BIOL 101
STUDY G : Y B UIDE OUR ODY AT WORK
10 The Internally Integrated Human Animal
10.1 The Integrated Human
List the names of 10 body systems and the principle role of each in serving the rest of the body.
Muscular system
Skeletal system
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Integumentary system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Urinary system
Lymphatic system
Digestive system
A student runs up a flight of stairs. Other than the skeletal system, which body system would be
most immediate in its support of the muscular system in this activity?
Cardiovascular system
As a student runs up a flight of stairs, her _______ system serves her by providing moisture for
evaporation to remove the heat her body is generating. It helps to moderate her body
temperature.
Integumentary system
10.2 The Muscular System
Muscle Structural Organization
A muscle is composed of thousands of muscle cells (fibers) bound into groups of 100 or more
fibers called ___________ each of which is surrounded by _________ tissue called perimysium.
Epimysium
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Connective tissue
What is the name of a contractile unit of a muscle?
Sarcomere
Muscle Contraction
During muscle contraction, __________ filaments use their protein heads to attach sequentially
to sites along actin filaments.
Myosin
Control of Contraction: Ions, Gradients, and Membrane Potentials
While waiting for a signal to contract, a muscle cell membrane maintains a slightly higher
positive charge on which side of the of the membrane? This is possible only because ________
pumps are available to generate this charge difference.
Sodium-potassium ATPase pumps
Contraction of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
Which of the three general types of muscle tissue helps to keep both our blood pressure regulated
and our digestive processes effective?
Smooth muscle
Name the calcium-binding proteins in skeletal muscle and those in smooth muscle.
Calmodulin
10.3 The Cardiovascular System
Blood: A Medium of Exchange
What is the most common molecule found in plasma, (or in all of blood for that matter)? See
Figure 10.9, chart.
Water
Blood Vessels: The Body’s Avenue of Life
In which type of vessels—arteries, capillaries, or veins—do the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide, and of nutrients and cell wastes occur (principally)?
Arteries
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The Heart: The Dynamo of Human Life
Systolic blood pressure is the _______ number of your blood pressure reading. It is recorded
when the heart (—specifically the left _________ --) contracts.
Higher
Ventricle
Trace the route of blood flow through the human heart. Figure 10.11 will help.
Goes into the 2 atria -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> into the lungs ->left atrium -> left
ventricle -> pumped into the systemic circuit to supply oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the
body
10.4 Basic Concepts of Immunity
Notice the parts of Table 10.2. List three general lines of defense in the human immune system.
Barriers at body surface
Nonspecific responses
Immune responses
Your First Line of Defense
The ___________ secretions from membranes lining your bronchial passages entrain microbes.
Cilia then carry them away to your acid-laden stomach where they will die.
Cilia
Your Second Line of Defense
Name two contrasting the sites in the body where macrophages and neutrophils patrol for foreign
objects.
Bloodstream
Tissue
Inflammation results from increased release of fluids and cells in the area of an infection. List
four basic signs and symptoms of inflammation.
Redness
Swelling
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Heat
Pain
Your Third Line of Defense
Review Table 10.3. List four fundamental characteristics of the adaptive immune response.
Requires exposure to foreign agent; non-innate
Is specific for the particular foreign agent
Is transferable from one host to another
Is remembered when foreign agent returns a second time
Neither B lymphocytes nor T lymphocytes are able by themselves to respond to foreign antigen.
To undergo further division, they must at some point receive another signal to proliferate
(divide). They get this signal from what type of cells? (see Figures 10.17, 10.18)
Dendritic cell
Preparing Your Immune System: The Preemptive Strike
When a vaccine is given to a person with a healthy immune system, what is the long-term result?
Your body has built up an:
Immunologic memory built up
Vaccination works because our immune system is able to “___________” the same foreign entity
if we are re-infected with it.
Recognize
10.5 The Human Digestive System
For these five digestive system organs: stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large
intestine, list their principle function(s).
Stomach: receives temporary stores and digests food
Liver: accessory organ of the digestive system; it processes and stores glycogen, decomposes of
red blood cells, synthesizes blood plasma proteins and hormones it; it also detoxifies many
toxins and drugs
Pancreas: generating degradative enzymes; it also glandular secreting the hormones insulin and
glucagon
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Small intestine: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur
Large intestine: receives indigestible chyme residues from the small intestine; water reabsorption
and some vitamin absorption occur here
The role of the hepatic portal system is to help the _________ (organ) to control nutrient levels
in your circulatory system.
Homeostasis
The hepatic portal vein forms from capillary beds in ______________ and leads to a second set
of capillary beds in ______________. See Figure 10.22.
Intestine
The liver
10.6 The Human Urinary System
What is the principle function of the ureter?
Carries urine from its formation site in the kidney to its storage site in the urinary bladder
What is the principle function of the urethra? The urinary bladder?
Urethra: urine is excreted through this duct
Urinary bladder: stores urine prior to voiding
List three separate, related functions of the kidney. A) _______ in the glomerular capillaries, b)
tubular _________ of water and small dissolved substances back in the bloodstream, c)
__________ of waste molecules in the distal tubule.
Filter the blood
Reabsorb what the body needs to keep
Secrete things the body definitely needs to be rid of
10.7 Neurons at Work
Neuron Structure and Function
Which structural feature of a human neuron uniquely and perfectly fits it for its signal-carrying
role?
Axon
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A neuron is a specialized cell that consists of three regions structurally. What are they?
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Which type of neuron receives a stimulus, carries it toward the brain and spinal cord and thus
transmits it to the central nervous system? see Figure 10.29
Nervous Reflexes
List in the correct order the separate structures through which a signal moves in a “simple” reflex
arc? Find the four named structures in Figure 10.30 (by following the black lines).
Motor neurons
What kind of neuron is not a required element of the simple reflex arc? (even though it is
distantly connected to the reflex arc as represented and described in Figure 10.30)
Interneurons
10.8 The Human Nervous System
What are the two main sections of the human nervous system? See Figure 10.31 a.
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
The efferent or motor branch of the peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the ______
(voluntary) and ____________ (involuntary) nervous systems.
Afferent branch
Efferent branch
The Central Nervous System
For the following brain regions, list each one’s principle functional role: cerebrum, cerebellum,
medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus.
Cerebrum: event interpretation, conscious thought, problem solving and voluntary actions
Cerebellum: coordination of complex muscular actions involved in movement
Medulla: receive input from and control a variety of involuntary function
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Hypothalamus: coordinates activities in the endocrine system
Thalamus: coordinates signals from the PNS to the CNS
Which structure within the brain has the role of generating emotions?
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system serve both __________ and
_________ functions carrying impulses to and from the body parts.
Afferent
Efferent
Distinguish, in general terms, the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
(branches) of the ANS (autonomic nervous system). (Review the final paragraph of this
subsection.)
The Nervous System is Internally Integrated
The nervous system interacts with the ___________ system to coordinate the internal integration
of all the other body systems together.
Endocrine system
Which systems of the body interact with the peripheral nervous system? See Figure 10.38.
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Urinary system
10.9 Drugs and the Nervous System
Caffeine: Catalyst of the Technological Revolution
Caffeine affects synapses by binding to __________ receptors without activating them. See
Figure 10.40
Adenosine
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride: Chemical Joy
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Fluoxetine HCl affects synapses by inhibiting re-uptake of _____________by its transporter
proteins. See Figure 10.41
Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors
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