BIOL 101
THE D RIVERSITY AND ELATIONSHIPS OF IFE TUDY UIDE L S G
14.1 The Challenge of Classifying Life’s Diversity
A problem that confounds attempts to organize the entire living world for study is that it is
unknown how many separate of life forms exist on this planet.species
A problem that confounds attempts to organize the entire living world for study is that there are
too many organisms with too much overlapping to support a simple means of complexity
classification.
A problem that confounds attempts to organize the entire living world for study is the need of
evolutionists to bring the entire diversity of living things ultimately into .original groups
14.2 Classification: Engaging the Challenge
Seeking to scientifically name each variety of life form found and relate it to other similar
species is a discipline known as .taxonomy
The term refers to attempts to derive a biologically meaningful filing system for systematics
organizing genera and species.
What criteria are used for collecting species of organisms into a genus? A genus is a more
inclusive group whose structural and functional variations are broader than those found within a
single species (see Figure 14.5). Using Latin root words, the new species is then named for its
primary distinguishing features using two words (names) in accordance with standard rules: Its
genus name is listed first and capitalized.
Compared to a species, a is more inclusive, with broader structural and functional genus
variations.
Be able to properly write the scientific name for human beings according to the rules for naming
species. Homo sapiens
The convention used for representing scientific names for newly discovered species is that Latin
root words are used in order to name the organism’s primary .distinguishing features
List these 4 taxonomic levels in their correct order, from least inclusive to most inclusive:
species, genus, family, order: Species, Genus, Family, Order
List these 5 taxonomic levels in their correct order, from least inclusive to most inclusive: family,
order, class, phylum, kingdom: Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
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14.3 Characteristics Used in Classification
List and describe 7 basic characteristics used to classify living things. Photosynthesis,
Multicellularity, Nucleus, Flagellae, Mitochondria, Amoeboid Movement, Gene Sequences
14.4 Using Characteristics: Priorities and Presuppositions
The state of flux in modern systematic groupings could best be described as/seen in a variety of
conflicting kingdom or structures.domain
List 2 currently accepted classification schemes shared in your text. Each scheme attempts to
take in all known organisms.
1) Systematists here classify all organisms into 6 Kingdoms. The boxes to either side of
Kingdom Protista are an admission of it’s artificiality—it’s members are fundamentally
different from each other. In this text these members are distributed across 6 of 10
“Groups”.
2) 2) Here systematists, “leaning heavily” on a few molecular sequences, have organized all
of life into just three large domains. Four Kingdoms in scheme a) are fit into Domain
Eukarya.
In the mind of evolutionary theorists, separate clades (large groups) derived from a single
common at the point where clade lineages meet.ancestor
In the minds of design theorists, separate clades (large groups) derived from separate in concepts
the Mind of a Designer.
14.5 Using Characteristics to Derive Groups
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BIOL 101
List the names of 10 groups of living organisms and a representative species of organism
belonging to each group. Bacteria, Archaea, Excavata, Rhizaria, Discicristates, Alveolata,
Stramenopiles, Amoebozoa, Plants, Opistthokonta
List 10 small sets of defining characteristics that can be used to place organisms within each of
the 10 groups. 1. Bacteria a large group of prokaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms; those with
cell walls contain the polymer peptidoglycan in those walls
2. Archaea a large group of prokaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms that tend to inhabit
extremes of environment such as high-temperature, high-pressure, or high-salt environments
3. Excavata a large group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms with mitochondria that are highly
modified or absent; usually possessing two, four, or more flagellae.
4. Rhizaria a large group of unicellular eukaryotes that includes ameboid cells as well as
foraminerans and radiolarians; most have mitochondria with tubular cristae..
5. Discicristates a large group of unicellular eukaryotes whose mitochondrial cristae are disc-like
in shape; includes many euglenoid forms such as genus Euglena.
6. Alveolata a large group of unicellular eukaryotic forms that includes those possessing cilia and
the sporozoan cells that cause malaria; possess mitochondria with tubular cristae..
7. Stramenopiles a large group of golden and brown algae and diatoms; all are eukaryotic; also
called heterokonts as a motile stage of their life cycle contains two different shaped flagellae.
8. Amoebozoa single-celled, eukaryotic forms that move by internal flow of cytoplasm into
blunt, lobe-like pseudopodial extensions of the cell membrane.
9. Plant group are composed largely of multicellular forms that are eukaryotic in structure and
diverse in habitat.
10. Opisthokonta a large group of eukaryotic multicel-lular life-forms that includes the fungi and
animal kingdoms. Flagellated cells in this group have a single, posteriorly oriented flagellum.
15. Ecology: Interactivity by Design
Your textbook describes two sequential of interaction between organisms and their phases
environments that have existed since God’s creative work began.
15.1 Thinking like an Ecologist: Exploring a Lake
Name the 3 zones of life found in a lake. 1) littoral zone 2) limnetic zone 3) profundal zone
The phytoplankton of a lake would be found in highest numbers in the zone.limnetic
During the springtime, a light wind blowing across a lake will foster the process of lake overturn.
This timely event will bring together accumulated with living .nutrients phytoplankton
Explain how the unusual relative densities of water and ice are critical to the viability of life in a
deep lake. Because water is densest at and less dense at 4 degrees Celcius, the frozen water floats
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BIOL 101
at 0 degrees Celcius, the lake surface. This provides a layer of insulation against the cold air
temperatures for the liquid water.
15.2 Hierarchical Organization in Ecology
List the names of several different levels of organization at which ecology is studied. The
organism, survive, grow, and reproduce, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem.
Studying competition between the Peaks of Otter salamander and the Eastern redback
salamander would be an example of studying ecology at the level.community
At which of the levels of organization listed above can the Peaks of Otter salamander be studied?
Ecosystem level.
15.3 Organismal Ecology
The functional role of a species within its habitat is referred to as its .niche
An area providing cool, moist conditions with rocks and decaying logs at an appropriate
elevation and rainfall level constitutes a good for the Peaks of Otter salamander.habitat
15.5 Community Ecology
A relationship between individuals of two species in which members of one species are benefited
and members of the other species are unaffected is termed .commensalism
The relationship between the wildebeest and Thomson’s gazelle represents a good example of
commensalism. True.
Interspecific Competition
Define the phrase “interspecific competition” in terms of how the species within its relationship
are affected. Where 2 inter-species creatures compete for survival in an area and one wins over
the other.
Explain why young barnacles cannot compete with barnacles in higher Balanus Chthamalus
intertidal regions. .They cannot easily attach to intertidal spaces like rocks that do not move
How do species of warblers (birds) living in the same general region minimize their interspecific
competition? Each type of warbler had its own foraging area.
One Species Benefits and the Other is Adversely Affected
Baleen whales use to prey on herring fish.bubble netting
Thorns, toxic products of metabolism, fuzzy structures, and predator satiation are all defense
tactics that what large group of organisms use to keep from being preyed upon? Plants
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BIOL 101
When a species of fly has a bold coloration very similar to that of an unpalatable (stinging)
yellow jacket, the fly’s “strategy” is termed aposematic coloration.
Both Species Benefit
The best term to describe the species-species interaction between Pseudomyrmex ants and the
bullhorn acacia plant would be .mutualisms
In the human and greater honeyguide mutualism, how is the honeyguide bird benefited? The bird
benefits from this association since 96% of the 186 bee colonies to which the Boran were guided
to were inaccessible to the birds without human help
15.7 A Final Word about Our Interaction with God’s Household
Summarize a rationale for why a fallen, decaying created order still needs to be stewarded
carefully by its human inhabitants. Our own bodies are in decay and we need to take care of
them. We will not gain new bodies immediately, even after salvation, so we need to make sure
that we are good stewards.
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