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Annotated Bibliography
Submitted to Liberty University
In The Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course
BMAL703: Managing the Contemporary Organization (B05)
Written By
Wurood Shaher
2021
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Abstract
In this paper, five APA-style annotated bibliographies about five different articles about
Teleworking during the Coronavirus pandemic and past times. Many of the papers review how
Teleworking is beneficial to organizations in our modern-day era and why more organizations
should begin to adopt Teleworking and add it to their organizations' toolbelt. Many of these articles
also address how Teleworking has been affected with many workers having to stay home due to
the Coronavirus pandemic and how these workers began to use certain types of strategies to mimic
the same environment they would have in the regular workplace. The bibliographies will go over
the purpose of the study conducted and discussed in the article, the methodology used in the study
or research, and the results of that study or their findings. This paper will also include a final
critique of the article on its strengths or weaknesses and what the author could have done better or
things falling in that category of questions.
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Introduction
When it comes to certain jobs that may or may not require his, her, their, etc. teleworking.,
it is common to see more teleworking being done with the more highly skilled occupations such
as professionals or managers, which comes to show that many occupations that may need to be
done remotely require tall aptitudes. Cognitive and noncognitive abilities tend to get the most
elevated returns in some of the more digital intensive industries (Grundke, Marcolin, Nguyen, &
Squicciarini, 2018). While on the other hand, continuing the digitization of things may increase
the number of tasks and the types of tasks that may need to be done remotely (Autor, 2014).
Telework practices used to be the lowest at a time, but they were still quite frequent among
the low to medium skilled workers.
Before the beginning of the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic, telework practices and their uses
have been quite different across the many countries and occupations around the world. In Europe,
the extent of people who teleworked varied from country to country, having less than 25% in
countries like Portugal and Italy with more than 30% in other countries like the Netherlands or
Sweden.
Teleworking was also different from sector to sector and was found to be more prominent
in knowledge-intensive services while, but it was shown that it was less prominent in jobs such as
manufacturing or the less knowledge intensive services. Many of the highly skilled jobs that may
be classified as the highly knowledge intensive jobs in the more complicated industries can be
done using teleworking while using technological devices such as laptops. These jobs can be done
even from home. However, when it comes to the less knowledge intensive jobs, physical presence
is necessary to perform these types of jobs, such as construction, or electricity.
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Annotated Bibliographies
- Belzunegui-Eraso, A., & Erro-Garcés, A. (2020). Teleworking in the Context of the
Covid-19 Crisis. Sustainability, 12(9), 3662. doi:10.3390/su12093662. Retrieved from:
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/9/3662#cite
Annotation purpose of the study:
The purpose of this study is to analyze how Teleworking is being used as a security measure
during the time of the coronavirus pandemic while also promoting the utilize of teleworking, after
the coronavirus pandemic.
Annotation method of the study:
Different ways of collecting information were present during this study. Information was
gathered using companies’ websites, specialized financial diaries and financial press.
Annotation key findings:
The OECD report tells us that teleworking permits people to save time. It also allowed
people to combine their work lives with their personal lives. Several companies began using
teleworking during the coronavirus pandemic.
Annotation critique
The strength of this article is that it had well organized results sorted out in different tables
showing the results of the study in a very clear manner. One of the weaknesses of the study was
that there weren’t any clearly stated expected results in the article, there weren’t set expectations
to compare to the actual results of the study. The author’s arguments were not very clear
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throughout the study. The author never used his results and information that he gathered to really
prove anything, for example, that telemarketing should be used even after the pandemic because
of this and this, which is also one of the weaknesses of the article, it had no clear statement showing
any sort of opinion towards the main subject of the article. However, another strength in this article
is that it showed no emotional biases or any type of biases in general towards the subject. All in
all, this article was very informative and showed clear results set into different tables to make
understanding clear and had many different sources of information showing the variety and
diversity from the different perspectives that were examined. The study clearly showed that
Telemarketing seems to be a very useful implementation by different companies around the world
during the coronavirus pandemic, which was beneficial for many people since it allowed many to
save time.
- Beauregard, T. A & Basile, K. (2016). Strategies for successful telework: How
effective employees manage work/home boundaries. Strategic HR Review. 15. 106-111.
10.1108/SHR-03-2016-0024. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301684210_Strategies_for_successful_telework
_How_effective_employees_manage_workhome_boundaries
Annotation purpose of the study:
The purpose of this paper was to identify the commonly used strategies by teleworkers,
which allow them to be successful in maintaining boundaries between work and personal life, and
to develop an understanding of how these strategies set employee preferences.
Annotation method of the study:
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Forty in-depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted with representatives who were
working remotely from home.
Annotation key findings:
Telecommuters use physical, social, and open systems to reproduce the limits like those
found in office conditions. Telecommuters can foster various kinds of techniques that adjust limits
to their own inclinations, developing strategies this way is easier for workers who have good work
control.
Annotation critique:
There weren’t many weaknesses in this article besides the fact that it did not present a
hypothesis about the subject at hand so that comparisons can be drawn from expectation to reality.
One of the main strengths of this article was that it highlighted the importance of boundary
administration techniques on teleworking encounters by illustrating how boundary administration
strategies can diminish the porousness of work/home boundaries. The largeness of the study
sample was about 40 different sources of information put up for analysis, and the way this study
was conducted was through 40 various interviews with people in power, which is the best way to
conduct a study on telecommuting since it got many different perspectives on the main subject.
The author seems to be unbiased when it comes to presenting their results and their word choice.
However, the author had an apparent argument supported by their research and went on to prove
many statements Concerning the main subject, even going as far as to present a solution to some
of the issues discussed.
- Silva, A & Montoya R, I, & Valencia A, J. (2019). The attitude of managers toward
telework, why is it so difficult to adopt it in organizations? Technology in Society, Volume
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59. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X18302410
Annotation purpose of the study:
This investigation planned to add to the current comprehension of what components impact
the middle managers toward telework adoption in their organizations.
Annotation method of the study:
A questionnaire was made and sent to 67 companies and was taken by 140 managers
responsible for employees.
Annotation key findings:
Researchers found that asset accessibility has a critical beneficial outcome on the demeanor
of people and seen usability. If an association has a high accessibility of assets for telecommuting,
managers will find that telecommuting is simple to use and can foster an uplifting outlook toward
it.
Annotation critique:
The study provided a massive sample size by distributing a survey sent to 67 companies
and was answered by 140 managers. This event showed that there was a wealth of information to
be analyzed with a lot of evidence to prove different points. One of the main strengths of this
article was that it had different types of diagrams, which explain the relationships between results
and how they can be used to explore the main subject which made understanding the article a lot
easier and faster than regular articles which lacked diagrams or pictures, basically any type of
visual. The article provides more than enough information and evidence to support its arguments
however one thing in specific that strengthened this article, which was the inclusion of several
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different hypotheses, which allowed reads to make comparisons between the expectations of the
researchers and reality. There was a certain hypothesis that needed more research, and it was the
idea that work from home causes people anxiety since they thought that they would have to deliver
more than those working in the workplace to prove that they are doing their work.
- Tokarchuk, O., Gabriele, R., & Neglia, G. (2021). Teleworking during the Covid-19
Crisis in Italy: Evidence and Tentative Interpretations. Sustainability, 13(4), 2147.
doi:10.3390/su13042147. Retrieved from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/2147
Annotation purpose of the study:
The paper investigates the determinants and talks almost the comes about of the switch
towards Italian firm's teleworking since of the COVID-19
Annotation method of the study:
A survey was made and sent to different managers later having the results analyzed using
a form of a structural equation model that takes the form of path analysis.
Annotation key findings:
The results of the study show that the coronavirus pandemic served as a dramatic thrust for
telework adoption in many organizations but there were other factors that may have played a major
role in the definition of much of its adoption.
Annotation critique:
This article's methodology was a survey sent to different managers around the country, the
author then took the results of this survey and followed a very specific method of analysis which
leads readers to believe that this article's results were analyzed very thoroughly in a specific
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manner. This article had very well-organized results having them separated into tables with
statistics allowing for better understanding, which was something that I have not seen other articles
doing often. This article went through each hypothesis individually making an argument as to why
that hypothesis was unproven or not in an unbiased manner, which was another strength of the
paper making it powerful and convincing. All the authors' arguments were supported by evidence
and results from their study proving all their statements to be true. The article provides more than
enough argumentation as it goes through each single hypothesis with evidence proving why those
hypotheses were confirmed or refuted.
- Karia, N & Asaari, M. (2016). Innovation ability: the impact of teleworking on a
sustainable competitive advantage. Int. J. Technology, Policy and Management, Vol. 16,
No. 2. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Noorliza-Karia-
2/publication/286250194_Innovation_Capability_The_Impact_of_Teleworking_on_Susta
inable_Competitive_Advantage/links/576cdccb08ae9bd709961475/Innovation-
Capability-The-Impact-of-Teleworking-on-Sustainable-Competitive-Advantage.pdf
Annotation purpose of the study:
This study aims to identify the factors that may have an impact on the success of
teleworking which in turn generates a firm a sustainable competitive advantage.
Annotation method of the study:
The method components, which will influence the victory of teleworking, which in turn
produces a firm an economical competitive advantage. Comment strategy of teleworking in the
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case of a private construction firm that knew about teleworking and was utilizing the internet for
work related matters.
Annotation key findings:
The results of this study show that the teleworking firm that had participated in the study
has had good enough resources and capabilities to have a competitive edge against its competitors.
Annotation critique
One of the strengths of this article is that it presents its hypotheses, variables, and results
in table form which allows for clear comparisons to be drawn from one to the other encouraging
better and more advanced understanding allowing for deeper conclusions to be drawn. One of the
main weaknesses of the article was that it did not clearly agree with or refute an argument, nor did
it have any argument or biases that were clearly explained or supported with any sort of evidence.
The author does state that this event is a report paper that was aimed to identify what makes
teleworking a successful strategy. The study sample was one interviewing conducted in 2014,
which may be outdated in today's modern era. The author seems to be extremely unbiased when it
comes to word choice and has no prior views on the subject at all. One area that seems to need
more discussion is how the results of this study may compare to one made in a more modern time
during the coronavirus pandemic since 2014 and 2019 are extremely different time periods with
possibly different methods of teleworking. The references do support the points that the author has
made.
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Conclusion
During a time in history when workers are largely unable to perform their basic work tasks
at their job or their organization's workplace, Teleworking may have a major impact for a business
since it allows workers the ability to perform the tasks that they normally would from home so that
the organization can keep running normally without any interruptions or disruptions to the work
cycle which may prevent workers from doing their work.
Prior to the coronavirus pandemic, teleworking practices were substantially different from
the different countries around the world and the different types of jobs, and sectors, however, when
the pandemic started the amount of teleworking skyrocketed since more and more workers were
forced to work from home and telework practices may become an essential and more permanent
work practice from many private organizations and public sectors. This fact allowed many people
to become more experienced with the idea of teleworking and how to adapt it into their workstyle
in the workplace, allowing many to practice a newly acquired skill during the pandemic.
The spread of teleworking practices due to the coronavirus pandemic may improve overall
productivity and continue to maintain economic activities while also enhancing productivity.
Teleworking also has the power to cause changes in other areas such as the social system in the
workplace, for example, gender equality, workers and their safety and wellbeing, and religion
inequalities.
It is commonly understood that associations advancing, empowering, and supporting the
improvement of teleworking drives need to consider the use of teleworking about three big issues:
the changing of work, the workplace, and improving work measures, making hierarchical change,
and giving travel adaptability allowing people to travel while also working. With the goal for his,
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her, their, etc. teleworking to accomplish and reach its full potential, to give social advantages, it
should be seen regarding these three issues.
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References
Autor, D. (2014). Polanyi's paradox and the shape of employment growth. NBER
Working Paper Series, No. 20485. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Retrieved from: https://www.nber.org/papers/w20485
Grundke, R & Marcolin, L & Nguyen, The & Squicciarini, M. (2018). Which skills for
the digital era? Returns to skills analysis. 10.1787/9a9479b5-en. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324727390_Which_skills_for_the_digital_era_Returns
_to_skills_analysis
