engage systemic determinants like poverty and structural discrimination, while actively
involving the community and implementing resolutions aimed at certain diseases. Also, they
underline successful strategies and advocate for enhanced groundworks, longstanding
evaluation, and intersectoral teamwork to maintain equality – centered change.
Yearby, R. (2020). Structural racism and health disparities: Reconfiguring the social determinants
of health framework to include the root cause. The journal of law, medicine
& ethics, 48(3), 518–526.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958876
Yearby critiques the SDOH (Social Determinants of Health) framework for not
expressing structural bigotry as being the fundamental cause of ethnic health disparities. “Since
2010, the United States has tried to address racial health disparities using the Social
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Determinants of Health (SDOH) framework that recognizes social factors, outside an individual's
control, cause these disparities” (Yearby, 2020). Based on both historical and modern examples,
which include biased labor laws, persistent care discrimination, and unequal COVID-19 effects,
Yearby exhibits how ethnic minorities have been marginalized through laws that systematically
manipulated institutions to do so. The article advocates for an amended SDOH agenda that
concentrates on structural racism and law as being primary incentives of health outcomes,
emphasizing the necessity of widespread policy and functional modifications to attain ethnic
health equality.
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